SULlT NOV12008lACA2033

FINAL EXAMlNATlON SEMESTER 1, ACADEMIC SESSION 200812009

DATE : NOVEMBER 2008 DURATION : 2 HOURS

PENYEI-IDIKAN KOMUNlKASl (COMMUNICKTION RESEARCH)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

1. This examination paper contains 40 Multiple Choice Questions.

2. Answer ALL questions using the OMR Form provided.

3. Candidates are not allowed to bring any notes into the examination hall.

4. Candidates are not allowed to take question papers out of the examination

hall.

5. Please complete your particulars in the Borang H and the Answer Booklet.

DO NOT OPEN THlS QUESTION BOOKLET UNTlL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This question booklet has ElGHT (8) printed pages excluding this cover page

HAKCIPTA 'TERPELIHARA SULlT

SULlT

Answer ALL questions

1. In media research, a scientific hypothesis refers to:

A. a prediction about causes or about relationships between variables B. a statement that can be empirically tested C. a statement that is drawn from prior knowledge, or which is an assumption, which is

based on observation D. al1 of the above E. none of the above

2. At a broad level, research in media or communication studies can be said to use two types of methods:

A. quantitative and statistical B. discursive and narrative C. correlational and multivariate D. experimental and non-experimental E. None of the above

3. Media research employs methods that are:

A. both experimental and non-experimental B. based on archives but not case studies C. cross-cultural but not developmental D. usually observational E. None of the above

4. In media research, a dependent variable in an experiment:

A. is a dimension that the experimenter suggests may vary by manipulating an independent variable

B. is dependent on variation in the independent variable. C. can be a wide variety of behaviors. D. al1 of the above. E. None of the above

5. A hypothesis is a formal statement regarding

A. the relationship between variables and variables B. the relationship between variables and is tested directly C. the relationship between the dependent and independent variables D. the relationship between independent and dependent variables E. None of the above

SULlT

6. The requirernent of scientific terms to be defined so that they can be rneasured is termed:

A. Positivism B. Instrumentalism C. lnterpretive D. Operationalism E. Critical

7. Zaki says that an emotional experience will one day be explained in terms of purely physiological factors. Zaki's position reflects:

A. positivisrn B. relativism C. post-rnodernism D. reductionism E. both A and D

8. Positivisrn is:

A. stating a research hypothesis in a direct and testable way. B. an uncritical acceptance of the scientific method as the one way to achieve true

knowledge. C. a tendency to accept authoritative statements D. closely related to Mill approach. E. none of the above

9. Laboratory experirnents:

A. are often low on rnundane realism but should be high on experimental realism B. are always high on mundane realism. C. are never high on interna1 validity. D. may be low on experimental realism but rnust be high on mundane realism. E. none of the above

10. Operational definitions are those which

A. define a theoretical term in a rnanner that renders it susceptible to rneasurernent. B. define a measurernent in a form that rnakes sense theoretically C. define reality. D. define constructs that are essentially non-rneasurable. E. define attributions in relation to their antecedents

11. What does it mean if two variables have a positive correlation?

A. As one variable increases, so does the other B. As one variable increases, the other decreases C. The correlation between the two variables is O D. The correlation between the two variables is greater than 1 .O E. None of the above

2 HAKCIPTA TERPEI-1 HARA SU LIT

SULlT NOV12008lACA2033

12. In what type of study does a researcher study an individual subject in depth?

A. Naturalistic observation B. Laboratory observation C. Case study D. Survey E. Participation observation

13. How can we determine if a test has good validity?

A. It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of people

B. It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is used C. It measures what it is supposed to measure D. All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject E. None of the above

14. What is the variable called that a researcher manipulates in an experiment?

A. Dependent variable B. lndependent variable C. Extraneous variable D. lndicator variable E. None of the above

15. Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?

A. Naturalistic observation B. Case study C. Laboratory observation D. Survey E. Content analysis

16. When doing research involving deception with human subjects, researchers have an obligation to do which of the following?

A. Tell subjects the truth about the study's purpose and methods after the study is completed

B. Prevent mental and physical harm to subjects C. Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they don't want to keep

participating D. All of the above E. None of the above

SULlT

17. One of the ethical issues associated with internet research involves

A. reaching a diverse set of participants. B. rnaking sure that participants can leave a web site and retum to it later to complete

the study. C. the fact that different web browsers can display a given web page in very different

ways. D. rnaking sure that data transmitted over the web are not intercepted in such a way

that confidentiality and anonymity are violated. E. None of the above

18. A disadvantage of research on the internet compared to laboratory research is that

A. there are more likely to be errors in data collection on the internet than in traditional laboratory studies.

B. the nature of the sample of participants is so namw and specifíc that it is hard to interpret the results.

C. it is irnpossible to guarantee that informed consent and debriefing occur. D. the results of internet-based research are very different from research in laboratories,

so interpretations are dificult. E. None of the above

19. If a researcher wanted to study public behaviors in a group without intervening in the group or even letting others know that they were being observed, the most likely approach would be

A. observational research B. correlational research C. experimental research D. longitudinal research E. None of the above

20. Research whose main purpose is to generate self-reports of attitudes from a large number of participants is likely to involve

A. survey research B. longitudinal research C. case studies D. qualitative research E. None of the above

21. If a researcher created a list of the people in a population of interest and randornly selected thern to participate in a study, that researcher would be using

