final ngo report

7/30/2019 Final NGO Report

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Study of Solid Waste Management in

Koramangala Ward-151

Bangalore

Submitted By

Yashraj Deshmukh

Mittapalli Krishna

Gaurav Sareen

Ishan Abrol

Ankit Mohan

Under the guidance of-

Dr. Anil Abbi,

TRDC, Bangalore.

As a part of We Care Activity,

NMIMS Bangalore.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regard to our guide Dr.Anil Abbi of TRDC, Bangalore for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant

encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The help and guidance given by him

throughout the duration of the project has helped us substantially in bringing this project to a

satisfactory conclusion.

We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Ketan Vora and the

NMIMS Udyam Committee for their cordial support, valuable information and guidance,

which helped us in completing this task through various stages.

We are sincerely obliged to Mrs. Geetha Srinavas Reddy, the Hon. Corporator of BBMP

Domlur ward for the valuable information and vital guidance provided by her, as well as the

people at Domlur DWCC. We are grateful for her cooperation during the period of our

assignment.

Lastly, we would like to thank Mr. Purshottam of Saahas for his invaluable feedback which

was essential in the conclusion of our analysis.


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Executive Summary-

This report discusses the types of solid waste, waste generators and stakeholder analysis for

the Koramangala region in Bangalore. Most of data and information used stems from our

primary study and interaction with stakeholders. The stakeholder analysis enlists major

entities and their current actions in solid waste management across various stakeholder

categories.

We also outlined the basic flow chart for each type of waste, from source to disposal or

recycling. Based on data collected in our primary & secondary studies, we have also

conducted an elementary analysis for estimating the volume of solid waste and revenue

generation for the said region, along with two case studies.

The report found that volumes of wet and dry waste generated are comparable to each other.

We also found that, from a business perspective, solid waste management is a sector with a

high degree of operating leverage. This means that as the scale and scope of operations

expands, it can be easily profitable. The field work found that the prices of recycled materials

is high due to lower demand, which in turn is due to the high prices.

The report suggests solutions from a policy-level and management perspective.


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About SVKM's NMIMS University, Bangalore:

SVKM (Shri Vile Parle Kelvani Mandal) has played a pioneering role in the development of

education in the country. It has started a number of schools and colleges in the 76 years of its

existence. The recognition obtained in 2003 from the Government of India in the form of

deemed university status was an important landmark in the development of SVKM's

educational activities. By setting up the campus in Bangalore in 2008, the transition of

NMIMS from being a Mumbai based university to a pan India University was complete.

The Bangalore campus is put up in Koramangala, close to IT institutions like Wipro,

Verisign, Toshiba and NDS. The campus comprises of a five-storied building, fully air-

conditioned and appropriately furnished, harmonising comforts and Aesthetic appeal while

conforming to the academic requirements, and is appropriately equipped with state-of-the-at

IT facilities. Currently, there are three courses offered at the Bangalore campus; namely

PGDM (Post Graduate Diploma in Management) which is a full time two year program,EPGDBM (Executive Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management) which is a one and a

half year long course for executives with minimum of five years of work experience and

MPE (Management Program for Executives) which is the weekend program for working

executives. Finance, Marketing, Operations and HR are the specializations offered in each of

the above mentioned programs. Analytics is considered to be the USP of NMIMS's school of

business management.

About TRDC (Tropical Research and Development Centre):

Founded in the year 1994 by Dr. Anil Abbi, TRDC is an NGO working in Uttara Kannada,

Mysore and Haveri Districts of Karnataka, India. It aims at conservation of natural resources,

eradicating poverty through education or in other words, sustainable development.

Since its inception, TRDC has effectively carried out activities like promoting energy

efficient chula for boiling water, promoting community based rainwater harvesting,

conservation of wild fruits trees, rehabilitation of lakes etc. These are few of the numerous

welfare projects that have been successfully carried out by TRDC in areas like Sirsi Taluk,

Banavasi Hobli, Narur village, etc. Some of the current donors of the ongoing projects are theAxis Bank foundation, Mumbai; GIVE India, Mumbai; Wildlife conservation society, New

York etc. To ''foster sustainable communities through education for children, community

engagement and natural resources conservation'' is the mission statement of this organization

and it seems to be working towards accomplishing this mission with a plethora of welfare

activities being carried out effectively and efficiently.

TRDC follows a very transparent way of functioning especially, as far as management of the

donations received is concerned. The donors can track the amount donated by them all the

way till the point the money reaches the beneficiary. This is a unique and a donor friendly

methodology adopted by TRDC. This ensures the donors that their money is channelizedproperly and is actually spent for a social cause.


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Table of Contents

1. Objectives: ................................................................................................................................. 6

2. Koramangala ward-151: ............................................................................................................. 6

3. Introduction on waste management in Bangalore: ....................................................................... 6

3.1 Issue Of Solid Waste Management In Koramangala Ward 151:................................................. 8

5. Types of waste generators or producers:....................................................................................... 12

6. Types of Wastes: ......................................................................................................................... 13

7. Volume of waste generated in Kormangala: ................................................................................. 17

8. Employment Opportunities: ......................................................................................................... 18

9. Health hazards of e-waste ............................................................................................................ 19

10. Economics of solid-waste management: ..................................................................................... 21

10.1. Case Study for DWCC Domlur Ward:................................................................................. 24

10.2. Case Study- Electronic Waste Management Systems: .......................................................... 27

11. Management Solutions for Solid Waste Management in Bangalore: ........................................... 33

12. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 39

13. Field Photos:.............................................................................................................................. 40

14. Annexure-1: Field Reports: ........................................................................................................ 49

15. References: ................................................................................................................................ 57


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1. Objectives:Objectives of our project are as follows-

1. Estimate the volume of solid waste category-wise in the Koramangala ward of BBMP.

2. Find out about category-wise supply chain of waste from its source to the point of disposal

for the Koramangala ward.

3. Suggest managerial solutions for efficient waste disposal.

4. Conducing case-study analysis into issues pertinent to solid waste management in

Koramangala ward.

2. Koramangala ward-151:

The Koramangala ward is situated in the south-eastern part of the city and is a highly sought

after residential area. It is divided into 8 blocks spread over approximately 1800 acres.

Localities in the ward include K R Garden, Koramangala 1st, 1st A, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 5th A,

6th, 8th Blocks, KHB Block, Kathali Palya, KHB colony, John Nagar, Nirmala Block, Mestri

Palya, Jakkasandra Block, SBI colony and Kormangala Village. Many educational

institutions are present like St. John's Medical College, IIPM, Amity Global Business School,

Jyoti Nivas College, Vemana Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Astrophysics,

NMIMS, and TAPMI.

