islamic work ethics in business performance and...
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ISLAMIC WORK ETHICS IN BUSINESS
PERFORMANCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL
COMMITMENT AS A MEANS OF DA’WAH:
PRACTICES AND IMPACTS ON SMALL-MEDIUM
ENTERPRISES (SME) IN SELANGOR
SHAKIR HUSEIN BIN KALID
UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA
ISLAMIC WORK ETHICS AS A MEANS OF DA’WAH: PRACTICES AND
IMPACTS ON SMALL-MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SME) IN SELANGOR
SHAKIR HUSEIN BIN KALID
(Matric number: 4100065)
Thesis submitted in fulfilment for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Faculty of Leadership and Management
UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA
NILAI
OCTOBER 2019
i
AUTHOR DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged
Date : 11th October 2019 Signature :
Name : Shakir Husein Bin Kalid
Matric No : 4100065
Address : No 12A, Jalan Kenyalang, 11/15F
D’Villa Seksyen 11, Kota
Damansara 47810 Petaling Jaya Selangor
ii
BIODATA OF AUTHOR
Shakir Husein bin Khalid (4100065) was born on the 20th of February 1968.
His nationality is Malaysian. He is currentl y residing in No. 12A, Jalan Kenyalang,
11/15F, 47810 D’Villa Equestrian, Seksyen 11 Kota Damansara Selangor, Malaysia.
He has the Bachelor’s Degree from Al-Azhar University, Cairo Egypt in Islamic Study
and Arabic Literature. Then he had the Master’s Degree from University of Malaya
(UM) in Theology and Islamic Thought. He is at present a PhD student of USIM
majoring in Da’wah and Islamic Management. His employment history working as an
Managing Director at Shamawar Group of Companies, located in Seksyen 8 Kota
Damansara since 25 years back. The author can be contacted at the email address of
iii
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
By the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful
First, I would like to express my appreciation to Allah, the Most Merciful and,
the Most Compassionate who has granted me the ability and willing to start and
complete this study. I do pray for His Greatness to inspire and enable me to continue
the work for the benefits of humanity.
This thesis is the end of my long journey in obtaining my PhD. I have not
travelled in a vacuum in this journey. There are some people who made this journey
easier with words of encouragement and more intellectually satisfying by offering
different places to look to expand my theories and ideas.
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof
Madya Mohd Rusdan Bin Mohd Jailani for giving me the confidence to explore my
research interests and the guidance to avoid getting lost in my exploration. For the
continuous support me during my PhD study, also for his patience, motivation,
enthusiasm and immense knowledge, His guidance helped me in all the time of research
and writing of this thesis that made this study for what it is. He was a fabulous advisor:
sharp, cheery, perceptive, wide, knowledge, logical way of thinking have been of great
value for me and mindful of the things that truly matter. I could not have imagined
having a better advisor and mentor for my PhD study.
I wish to thank my friends in high school, my friends as an undergraduate and
my friends as a graduate student, for helping me get through the difficult times, and for
all the emotional support, camaraderie, entertainment, and caring they provided.
My thanks and gratitude goes to all my dearest family members. Brothers and my sister
for being by my side since I started my PhD journey way back 2010/2011.
Lastly, and most importantly, I wish to thank my parents. They bore me, raised
me, supported me, taught me, and loved me. To them I dedicate this thesis.
iv
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini mencadangkan untuk meneroka prinsip-prinsip Etika Kerja Islam
(EKI) yang telah dilaksanakan oleh Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana (PKS) di Selangor.