A. quota sampling B. purposive sampling C. convenience sarnpling D. probability sarnpling E. None of the above

22. Suppose your research population was located in small groups in numerous remote locations. You could identify al1 groups and then randomly select which groups you would investigate. This technique describes

A. stratified random sampling B. quota sampling C. cluster sampling D. convenience sampling E. None of the above

23. Non-sampling error leads to

A. probability sampling B. quasi-experiments C. problems with generalization of results D. stratification of participants in the sample E. None of the above

24. When investigators conduct survey research on the internet, they should be concerned about generalizing from their samples because

A. more positions than BN use the internet. B. more women than men use the internet. C. adults over the age of 35 are greater users of multimedia players than those under 3. D. teens spend more time on the internet than adults do. E. None of the above

25. When you can logically conclude that your independent variable is causal with respect to the dependent variable, you are implying that your measurements are showing

A. externa1 validity. B. construct validity. C. convergent validity. D. interna1 validity. E. None of the above

26. When investigators conduct survey research on the internet, they should be concerned about generalizing from their samples because

A. more Democrats than Republicans use the internet. B. more women than men use the internet. C. adults over the age of 35 are greater users of multimedia players than those under 3. D. teens spend more time on the internet than adults do. E. None of the above

27. Research that involves identifying relationships among variables but not causation is known as

A. correlational research. B. experimental research. C. descriptive research. D. case study research. E. None of the above

HAKCIPTA TERPELIHARA

SULlT NOV12008lACA2033

28. Studies about participants' reactions to being deceived in research have revealed that

A. most participants are offended when they learned that they have been lied to. B. deception leads participants to be skeptical or suspicious about psychological

research. C. participants regard the science and practice of media positively, even after learning

that they have been deceived. D. they agree that ethical guidelines should prohibit deception in media research. E. None of the above

29. Assume that a researcher observes a relationship between TV viewing and "Akademi Fantasi" specifically three weeks before the program reached its final debut, TV viewing fall; when the programs was over. Can the researcher conclude that program like "Akademi Fantasi" influences TV viewing based on this observation alone?

A. a. No; it is possible that Akademi Fantasi influence TV viewing. B. No; other explanations have not been ruled out. C. No; since Akademi Fantasi go up when TV viewing is low, it is clear that one has no

effect on the other. D. Yes; saying that one influences the other doesn't mean that one causes the other. E. Yes; the existence of the relationship is proof that cause and effect exists.

30. A characteristic, attribute, or behavior of an individual that takes on different values for different individuals and can be measured or observed" best defines which of the following?

A. hypothesis B. research question C. theory D. concept E. variable

31. A statement of inquiry about a communication-related concept that asks how to or how it is related to other concepts" best defines which of the following?

A. hypothesis B. research question C. theory D. concept E. variable

32. The individuals or objects selected for measurement or observation best defines which of the following?

A. sample B. small group C. variable D. value E. population

SULlT

SULlT NOV12008lACA2033

33. A researcher suspects that TV influences young adult behavior. To test her theory, she observes a sample of young adult behavior and measures how far TV programs influences their behavior. After six months the researcher observes the same group of young adults and recorded that there was a change in the sample behavior, imitating some of the characters in the TV programs. And this findings supported her theory.

In this situation, " watching T\f' is what kind of variable?

A. confounding variable B. independent variable C. dependent variable D. antecedent variable E. moderating variable

34. Which of the following is a characteristic of a "good" hypothesis?

A. it is testable B. it is compatible with current scientific knowledge C. it is logically consistent D. it is simple as possible E. al1 of the above

35. What assertion about the variables being studied does the "null hypothesis" make?

A. That there is a positive relationship between them. B. That there is a negative relationship between them. C. That there is no relationship between them. D. That one causes the other. E. That one cancels out the other.

36. Methods of random sampling include , and sampling.

A. simple, quota, network B. simple, stratified, network C. simple, cluster, purposive D. stratified, cluster, systematic E. stratified, cluster, network

37. If the results of a study do not support the research hypothesis, then

A. The study was probably poorly designed B. The study lacks generalizability C. The hypothesis that led to the study was not stated correctly D. The hypothesis that led to the study might be wrong E. None of the above

SULlT

SULlT NOV12008lACA2033

38. True experirnents have a better ability to dernonstrate cause-and-effect relationships between variables than do other methods because the researcher

A. Can decide which subjects to choose B. Has complete control over assignrnent of subjects to groups C. Decide when sufficient data have been collected D. Can decide on which variables to examine E. None of the above

Questions 39 - 40 Read the following paragraph and answer the next TWO questions

A researcher suspecfs fhaf felevision sefs emif energy fhaf damages people's vision. To fesf her fheory, she observes a sample of children (none of whom wear glasses) and measures how far away fhey sif from fhe felevision when fhey wafch. Two years lafer, she observes fhe children again, fhis fime seeing how many are wearing glasses. Her dafa suggesf fhaf young children who sif close fo fhe felevision sef are more often diagnosed as needing glasses than children who sif furfher away, and announces fhaf her fheory is supporfed.

39. In this situation, "distance from the television while watching" is what kind of variable?

A. confounding variable B. independent variable C. dependent variable D. antecedent variable E. rnoderating variable

40. What kind of variable is "whether or not a child wears glasses"?

A. confounding variable B. independent variable C. dependent variable D. antecedent variable E. rnoderating variable

SULlT