Several software companies like Infosys, Wipro, NDS, Siemens VDO, Microland,

ThoughtWorks, Tally Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Paypal, Mindtree, Toshiba Embedded Software

India and e-commerce giant Flipkart are located. Many restaurants and fast food outlets likeKFC, Dominos, and Taco Bell are present.

3. Introduction on waste management in Bangalore:

With an area of 800 square kilometres and a population of approximately 7.8 million, the city

of Bangalore comprises of 8 zones, 198 wards, 350,000 commercial properties and 2.5

million households. The total amount of waste generated in the city per day is about 2730

tonnes making it a per capita of 350 grams of waste generated per person per day. As can be

seen from the pie chart, 54%

Households

54%

Markets, function

halls

20%

Companies and

institutions

17%

Others

9%Sources of Waste generation


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Of the total waste generated comes from the households, 20% from markets and function

halls, 17% comes from the companies and various institutions and the 9% from various other

sources. Only 10% of this waste is segregated at the source of generation. As per the

Municipal Solid Waste Management rules, BBMP or the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara

Palike is responsible for taking the waste management as per stipulation. For administrative

purposes, BBMP is divided into 8 zones of which, 3 zones are in the old area or the core area

and 5 zones are in the new area (adjacent 7 CMC's and 1 TMC). About 70% of the MSW or

the Municipal Solid Waste activities, from primary collection to disposal have been

outsourced and the rest 30% is managed by the BBMP. There are about 4300 Pourakarmikas

or sweepers of BBMP and 10000 sweepers from the contractors who perform door to door

collection and sweeping activities. In some of the areas in the new zones, the responsibility of

door to door collection is managed by the SHG's or the Self Help Groups which usually

comprise of women groups who are below the poverty line. In some areas like the RahejaResidency in Koramangala ward 151, this activity is entrusted to the Residents' Welfare

Associations. These associations not only collect, but also segregate compost and recycle the

waste as well. The primary collection is performed using pushcarts and auto tippers which are

around 11,000 and 650 in number, respectively. The waste is simply collected in the un-

segregated form as the segregation is not practiced at the source of generation at about 90%

of the places.

Another source of waste is the street sweeping which is done both, manually and

mechanically. In some areas of high commercial activities, street sweeping is done at the

night hours whereas in the VIP areas, it is carried out mechanically. The street sweepingwaste is carried along with the primary collection waste to the landfill.

Now, the secondary stage in waste management consists of segregation and transportation of

waste. There are about 600 MSW transportation vehicles including the Compactors, Tipper

Lorries, Dumper Placers, and Mechanical Sweepers belonging to both, the contractors as well

as the BBMP. Now, the waste reaches the processing plants. Some of the areas where the

RWA's are performing door to door collection, the waste is segregated at the source itself and

the organic waste is composted in the community in a small scale. BBMP has setup a 15 ton

capacity decentralized plant to process the organic waste as well as recycle the plastic, metal

etc. It has also established a one ton decentralized aerobic composting unit at the

Malleshwaram market in the west zone using organic waste convertor. The dry waste

collection centres have been set up to recycle the dry waste materials like plastic, paper,

glass, metal etc.


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S No. Name of the Project Per day Capacity Technology

1 M/s Ramky 600 MT Aerobic composting

and scientific landfill

2 M/s S.G.R.R.L 1000 MT Waste to energy;

composting and landfilling the combustible

material

3 M/s Terrafirma 1000 MT Integrated in nature;

composting and vermi

composting

4 M/s Organic Waste Ind. 1000 MT Integrated system

Following are a few processing and disposal companies on the PPP model. The combination

of technologies for processing the solid waste is an attempt to achieve sustainability and

viability. Generally, about 30-40% of the inert rejects which includes recyclables are going to

the scientific landfill. Attempts are being made to utilize all the recyclables.

Management of e-waste is also a prominent issue in a city like Bangalore which is the Silicon

Valley. Huge quantities of e-waste are generated in the city on a daily basis. Recyclers

identified by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) are managing the e-waste

at large IT firms. E-waste refers to the discarded electrical or electronic devices. All the

electronic scrap components, such as CRT's may contain contaminants such as lead,

cadmium, beryllium, lithium etc. Recycling of e-waste even in the developed countries mayinvolve significant risk to the workers.

Communities and great care needs to be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling

operations and leaching of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.

Recycling raw materials from end-of-life electronics is the most effective solution to the

growing e-waste problem. Most of the electronic devices contain a variety of materials

including metals that can be recovered for future uses. By dismantling and providing reuse

possibilities, intact natural resources are conserved and air and water pollution caused by

hazardous disposal is avoided. Today, e-waste is one of the most rapidly growing

environmental problems due to extensive usage of computers and various other electronicequipments coupled with increasing discarding habits, rapid technological change. There has

been a significant increase in the e-waste generation at the household level and the

commercial level which needs to be addressed.

3.1 Issue Of Solid Waste Management In Koramangala Ward 151:

The city of Bangalore generates nearly 2800 tonnes of waste everyday from households and

commercial establishment and the Koramangala ward 151 constitutes for 18-20 tonnes of this

total quantity. Around 70% of this waste is organic in nature whereas the rest 30% is the

inorganic and hazardous waste. The collection and disposal systems in the ward can be

described as dismal with the Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules (2000) hardly

being followed.


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The issues at hand are as written below:

Poor implementation of the laid down rules.

Increasing waste quantities.

Waste is transported to the outskirts of the city unnecessarily only to cause pollution

on the account of open burning.

Local composting of the organic waste is restricted to a handful of private initiatives.

Practically, no attempts are being made to introduce waste segregation at the source.

Since there are no efforts of segregation at the source, retrieval of recyclable material

is very difficult.

Burning of waste takes place even around the residential areas of the ward.

Although the existing recycling are well built and are functioning in an organised

manner, but they are not getting the much required co-operation.

ITC is an exception which is doing well in terms of waste segregation and recycling.

A majority of the households and commercial establishments retreat from spending

time and money in effective management of the waste they generate.

Wastes that are not reported in the MSW totals of the whole city, state and country.

Hence, improper estimation of the amounts generated.

From a broad categorization of solid waste point-of-view, we obtained the following

proportions of different types of solid waste collected from a particular block in

Koramangala. Since the demographics of the ward are pretty much uniform, we can assume it

to be true for the whole of Koramangala ward.