Adalah penting bagi PKS untuk mempunyai gaya pengurusan positif dan etika
perniagaan yang boleh dikaitkan dengan agama. Islam menekankan hubungan antara
perniagaan dan agama. Ia menggambarkan cara hidup yang sempurna dan diambil kira
sebagai ibadah. EKI memenuhi tuntutan ini. Oleh itu, kajian ini akan menganalisis
kesan Etika Kerja Islam terhadap prestasi perniagaan dan komitmen organisasi. Ia juga
akan menilai bagaimana EKI menyumbang kepada pembangunan dakwah di PKS.Di
Malaysia, EKI sangat dihargai dan diamalkan dalam banyak organisasi. Kerajaan
Malaysia memulakan pelaksanaan EKI yang terpilih dalam organisasi awam pada awal
1980-an yang kemudian diadaptasi oleh banyak syarikat swasta. Berdasarkan
perkembangan mereka yang semakin penting dalam pengurusan organisasi-organisasi
Malaysia semasa, terdapat sedikit kajian yang dijalankan dalam kalangan PKS secara
umumnya mengenai kesan EKI terutamanya di Selangor. PKS umumnya tidak
mengetahui mengenai kepentingan EKI, dan juga tidak mengiktiraf kelebihan
perlaksanaan EKI dalam organisasi mereka. Ini kerana pengaruh EKI dalam memacu
PKS telah dibayangi oleh haluan yang lain untuk mengurus prestasi pekerja dan
perniagaan PKS. Pendekatan kajian memberi tumpuan kepada EKI dengan
menggunakan tiga tunggak iaitu taqwa (Piety), akhlak (Moral) dan kualiti (Itqan)
sebagai asas EKI. Juga menekankan EKI sebagai perspektif dakwah dalam mewujudkan
usahawan PKS yang melaksanakan tugas sebagai wazir Allah dan membawa kesan
positif kepada pertumbuhan perniagaan mereka. Malah, kekurangan amalan baik dalam
aktiviti perniagaan PKS akan membahayakan pengguna, pekerja dan organisasi PKS
sendiri kerana banyak kes berlaku seperti penipuan, pertikaian kontrak, muflis, hutang
yang teruk, penipuan dokumen, rasuah dan lain-lain. Ini berlaku kerana pemisahan
antara EKI dan perniagaan yang memberi impak bukan sahaja kepada PKS tetapi juga
kepada kehidupan manusia. Reka bentuk kaedah campuran telah dipilih yang terdiri
daripada kualitatif, diikuti dengan kuantitatif. Penyelidikan kualitatif termasuk analisis
kandungan tafsiran dan temubual terhadap informan dari peringkat pengurusan PKS
dan ahli akademik. Penyelidikan kuantitatif pula termasuk analisis korelasi dari SPSS
versi 20 daripada 386 responden PKS di Selangor yang akan dibincangkan selanjutnya
pada bab seterusnya. Seperti mana yng dicatat dalam laporan tahunan SME Corporation
tahun 2015/2016, statistik jumlah PKS di Selangor adalah sebanyak 125,904 dan
kuantiti 386 responden ini diambil berdasarkan kesesuaian dengan kehendak kajian.
Secara umum, hasil penemuan tesis ini menunjukkan kesan positif yang signifikan
terhadap prestasi perniagaan PKS dan organisasi pekerjaan apabila EKI dilaksanakan
di organisasi mereka. Ketaqwaan (Piety), akhlak (Moral), dan kualiti (Itqan) adalah asas
yang tinggi dalam membangunkan kriteria EKI. Kebimbangan terhadap Allah di dalam
aktiviti harian PKS dan dalam proses penubuhan matlamat perniagaan PKS dapat
meningkatkan PKS prestasi yang lebih baik. Agama, perjalanan kerohanian adalah misi
mengapa dakwah diperlukan. Ia berkait rapat dengan prestasi perniagaan dan tidak
dapat diasingkan agar perniagaan PKS menjadi lebih relevan dan memacu kejayaan.
v
ABSTRACT
The study proposed to explore the principles of Islamic Working Ethics (IWE)
that had been implemented by Small Medium Enterprises in Selangor. It is important
for SME industry to have positive management style and business ethics that can link
to the religion. Islam stresses the link between business and religion. It projects a perfect
way of life and consider as Ibadah. IWE meet this purpose. Therefore, this study analyse
the impact of Islamic Working Ethics towards the business performance and
organizational commitment. It will also evaluate how IWE contribute to the
development of da’wah in SME. In Malaysia, IWE are greatly valued and underlie
practised in many organisations. The Malaysia government initiated the implementation
of Islamic selected work ethics in public organisation in the early 1980s which were
later adapted by the many private sectors. In spirit of their growing importance in the
management of current Malaysia organisations, there has been bring little extensive
study being conducted among SME’s generally on IWE’s impact particularly in
Selangor. SME’s generally are not aware about the important of IWE, and also not
recognize the advantages of implementing IWE in their organizations. It is because the
influence of IWE in driving SME has been overshadowed by other near trends for
managing employees and SMEs business performance. The study approach is focusing
on IWEs by using three pillars which are Piety (Taqwa), Moral (Akhlak) and Quality
(Itqan) as a foundation of IWE. Also emphasized IWEs as a perspective of da’wah in
creating SMEs entrepreneur perform the duty as vicegerent of Allah and carry positive
impacts to their business growth. In fact, lacking of good practices in SME’s business
activities will do harm to the consumers, employees and SME’s organisation itself as
many cases occurred itself like cheating or scam, contract dispute, bankruptcy, bad
debts, fraud of documents, bribery and others. These happened due to separation
between IWE and business which has a negative impact on not only to SMEs industry
but also on human lives. A mixed method design was chosen consisting on a qualitative,
followed by quantitative. The qualitative research included interpretative content
analysis and interview of informant from SME’s management levels and academicians.
Quantitative research included correlation analysis from SPSS version 20 from 386
respondents of SME’s in Selangor. In general, the finding of this thesis indicates the
significant positive impact on SMEs business performance and job organisational when
IWEs being implemented in their organisation. Piety (Taqwa), Moral (Akhlak), and
Quality (Itqan) is the high fundamentals in developing IWE criteria. The fearing Allah’s
factor in daily SMEs activities and in the process of setting up SMEs business goal, are
able to elevate SMEs towards a better performance. Religion, spirituality journey are a
mission of why da’wah is needed. They are closely related to business performance and
cannot be isolated in order to gear SME businesses to be more pertinent and drive for
success.
vi
ملخص البحث
هتدف هذه الدراسة إىل حتديد ماهية أخالقيات العمل اإلسالمية وحبث أثر تطبيقها يف الشركات املتوسطة والصغرية يف سيالنغور. إن أخالقيات العمل اإلسالمية ضرورية لقطاع الشركات املتوسطة
للحياة والعبادة. ريقة مثالية والصغرية، ويؤكد اإلسالم على الرابطة بني العمل والدين، حيث أهنا تقدم ط يف ماليزاي، تعترب أخالقيات العمل اإلسالمية موضع تقدير كبري وتطبقه العديد من املنظمات، وقد شرعت احلكومة املاليزية بتنفيذ أخالقيات عمل إسالمية خمتارة يف املؤسسات العامة مع بداايت الثمانينات من
اخلاصة. على الرغم من أمهيتها املتزايدة يف إدارة من القطاعات العقد املاضي وطبقتها فيما بعد العديداملنظمات املاليزية احلالية، فإن الدراسات املستفيضة تعد قليلة حول الشركات املتوسطة والصغرية بشكل عام وحول أخالقيات العمل اإلسالمية بشكل خاص والسيما يف سيالنغور. يعود ذلك إىل أن اجتاهات
فيما خيص إدارة املوظفني وأداء العمل لتلك الشركات. إن أسلوب هذه قد طغت عليهاحديثة أخرى الدراسة هو الرتكيز على أخالقيات العمل اإلسالمية من ثالثة أركان هي التقوى واألخالق واإلتقان واعتبارها أساسا هلا، كما مت التشديد على الدور الدعوي يف جعل رواد أعمال املؤسسات املتوسطة
ومون أبعماهلم ابعتبارهم خلفاء هللا يف األرض وأتثري ذلك اإلجيايب على منو أعماهلم. يف والصغرية يقاحلقيقة، إن إمهال تلك األخالقيات يف نشاطات الشركات املتوسطة والصغرية يضر ابملستهلك واملوظفني
ال يها غش واحتيوكذلك يف هيكلية تلك الشركات نفسها، وقد حصلت الكثري من احلاالت كان فوخالف على العقود وإفالس وديون معدومة واحتيال الواثئق والرشوة وغريها، وقد حصل كل ذلك بسبب الفصل بني أخالقيات العمل اإلسالمية واألعمال، ويف ذلك أثر سليب ليس على الشركات املتوسطة
لى دراسة الذي يعتمد عوالصغرية فحسب، بل على حياة الناس. مت اختيار تصميم البحث املختلط و كيفية يتبعها دراسة كمية، حيث يتضمن البحث الكيفي حتليل السياق التفسريي ومقابالت مع موظفني يف شركات متوسطة وصغرية على مستوى املدراء وكذلك مع أكادمييني. أما البحث الكمي فيتضمن حتليل
رية يف سيالنغور. أو صغ متوسطةشركة 386لعينة من 20النسخة SPSSارتباط ابستخدام برانمج بشكل عام، تشري نتائج هذه الدراسة إىل وجود دور إجيايب وجوهري بني أداء الشركات املتوسطة والصغرية وتنظيم العمل يف الشركات اليت تطبق أخالقيات العمل اإلسالمية، كما تشري إىل أن التقوى واألخالق
أخالقيات العمل اإلسالمية. إن عامل اخلوف ودها لتطبيق واإلتقان هي املبادئ األمسى اليت يشرتط وجمن هللا سبحانه يف نشاطات العمل اليومية للمؤسسات املتوسطة والصغرية وكذلك عند إجياد أهداف عملها يؤداين إىل حتسني أداء تلك الشركات، كما أن الدين والروحانيات واألخالق هلا عالقة وثيقة
ثيقة الصلة أبعمال هذه الشركات من أجل حتقيق النجاح. ب أن تكون و ابألداء وال ميكن عزهلا وجي
vii
CONTENTS
Page
AUTHOR DECLARATION i
BIODATA OF AUTHOR ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRAK iv
ABSTRACT v
MULAKHKHAS AL-BAHTH vi
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
ABBREVIATION xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Working Ethics as a Da’wah in Business Management 6
1.3 Problem Statement 15
1.4 Research Objectives 19
1.5 Research Questions 19
1.6 Hypotheses 20
1.7 Definition of Terminologies
1.7.1 Concept and Operational of Da’wah
1.7.2 Islamic Working Ethics
1.7.5 Small-Medium Enterprises
20
20
20
22
1.8 Conclusion 22
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 24
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Overview of Small Medium Enterprise in Malaysia
25
24
viii
2.2 Conceptual Framework
2.2.1 Axiological Dimension: Islamic Working Ethics as The
Guidelines for SMEs To Create Awareness on The