Following are the proportions we obtained:

Type of solid waste Composition (%)

Glass(bottles), coloured paper, tetrapak 50

Plastic articles 20

Polythenes 20

Rejects (clothes, shoes etc.) 10


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4.Stakeholder Analysis:

Based on our interaction and information collected from various concerned entities, we have

come up with a stakeholder analysis.

Stakeholder type Major players Current course ofaction

Government BBMP Collect waste from

households, RWAs

Segregation

Landfill

Hand over to private

parties for processing

or disposal

NGOs Saahas, Radio Active

Collect fromhouseholds,

commercial

enterprises

Composting

Install waste

segregation facilities

in some corporate

campuses

Resident Welfare

Association (RWAs)

Apartment complexes like

Raheja Residency.

Collect waste from

their community

Hand over to BBMP,

NGOs, corporate

entities

Sometimes generate

income from waste

disposal

Corporate in the waste

processing business

ITC,Ramky Enviroengineers,

Tetrapak, Caterpillar, CHF,

SIMS Recycling

Waste Processing

Paper waste- ITC

Tetrapak packages-

Tetrapak

Recycling- Ramky

Bio-medical waste-

Ramky

E-waste- SIMS

Informal sector Recyclers- local

businessmen, scrap-dealers

(e.g.- Prakash, Muniyappa)

Collect from rag-

pickers, BBMP,

NGOs

Process the waste,

generate profits


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Scrap-dealers act as

middle-men and pass

on the waste to

recyclers

Hospitals St. Johns Medical Centre

Generate bio-medicalwaste and other types

of waste

Segregate waste

during collection

Pass on to private

parties for

incineration, recycling

etc.

Restaurants, fast food

outlets,

Empire, KFC, Taco Bell, Taco Bell segregateswaste.

Pass on wet waste to

private parties for

recycling disposal to

landfills etc.

Bars Fill-n-Chill, Banana Beach

Bar, Maharaja Bar etc.

Generate glass waste

& tetrapak packages

waste

Glass waste is sold is

scrap-dealers

Tetrapak packages are

planned to be sold to

NGOs

Educational institutions Jyothi Nivas College,

NMIMS, Kripanidhi College,

St. Francis School

BBMP collects

Few colleges has

segregation centre in

college itself.


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5. Types of waste generators or producers:

Waste type Generators or producers

Domestic Waste Household waste-Kitchen, house cleaning, old papers, bottles,packing, crockery, garden trimmings, furnishing materials, etc.

Commercial Waste Waste generated at business premises, shops, offices, markets,

organic, inorganic, and chemically reactive and hazardous waste.

Institutional Waste Schools, colleges, hospitals, large hotels and restaurants, vegetable

markets, fruits, fish etc., religious places, community halls, function

sites etc.

Street sweeping Unconcerned throwing, littering made by pedestrian traffic, vehicular

traffic, stray animals, tree leaves, rubbish from drain cleaning, debris,

etc.Industrial/trade

Waste

Waste generated through manufacturing and material processing

Debris or

construction rejects

Comprises earth, brickbats, stones, wooden logs and related waste,

etc.

Bio-medical Waste Animal waste such as animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses,

bleeding parts, fluids, blood, waste generated by veterinary hospitals,

colleges, discharge from hospitals, animal houses.

Microbiology/biotech labs waste sharps like needles, syringes,

scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. Thisincludes both used and unused sharps.

Hazardous Waste Waste with properties that make it dangerous or potentially harmful to

human health or the environment. Wastes like batteries, cleaning

fluids, pesticides, etc.

Sewage Waste Liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans like

washing water, faeces, urine, laundry waste and other material


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6. Types of Wastes:

Following are the types of waste as defined by an eminent paper on solid waste management.

Based on the source, origin and type of waste a comprehensive classification is described

below:

1. Domestic/Residential Waste: This category of waste comprises of the solid wastes that

originate from single and multi-family household units. These wastes are generated as a

consequence of household activities such as cooking, cleaning, repairs, gardening,

redecoration, empty containers, packaging, clothing, old books, newspaper, old furnishings

etc., The Households also discard bulky wastes such as furniture and large appliances which

cannot be repaired and re-used.

2. Municipal Waste: Municipal waste includes wastes resulting from municipal activities and

services such as street waste, dead animals, market waste and abandoned vehicles. However,

the term is commonly applied in a wider sense to incorporate domestic wastes, institutionalwastes and commercial wastes.

3. Commercial Waste: Included in this category are solid wastes that originate in offices,

wholesale and retail stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other commercial

establishments. Some of these wastes are further classified as garbage and others as rubbish.

Waste generated at business premises, shops, offices, markets, departmental stores (paper,

packing material, spoiled, discarded goods) can be classified as organic, inorganic,

chemically reactive and hazardous waste.

4. Institutional Waste: The Institutional wastes are those arising from institutions such as

schools, universities, hospitals, research institutes etc. It includes wastes, which are classified

as garbage and rubbish, as well as wastes that are considered to be hazardous to public health

and to the environment.

5. Garbage: The Garbage is the term applied to animal and vegetable wastes resulting from

the handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking and serving of food. Such wastes contain

organic matter, which produces strong odours and therefore attracts rats, flies and other

vermin. It requires immediate attention in its storage, handling and disposal.

6. Rubbish: Rubbish is a general term applied to solid wastes originating in households,

commercial establishments and institutions, excluding garbage and ashes.

7.Ash: Ashes are the residues from the burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and other

combustible materials, for cooking and heating in houses, institutions and small industrial

establishments. When produced in large quantities at power generating plants and factories

these wastes are classified as industrial wastes. Ashes consist of a fi ne powdery residue,

cinders and clinker often mixed with small pieces of metal and glass.

8. Bulky Waste: This category includes all bulky household wastes, which cannot be

accommodated in the normal storage containers of households. For this reason they require

special collection. In developed countries bulky wastes include large household appliances

such as cookers, refrigerators and washing machines as well as furniture, crates, vehicle parts,


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tyres, wood, trees and branches. Metallic bulky wastes are sold as scrap metal but some

portion is disposed of at sanitary landfills.

9. Street Waste: This term applies to wastes that are collected from streets, walkways, parks

and vacant lots.

10. Dead Animal: This category includes dead animals that die naturally or accidentally

killed. It does not include carcass and animal parts from slaughter houses which are regarded

as industrial waste. Dead animals are divided into two groups, large and small. Among the

large animals are horses, cows, goats, sheep, etc. Small animals include dogs, cats, rabbits,

rats etc. The reason for this differentiation is that large animals require special equipment for

lifting and handling during removal. If not collected and removed promptly with due care,

dead animals are a threat to public health as they attract flies and other vermin as they

putrefy. Their presence in public places is particularly offensive and emits foul smell from

the aesthetic point of view.