Excellent Working Culture
2.3 Islamic Da’wah
2.4 Islamic Working Ethics and Working Culture
2.4.1 Working in Islam
2.4.2 Working Culture
2.4.3 Working Values
2.4.4 Working Ethics in Islam
30
31
33
39
39
40
43
48
2.5 Small-Medium Enterprise in Malaysia
2.5.1 Definition of Small-Medium-Sized Enterprises
2.5.2 Challenges of Small-Medium Enterprises in Malaysia
2.6.2a Financial
2.6.2b Management Issues
51
51
54
54
54
2.6 Organizational Commitment
2.6.1 Definition of Organizational Commitment
2.6.2 Perspective in Organizational Commitment
60
60
64
2.7 Performance Management
2.7.1 Definition of Performance Management
2.7.2 Significance of Performance Measurement
2.7.3 Financial and Non-Financial Organizational
Commitment
2.7.4 Business Performance in Small-Medium Enterprises
66
66
67
70
74
2.8 When the Islamic Working Values is Start to be Known 77
2.8.1 Awareness and Factors on How Islamic Working
Values being Established
78
2.8.1a Islamic Movement
2.8.1b Media Influence
2.8.1c Education
2.8.1d The Role of Prime Minister
2.8.1e Halalan Toyyiban
2.8.1f Islamic Banking
78
81
82
83
86
87
ix
2.8.1g Malay Culture 90
2.9 Research Gap 92
2.10 Conclusion 93
CHAPTER 3 DA’WAH AND HUMAN RESOURCES 94
3.1 Definition of Da’wah
3.1.1 Method of Da’wah
3.1.2 Dimension of Da’wah
3.1.3 Da’wah in Quran and Hadith
3.1.4 Importance of Da’wah
3.1.5 Framework of Da’wah and Islamic Working Ethics
94
98
101
103
107
108
3.2 Scope of Study
3.2.1 Epistemology
3.2.2 Sample and Population
3.2.3 Research Methodology
3.3 Discussion on Human Resources
3.3.1 Human Resources Concept
3.3.2 Organizational Commitment in Human Resources
3.3.3 Business Performance in Human Resources
3.3.4 Framework of Human Resources
113
113
113
113
114
117
118
120
122
3.4 New Framework Integration between Da’wah and Human
Resources
3.4.1 Working Values vs Working Ethics
3.4.2 Importance of Islamic Working Ethics
3.4.3 Interpretive Content Analysis
125
134
137
150
3.5 Conclusion 161
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 162
4.1 Research Design 162
4.2 Operational Framework 164
4.3 Research Sampling
4.3.1 Unit of Analysis
4.3.2 Sampling Size
4.3.3 Sampling Technique
4.3.4 Measurement
167
167
167
171
172
x
4.4 Data Collection
4.4.1 Document Analysis
4.4.2 Questionnaire
4.4.3 Interview
180
181
182
183
4.5 Data Analysis
4.5.1 Interpretive Content Analysis
4.5.2 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
4.5.3 Thematic Analysis
4.5.4 Triangulation
184
185
193
195
197
4.6 Conclusion 198
CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS 199
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Quantitative Data Analysis
5.1.1 Respondent Profile based on Position
5.1.2 Reliability Analysis
5.1.3 Normality Test
5.1.4 Hypothesis Testing
5.1.5a Correlation Analysis
199
199
205
211
212
214
215
5.2 Qualitative Findings
5.2.1 Interpretive Content Analysis: Categorization of
Principles in Islamic Working Ethics
5.2.2 Themes on Islamic Working Ethic in the Development
of Islamic Da’wah in Business Setting
5.2.2a Theoretical Dimension
217
217
240
242
5.3 Conclusion 262
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS 264
6.1 The Principles of Islamic Working Ethics 264
6.2 Islamic Working Ethics in Evaluating Business Performance 270
6.3 Islamic Working Ethics in Enhancing Organizational
Commitment
272
6.4 Islamic Working Ethics as a Means of Da’wah
6.4.1 Worldview of Islam on Islamic Working Ethics as a
272
273
xi
Means of Da’wah
6.4.2 Leadership Role in Practicing Islamic Working as a
Da’wah in Organization
6.5 Better approach Da’wah Methodology
In SME Business Activities in Selangor
6.7 Conclusion
274
275
277
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 281
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Conclusion
281
281
7.2 Recommendation 286
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
290
337
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table nu. Page
3.1 Organizational Values based on Management System 114
4.1 Table for Size Determination, S 173