11. Construction and Demolition Waste: The Construction and demolition wastes are

generated due to the construction, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and

other structures. This waste primarily consists of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber,

plumbing materials, heating systems and electrical wires etc.

12. Industrial Waste: This category consists of the discarded solid material out of

manufacturing processes and industrial operations. This covers a vast range of substances,

which are unique to each industry. Normally industries produce hazardous and non hazardous

wastes which they must dispose off by following standards laid down framed by the

Government of India

13. Bio medical waste: Hospitals treating more than 1000 patients are required to register

themselves with State Pollution Control Board. Hospitals/research laboratories shall be

responsible for proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and disposal of bio medical

waste.

14. Hazardous Waste: Hazardous wastes may be defined as wastes of industrial, institutional

or consumer origin which, because of their physical, chemical or biological characteristics

cause potential danger to humanity and the environment. In some cases although the active

agents may be liquid or gaseous, they are classified as solid wastes because they are confined

in solid containers. Typical examples are: solvents, paints, pesticides etc., whose used

containers frequently get mixed with municipal wastes and become part of the urban waste

stream. Certain hazardous wastes cause explosions in incinerators

15. Sewage Waste: The solid by-products of sewage treatment are classified as sewage

wastes. They are mostly organic and derived from the treatment of organic sludge from both

the raw and treated sewage. The inorganic fraction of raw sewage such as grit is separated at

the preliminary stage of treatment. As it contains organic matter which may contain

pathogens, they must be buried /disposed off without delay.


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Most of the above types of waste have a lot of overlap and are thus not suitable for any

real analysis. Our study found that following are the significant types of waste from a

perspective of study and analysis, especially for the Koramangala ward, or even Bangalore in

general-

Paper waste

Plastic waste

Organic waste

Tetrapak waste

E-waste

Paper waste flow chart:

Plastic waste flow chart:

Segregation

Households Scrap Dealer Recyclers

Segregation

Educational

institutions

OfficesITCSegregation

Super Market

Households

Recycling plantScrap DealersRecycle

Land fill

Raw material

for industries


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Organic waste flow chart:

Tetrapak waste flow chart:

E-waste flowchart:

Households BBMP Landfill

Dumping

Restaurants

Supermarkets NGOs

Private

contractors

Fertilizer

Fuel

Composting

Biogas

Bars Scrap Dealers Paper

Supermarkets NGOs

Tetrapak Ltd

Roofing

Recycling

IT office

Electronic

Shops

SIMS(Company)ThirdpartyRecycle

Plastic

Copper,

Aluminium

Rare Earth


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7. Volume of waste generated in Kormangala:

VOLUME OF WASTES:

CATEGORIES &PROJECTIONS-:

Total amount of waste generated daily in Koramangala ward is 57552 kg/day.

45%

0%

55%

Waste generated by Koramangala Ward

Total Daily Dry

Waste

Total Daily Wet

Waste

Dry Waste Wet Waste

Sr.

no. Type of Waste generators

No. of waste

generating units

Avg. Daily

waste(kg/day

)

Total

Daily

Waste

Avg. Daily

waste(kg/day)

Total

Daily

Waste

1 Chemists 47 Negligible 0 Negligible 0

2 General Practioners 121 2 242 Negligible 0

3 Restaurants 220 Negligible 0 30 6600

4 Hospitals 14 137 1918 67 938

5 IT Companies 135 4.5 0 Negligible 0

6 Supermarkets 16 15 240 55 880

7 Fast food outlets 32 7 224 5 160

8 Apparel Stores 77 5 0 Negligible 0

9 Schools 25 12 300 10 25010 Educational Institutions 14 12 168 13 182

11 Residential Societies 400 0 411 0

12 Electronic Stores 15 5 75 Negligible 0

13 Stationeries 42 0 0

14 Independent Households 23000 0.5 23000 0.5 23000

Total Waste volume 46716 595 26674 591.5 32010


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That is equivalent to 57.56 tonnes/day.BBMP records show that they currently collect about

46.67tonnes/day. That means the efficiency of BBMP is about 80%.

Following was the basis for the data taken in the above table-

We visited justdial.com and requested all the vendors for a particular category ofproduct/service in the Koramangala region. We then checked if each of the stores was

located in the Koramangala ward as decided by BBMP.

We counted the number of vendors that were in the list we got.

We then took waste quantity data for a representative sample from each category, either

from our data collected earlier, or by visiting the one particular vendor in particular. We

collected wherever available, seperately for dry and wet waste was.

The data collected through this exercise can be seen in the table above.

The above table also shows the total dry and wet waste generated by each category of

establishments. Also calculated is the total dry waste & total wet waste generated by theKoramangala ward.

The total number of households in the Koramangala ward was not possible to be

calculated by the method we employed. However, we used the quantity collected by

BBMP, as they currently only collect from households. This was a necessary

approximation due to lack of data.

Limitation- The data from hoseholds is that of waste collected, not waste generated. It is

possible that that there are households that BBMP does not currently collect waste from,

but obviously they generate waste.

8. Employment Opportunities:

Pourakarmikas are the ones who collect Garbage from individual houses and also other

shops. About 21,000 pourakarmikas are working for the BBMP and out of these 4,000 are

working directly under the BBMP, whereas the rest are under private contractors. They are

paid around Rs.5400 per month.

Hasirudala is a city-wide waste-pickers association. BBMP has given authorization for the

members to collect waste from any region within BBMP jurisdiction. However, this

association does not itself pay anything to the waste-pickers. THe employing organisations

pay them.

There are also segregation centers run by several NGOs like Saahas, Kartavya etc. From the

primary data, In Kormangala area we have a segregation unit run by Saahas NGO. There are

around 6 permanent employees working there who are receiving 6000 per month and also

additional benefits like insurance etc. There also supervisors who are receiving Rs.9000 per

month and managers are also paid well. Solid waste management cell in govt offices employs

engineers in all levels.


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There are also other employment opportunities provided for waste pickers, Truck Drivers,

waste dealers, recycling industries like SIMS, ITC which consume recyclable waste to

produce recycled products, factory process workers.

9. Health hazards of e-waste

Just after talking about the employment aspect of this sector, it is important to consider the

public health aspect of waste management. Apart from minor health hazards related to

handling wet waste etc. The major health hazard is during handling of e-waste.

1. Public Health Risk and occupational hazards- A study showed that ratio of metal

exposure on health of human body in Indian slums is high. 50% of the people are

unaware of the environmental and health impacts of electronic items. Ratio of

pollutant metals such as lead, cadmium, beryllium and other metallic toxics is over

60% which have an adverse impact on human and environment.

2. Presence Harmful Material- Presence of harmful metals in e-waste like lead,

beryllium affects the health of people resulting in respiratory and skin problems.

3. Informal Sector- About 95% of the e-waste recycles through inappropriate methods

and slums in the country such as burning, acid leaching and dismantling of electronic

item through untrained workers without any protective measures. Rising number of

informal recyclers and informal methods of recycling is leading to major occupational

hazards such as toxicity to worker, respiratory irritation or damage to eyes, skin

through acid contact.

4. Environment Burden of E-waste- The increasing amount of e-waste on landfills has

led to the ground water pollution, air pollution and acidification of soil. Almost 40%

of the lead in landfills is made by consumer electronics. Almost 40% of the lead in

landfills is made by consumer electronics. Lead, the major metal used in electronics

enters biological system through dumping at landfills which further affects humans

and environment. This has recurring affect on plants, animals and bio-organisms.

5. Inappropriate Burning of E-waste- Inappropriate burning of e-waste results in the

emission of toxic fumes, dioxins and furans resulting in depletion of ozone layer. Air

emission of tin, lead and mercury is higher in slums.

Trend Analysis- The trend points out that there is lack of awareness among the local

people and recyclers living in the slums about the harmful effects of e-waste on the

society and community. This also indicates that lack of initiative has been taken by

the government or the companies to inform the unorganized sector. This may provide

us as an advantage for our company to get broken electronics from the recyclers and

provide them with sufficient livelihood. Inappropriate burning of e-waste results in

the emission of toxic fumes, dioxins and furans resulting in depletion of ozone layer.

However, shortage of adequate resources to recycle the e-waste needs to be fulfilled

with more ecological and sustainable way. There is need to communicate, educate and

inform the recyclers and general public about the benefits of e-waste recycling in an

ethical manner which may motivate them to donate or buy our recycled products.


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Environmental Damage by the e-waste exemplifies that burning and dumping of e-

waste can harm the environment. So, it brings out the opportunity of recycling or

refurbishing the electronic waste in an appropriate manner.

Social Trends:

Burden of e-waste

Public health risk

Environmentaldamage

Import of e-waste

Rapid

modernization

Industrial Trends

Unorganised Recyclers

Rise of electronicmarket

Second hand goodsmarket

Increase in the rate ofobsolescence

Low-level of awareness

India becoming groundof e-waste

Modernization oflifestyle

Go-Recyclelimited- a

company whichrecycle, andrefurbish the

electronic wastegenerated by the

households andbusinesses


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10. Economics of solid-waste management:

Here is a brief look at how the prices of plastic and paper waste change as it travels down the

supply chain.

1) Plastic Waste-

From households to consumers: Rs. 14/kr

From scrap dealer to plant: Rs 16/kg

Revenue generated: Rs 30/kg

2) Paper Waste-

From households to Ragpickers: Rs 5.5/kg

From Ragpicker to scrap dealer: Rs 7/kg

From scrap dealer to recycling plant: Rs 8-9/kg

As large amount of paper waste is generated out of which only 15% is recycled and rest is

sent to landfills. There is large scope for the business opportunities in this area as there are no

established players in the industry.

In general, following are the prices paid to the general public by the scrap dealers.

Type of waste Price/kg

News paper, books 5.5

Plastic (soft and Hard) 9

Tetrapak 8

E-waste 18

5.5

98

18

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1820

News

paper,books

Plastic(soft and

hard)

Tetrapak E-waste

Type of Waste

price of different waste

Price/kg


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Market-based approaches for solid waste management:

The economic approach to environmental policy has now been generally accepted (at least in

principle) in most industrialized countries. It stresses the advantages of economicinstruments, known as market-based instruments (MBIs) which seek to modify human

behaviour through the price mechanism. The basic idea is that MBIs would be deployed in

the economy in order to correct for market failure. MBIs have the further advantage that they

fit neatly into the cost-benefit approach and principle of management.

A range of different MBIs could be implemented, including so-called product charges (waste

disposal taxes) and deposit-refund systems (in essence a combined tax and subsidy system).

Administrative charges (covering among other things disposal site licensing), recycling

credits (paid to agencies responsible for recovering elements of MSW) and material levies, all

represent steps in the direction of the MBI approach.

MBIs could be applied in the waste management system in order to raise finance and/or

stimulate prescribed behavior via incentives. Financing charges (user charges) have been

used to facilitate the collection, processing and storage of waste, or the restoration of old

hazardous waste sites. Incentive charges can be used to achieve multiple objectives such as,

waste minimization, source reduction and increase reuse/recycling.

Principles of solid waste management:

This is another economics-based approach to management of solid waste.

A basic principle of rational solid waste management ought to be benefit-cost analysis

(BCA). According to this economic principle no particular waste management configuration

is chosen unless benefits exceed costs and the optimal scale of activity for any choice is the

point where the difference between benefits and costs is maximized.

Finally, for any given level of waste minimize the costs of managing that waste. Waste can be

reduced at source in two ways. The waste from the product can be reduced by concentrating

the product (as with recent developments in washing powers) thus reducing the volume and

probably the weight of product waste. Concentration also reduces the waste from theassociated packaging or container. The figure below shows a simplified waste flow for

product and packaging waste.


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The next figure shows stylized costs and benefits from preventing post-consumer waste(PCW) from reaching final environments (land, water and air).


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The outcome of this is as follows:

i) The economic efficiency (benefit-cost) approach to waste disposal requires that themarginal benefits of reduced final disposal (= avoided damages) be equated with the marginal

costs of preventing waste from reaching final disposal;

ii) The costs of final disposal prevention comprise source reduction costs and recycling

costs, such that the prevention cost function is the least cost combination of the available

technologies.

Some of the specific values for different rates and revenue will be covered in the case study

for DWCC, Domlur Ward. The economics of the SWM sector is evident from the result of

the case-study.

10.1. Case Study for DWCC Domlur Ward:

DWCC is a shining example for SWM efforts in Bangalore. This case-study is based on our

interactions with the people at DWCC, Domlur.

This is a project by BBMP.However, what makes this a shining example is the fact that

the Corporator for Domlur Ward, Mrs. Geetha Srinivas Reddy has taken the initiative and

efforts to make it what can be.

The collaborators for this DWCC are as follows-


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Concept- Solid Waste Management Round Table (SWMRT), Bangalore.