4.2 Development of Questionnaire’s Each Items with
Reference
176
4.3 The Preliminary Questions before Interview Session 188
4.4 Interpretive Content Analysis according to each Themes 190
4.5 Summarizes of the SPSS Analysis for Quantitative Data 198
4.6 Correlation Value and The Strength 199
4.7 Reliability Test Result
4.8 200
5.1 Overall Demographic Profile of Respondents 205
5.2 Respondents’ Position Distribution based on Gender 211
5.3 Respondents’ Position Distribution based on Level of
Education
5.4 Respondents’ Position Distribution based on Service
Length in the Present Company
5.5 Respondents’ Position Distribution based on Monthly
Income in the Present Company
212
214
215
5.6 Reliability Test for Variables 217
5.7 Normality Test 218
5.8 The Strength of the Relationship based on Correlation
Coefficient
219
5.9 Spearman’s rho Correlation for Business Performance 221
5.10 Spearman’s rho Correlation for Organizational
Commitment
222
5.11 Interpretive Content Analysis (ICA) 223
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure nu. Page
1.1 Percentage of SME Establishments by Sector 2016 19
1.2 Contribution of SME’s GDP and Malaysian’s GDP in 21
2016
3.1 Framework of Da’wah 129
3.2 Islamic Awareness 130
3.3 Conceptual Framework 130
3.4 Relationship between Islamic Work Values, Islamic
Work Ethic and Islamic Work Culture
4.1 Mixed-method Design Matrix with Mixed-Method
Research Design in Four Cells
132
167
4.2 Operational Framework 170
4.3 Data Analysis for Qualitative Process 201
4.4 Triangulation of Data 203
5.1 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Gender
Distribution
5.2 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Age
Distribution
5.3 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Level of
Education Distribution
5.4 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Present
Position Distribution
5.5 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Length of
Service Distribution
5.6 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Position
based on Gender
5.7 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Position
based on Level of Education
5.8 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Position
based on Service Length in the Present Company
206
207
208
209
210
211
213
214
xiv
5.9 Graphical Representation of Respondents’ Position
based on Monthly Income in the Present Company
216
5.10 Cronbach’s Alpha Values 217
5.11 Themes on Islamic Working Ethics in Islamic Da’wah
Development in Business Organization
248
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A Cover Letter 337 B Questionnaire 339 C SPSS Output 350 D Interview Transcription 376
xvi
ABBREVIATION
ABIM Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia
AOC Affective Commitment
BSC Balanced Scorecard
CEO Chef Executive Officer
CPI Corruption Perception Index
EKI Etika Kerja Islam
EMS Emergency Medical Services
ETP Economic Transformation Program
ETP Economic Transformation Program
FIPM Financial Performance Measures
GCB Global Corruption Barometer
GDP Gross Domestic Product
ICA Interpretive Content Analysis
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ICT Information and Communication Technologies
ISO International Standards Organization
IWE Islamic Working Ethics
KPIs Key Performance Indicators
KPMG Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler
LTH National Pilgrimage Board
MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry
xvii
MNCs Multi-National Companies
NFPM Non-Financial Performance Measures
NKEA National Key Economic Area
PAS Parti Islam Se-Malaysia
PKS Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana
PM Performance Management
PWE Protestant Work Ethic
ROA Return on Assets
ROE Return on Equity
ROI Return on Investment
SME Small Medium Enterprise
SMIDEC
Small and Medium Industries Development
Corporation
SPSS Statistics Package For the Social Science
TQM Total Quality Management
USIM University Sains Islam Malaysia
290
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