Technical support- FEM Sustainable Social Solutions

Funding- CHF International, Caterpillar Foundation

Management- Waste Wise Trust

Man-power- Hasirudala Resident Welfare Association(RWA), Domlur Ward

The waste is collected by Door-to-Door collection method, and also from people

depositing waste right at the DWCC itself. Following are the places currently seviced by

this DWCC-

MIG Flats

BDA layout

Domlur Layout

Domlur 2nd stage

The DWCC also currently collects waste from 3 out the 6 RWAs in Domlur. It plans to

cover them in the coming period.

The current collection is around 10,000 kg/month.Considering this low value; it is

obvious that the potential is huge. The following graph is indicative of the traction in their

operations-

As we can see from the above graph, the DWCC has expanded its waste-collection

catchment in phases. This is indicated by sudden jump in waste collection values, follwed

by a period of near-constant quantity. Also,the Others category includes broken glass,

Kurkure/Lays type packages.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Kg

Month

Waste Collected(in Kg)

Waste Collected(in Kg)


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This is secondary data that we have taken from DWCC Office, Domlur, and is their

intellectual property. We do not claim any rights to that information.

Following is the means of disposal of these waste categories-

It is interesting to note that almost none of waste is sold straight to recyclers, but it is sold to

middle-men. This is because the waste volumes they collect currently are not large enough

that recyclers accept directly. However, it is certain that as the project gains traction and

scale, the DWCC will be able to reach out to recyclers directly. This will eliminate the

middle-men and increase the price they get on sale of waste.

We also obtained the the unit prices that the DWCC currently gets from the sale of waste.

We also have the prices the DWCC pays if households segregate the waste, and have further

an income-expense analysis based upon certain assumptions and gathered data.

Waste

category

Weight

(Kg)

Price

obtained(Rs)

Revenue

(Rs.)

Price

paid(Rs)

Expenditure

(Rs)

Brown paper 4000 6 24000 3 12000

40%

30%

15%

15%

Dry waste categories in Domlur Ward DWCC

Brown paper waste

Newspapers, cardboard

Plastic items

others

Waste category Mode of disposalBrown paper Recyclers like ITC etc.

Newspapers, cardboards Paper waste dealers

Plastic items & polythenes Plastic waste dealers

Broken glass Scrap dealers


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Newspapers,

cardboards

3000 6 18000 5 15000

Plastic items

&polythene

1500 12 18000 7 10500

Broken glass1500 1 1500 0.5 750

Total Revenue 61500

Operation

al

Expenses 38250

Salary

Expenses 70000

So we can see that, the Total Revenue=61500; Total expenses=1,08,250.

Thus we can see that the unit is loss-making. This is where the funding partners are critical.

However, as realisation rates improve with increasing volumes, the Total Revenue will go up

significantly. Also, most part of the expenses is a fixed cost. Thus, with significant operating

leverage, the possibility of profits is high with increasing scale of operations.

On a social front, it is interesting to note that even public from other surrounding areas alsosell some of the waste to the DWCC.

10.2. Case Study- Electronic Waste Management Systems:

Abstract

Electronic waste or e-waste consists of broken or unwanted electrical or electronic parts or

equipment as a whole. The rapid obsolescence of electronics goods, compounded by dumping

of electronic goods by the developed countries, has brought the e-waste problem in India into

an acute crisis. Bangalore, the home of over 135 overseas and domestic technology firms,

figures prominently in the danger list of wards that face e-waste hazard. E-waste including

computers, refrigerators and televisions contain more than 1,000 different toxic materials and

are non-biodegradable. Most of the e-waste in Koramangala is collected by NGOs working

in collaboration with BBMP. Concerted efforts by various players in electronic product value

chain, academic community and the government are required to evolve and implement a

broad electronic waste management system in Koramangala.

This study discusses the current e-waste management system in Koramangala and proposes anew system.


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Introduction

The increasing number of information technology firms is choking Bangalore, the Silicon

Plateau of India, under heaps of e-waste. Improper disposal or contact with these materials

can lead to contamination of the surrounding ecosystem and can be a major health hazard. A

Greenpeace International Report (2005) study conducted found that toxic heavy metals and

organic compounds can be released from e-waste, particularly as computers are broken down

during the recycling and disposal processes. Report (2004) says that over 1,000 toxic gases

are released while burning the e-waste and the quantity of dioxins, copper and lead found in

the soil is 20 times higher than the required level. As many as 1,000 tons of plastic, 300 tons

of lead, 0.23 tons of mercury, 43 tons of nickel and 350 tons of copper are annually generated

in Bangalore alone. An extensive study conducted by the authors involving survey of house

hold users and the other major users of electronic goods; reveals that the annual e-waste

generated in Bangalore is approximately 8000 tons and is showing an increasing trend.


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Contemporary Electronic Waste Management System at Koramangala

A comprehensive study of the existing e-waste management system in Koramangala was

conducted. The study provides insights into the existing e-waste practices of the variousstakeholders in the system. The figure illustrates the existing e-waste management system in

Koramangala and the following paragraphs discuss the same.

Electronic Goods Supply Chain: In a study conducted, 50 organizations in Bangalore were

considered. The objective of the study was to understand the prevailing reverse logistics

practices in the electronics goods manufacturing and selling organizations. The general

response includes: 58% of the companies do not want to recycle or retreat the products since

they feel that this activity involves additional cost, 32% of companies follow the strategy of

purchase recyclable products and design products which are environment friendly and 6.9 %of the companies opt for pre-design, through which they focus on designing the product that

can be completely recycled.

The systems of reverse logistics prevailing in various organizations; 47% of the

manufacturing companies responded that those organizations do

Remanufacturing/Refurbishing. Majority of the retailers and wholesalers sell the returned

products to brokers who are part of informal channel resulting in disposing the returned

product in an unscientific manner. Some companies (0.58 %) throw to land-fill which

indicates the apathy towards environment. The barriers to initiate the scientific reverse

logistics practices were listed; more than 30% of the companies feel that lack of financial

resources, 52% attribute to the absence of a comprehensive system, 10% indicate

management inattention and 30% of the companies have mentioned more than one barrier.


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The primary goal of reverse logistics activities; 42 % of the companies responded that they

are proactive i.e. their main focus is on satisfying the customer needs by involving them in

the design stage. 33% are reactive and focus on complying with the existing laws and

competing with others. 18% are value seeking and develop products that are completely

recyclable and include the environmental aspects in to business strategies. The responses forwhy they initiate reverse logistics practices; 72% say protect margin, refurbishing the

returned products or selling the components of the products. 47% opt for competitive reasons,

27.7% recapture of value in the returned products, 11.1% feared Legal disposal issues and

8.3% wanted to build clean channel image.

Comparison of the modus operandi of authorized Indian recyclers:

Waste collection

areas

Methodology Exports

Trishyiraya Major metros such asChennai, Bangalore,

Pune, Delhi & Mumbai

Shreds the e-waste To smelters ofdeveloped nations

E Parisaraa Limited to Bangalore Gravity separation Not Applicable

Ash

Recyclers

Anywhere in India Sorting, dismantling,Segregation & Processing

as per WEEE norms

Not Applicable

Statistics of E-Waste in Koramangala:

For the purpose of the study, the NGO Saahas was contacted and their e-Waste managementactivities were analyzed. Saahas has set up dedicated e-waste collection centers at IT

0

20

40

60

80

No

recycling

Purchase

recyclable

products

Opt for

pre-design

Others

Prevailing reverselogistics practices

0102030405060

Barriers to initiatereverse logistics practices


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organizations like Microsoft and ANZ which have collaborated with them and provide them

with their accumulated e-waste. In addition, they have also set up various common e-waste

collection points across strategic locations in Koramangala.

No. of IT Companies in Koramangala 135

No. of E-waste collection centres 36No. of E-waste management and storage centres 2

Planned intake capacity of Saahas ~2 Tonnes per month

Actual intake by Saahas ~400 Kgs per month

Authorizing Agency Karnataka State Pollution Control

Board

Concerned NGO Saahas

Scrap dealer rates for e-waste Rs 4-5/ kg

Average generated e-waste by IT organizations in

Koramangala which collaborate with Saahas

~50 Kg Per month

The discrepancy in the intake of e-waste generated by these IT companies, and collected bySaahas is due to the fact that Saahas currently does not collect e-waste from all the

organisations, but from a very limited set of organisation. The rest dispose their wastethrough BBMP.

Types of e-waste collected:

1. Bulbs2. Cassettes3. CDs

Expensive and classified items such as hard drives, monitors, processors etc are handledinternally.

Potential revenue to be generated through sale of e-waste for recycling purposes for Sahaas:Existing: Rs. 2000 per month (using existing intake)

Potential: Rs. 10000 per month (assuming maximum intake capacity is being utilized)

Segregation and dismantling: a closer look

Activity Positive Negative

Segregation Materials can be used again

facilitates recycling

Child Labor.

Improper maintenance.

Dismantling Retrieving process is easier. Child Labour.


Crude method

Recycling Material can be reused. Environmental pollution.

Lack of protective

equipment.

Child Labour.


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Materials recovered

Part Recovered Recovery process

Monitor CRT ,Circuit board and

plastic casing

Manual work using

screwdriver

CPU Motherboard, Processor,RAM, Graphic card, Audio

card Floppy drive, CD drive,BUZZ and other small parts

Manual work using hammer,pliers and screw driver.

Burning to retrieve copper.Gold is recovered using acid.

Recommendations:

Problem Recommendation

The quantities of e-waste generated are huge.

Difficult to get credible estimates of volumesgenerated

Extensive tracking done of quantities

generated through a well establishedinventory system. All generators will have to

maintain a register of e-waste generated andthe disposal route. This inventory system will

help the recycling industry to cope with the

capacities generated.

Generators are unwilling to take

responsibility for waste generated

Through widespread awareness -Concept of

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) can

be strengthened. This will motivate e-waste

generators to participate along with the other

Stakeholders to strengthen e-waste recycling

and disposal systems.

Recycling processes (e.g. gold extraction) are

polluting and a threat to human health

Identify the polluting processes and introduce

alternatives

Informal sector works under a shroud of

secrecy

Give incentives to the informal sector to

upgrade their facilities and support them to

come forward to seek authorization for their

facilities

Authorization of facilities is a tedious

process

All stakeholders could come together to form

a


Disposal Only non-recyclable material

is

Disposed

None


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Regulatory body which will conduct regular

audits and recommend authorization. This

will

make the process transparent and

authorization

will be simplified

Co-existence of formal and informal sector Bring the two sectors together into a dialogue

so that optimal recycling processes can be

discussed and demarcations drawn with

respect

to areas of operation

11. Management Solutions for Solid Waste Management in Bangalore:

Before we move on to the solutions, theoretical as well as practical, it is prudent to have a

look at the failures from an economic point-of-view.

Waste Management Failures: The failures can act as direct pointers at a set of Do-Not

category of solutions-

Rational decision making about solid waste management is limited by a series of failures.

Their severity and extent, however, might vary. Four basic categories of failure can be

distinguished:

Information failure: databases on waste generation and disposal are deficient. There is a lack

of sources of data on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and industrial hazardous waste

generation and management.

This is, in our opinion, the most important, and critical, in our experience of trying to collect

data, along with information about SWM in Koramangala region.

Lack of systems thinking: few Municipal Organizations have taken an overall systemsperspective. Solutions to problems have been piecemeal and reactionary.

Market failure: In general, individual functions in the waste disposal service are not correctly

priced. Typically the waste collection and disposal service (for MSW) is paid for via general

taxation. Thus waste items do not carry a price tag for the individual waste generator,

corresponding to the marginal social costs of collection and disposal. The result is that the

financial costs of waste disposal (as borne by waste generators) continue to be relatively low,

representing an under-pricing of the waste assimilation capacity service of the environment.

Economic analysis indicates that too much waste will be produced in a market system inwhich environmental damage (external costs) from the waste is not reflected in the prices of

the products initially produced and consumed in the market. The market fails to allocate


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resources efficiently because prices fail to reflect full social cost. The proper costs of landfill,

incineration and composting are not reflected in end-product prices in the market place. This

results in a further bias against most reuse and recycling activities.

Having briefly reviewed the failures that have inhibited efficient waste management policyand practice in the past, we now examine a market-based approach long advocated by

economists.

In order to simplify the discussion each of the selected MBIs (levies, charges and deposit

refunds) will be related to the problem of packaging waste (although the significance and

magnitude of the problem is open to dispute).

Solutions from an economics perspective-

A materials levy is an example of an input tax and would be imposed on the raw materials

used to manufacture packaging, with due account being taken of existing rates of recycling

and reuse. To meet the criterion of economic efficiency and to conform to the Polluter Pays

Principle (PPP), the size of the levy needs to be related directly to the environmental damage

done by the production and consumption of the packaging.

A product charge is by contrast an output tax, a charge on the packaging and end-product

itself. The tax would be related to the potential waste disposal and pollution impact. Products

made from wholly recycled materials could be exempted and products made partly from

recycled materials could carry a reduced charge.

Both the material levy and product charge can in principle induce a change in the amount of

packaging per product, i.e. a source reduction impact; and a change in the level of recycling

that takes place at the point of consumption. The levy stimulates recycling because it raises

the price of virgin materials relative to recycled (secondary) materials.

A deposit-refund system is essentially a combination of a tax and a subsidy. The consumer of

packaging/container materials is given the right to a refund (R) is he/she returns the waste

product to the seller, i.e. to an authorized recycling/reuse point. For this right the consumer

may have had to pay a formal deposit at the time of the purchase of the product, or would

have paid a higher product price.

A marketable permit system would create a credit system for industry related to a

government imposed recycling activity target rate or recycled content standard for selected

products.

One of the most fundamental obstacles to previous attempts to boost recycling activity has

been the size and volatility of the markets for recovered materials. The permit system would

potentially ensure end markets for recovered materials. Government would set some industry-

wide recycling rate (or recycled content standard) for say paper products (e.g. newsprint) but

individual firms could comply with the policy in one of two ways: they could recycle the

required percent of materials themselves or they could buy permits (credits) from another

firm which exceeds the recycling requirements. By allowing firms flexibility, firms with the


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lowest cost of increasing recycling activities are given an incentive to do so, whereas firms

with high costs are able to purchase virgin material rights.

Levies or charges could be implemented by government or industry. Industrial self-regulation

would undoubtedly mean lower scheme-administration costs although monitoring would still

be required.

Management Suggestions-

In this section, we have tried to apply certain general and management concepts to solving

the SWM problem.

1) Jidoka: This is a Japanese tem meaning correction at source itself. Same thing can be

applied to solid waste management also i.e segregation at source. As large industries,

Residential apartments, IT companies are source of large waste it is better if we install a

segregation unit there so that the dry waste useful can be sent directly to recycling industries.

In houses a lot of wet waste is generated every day. Some companies like daily dump have

come up with a product which can convert organic waste into manure. This can be installed

in individual houses at very less cost and the manure can be used to grow vegetables and

fruits in the gardens. It can also be replicated in the Residential Apartments where

Mechanical Composter can be used.

2) Biogas Plant: In houses every one can install a biogas generator at a lower price. The input

for this is food waste and wet waste generated in homes and also microbes which act as

catalyst and the output biogas can be used for cooking in rural and urban areas.By this thereare lot of benefits as expenses will come down and also every one can have the satisfaction of

contributing to the environment.

3) Data management: To improve data management there should be commitment to

improving reliability of the waste data from the staff and authorities. Greater confidence in

data will help in monitoring the efficiency of the collection, transportation, and process and

disposal option. It will also help in monitoring the unauthorized activities, by monitoring the

number of trucks and trips made by trucks to the specified disposal site.

4) Public-private partnerships: Developing public-private partnerships leading to theprivatization of some aspects of garbage collection, recovery and disposal. Atleast one

segregation and composting center should present in every area in Bangalore so that

transportation cost can be reduced and efficiency can be increased.

5) Taxation: Garbage tax should be levied against large and small generators for the disposal

of wastes. Some incentives should be given to the industries or Apartments who are

following Zero waste management.

6) Training and Education: Encouraging the involvement of local NGOs in working on

various environmental awareness programmes and areas related to waste managementincluding educating the public about the importance and necessity of better waste

management.


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7) Involvement of Students: Engineering and Post graduate students should be asked to work

on the technical aspects like recycling of waste and also some new products which are

economical and efficient. The BBMP should fund colleges if possible for the research in this

field. These should be added as a course in school so that awareness is generated in primary

level.

8) Equipment: Well-designed community bins have to be placed in commercial areas

depending on the quantity of waste generated. These should be provided with partition for

separate collection of waste and proper coloring and labeling on the bins so that it is easy for

disposal.

9) Monitoring: The monitoring of the activities during collection, transfer, process and

disposal needs to become an integral part of the waste management system until all the

activities follow the required standard. The municipal authority not only has to monitor their

own staff activities but also the activities carried out by the private organizations carrying out

their services.

Recommendations for Implementation of recycling MSWOther than the policy-level and management solutions to the problem of solid waste

management, the following recommendations can be implemented utilizing the concept of

3Rs.

Promoting storage and segregation of waste at source

1. Involving the informal sector & extending financial help to NGOs and co-operatives.

2. Organizing them for into door step "waste collectors" by motivating them to stoppicking up soiled and contaminated solid waste and instead collect recyclable clean

material directly from the households.

3. The upgraded rag-pickers on becoming door step waste-collectors may be given anidentity card by the NGOs organizing them so that they may have acceptability in

society.

Processing of Municipal Solid Wastes

1. Promote segregation at source till 100% source segregation is achieved the mixedwaste containing recyclable material may be subjected to segregation at the secondary

level.2. If waste is of high calorific value consider Waste to Energy (WTE) conversion

options.

3. Special care must be taken prior to considering4. WTE technologies for treatment of MSW waste.

Promote Composting of Waste

Composting reduces (separated) biodegradable waste to 25-30 % of its initial weight. By

adopting composting technology for treatment of MSW, municipal authorities will save up to

55% of waste going to landfill.

Role of Industrial Sector & EPR


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1. The central and state governments may consider introducing the concept of Extended

Producers Responsibility (EPR).

2. Industry needs to realize the problems their packaging material creates once they are

discarded by the purchaser of their products.

3. Ideally, industries should show self commitment (e.g. in form of a sector agreement)to reduce waste from packaging and reuse or recycle production waste as much as

possible.

Governments Role

1. Encourage technology advancements for waste recycling

2. Help create logistic chains and market for recyclable products.

3. Examine the issue of recycling within the framework of Extended Producer

Responsibility (EPR).

4. Promote the use of re-usable or eco-friendly packaging material.

5. Direct the industries to reduce the packaging material and its composition.

6. Levy eco-surcharge on hard-to-recycle or ecologically unfriendly packaging to

encourage compliance.

7. Help in marketing of compost through extension methods to the agricultural sector.

Reduce, Reuse and Recycling

3Rs fosters cooperation among waste generators, waste collectors processors and

manufacturers. Recycling allows for production and consumption with reduced depletion of

natural resources and energy, and can reduce the negative impact on the environmental

system (air, water and soil).

Waste Management Hierarchy

Steps in the Recycling Chain


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Households/Shops/

Establishment

Municipal

Waste StorageDepot

Waste PurchaserDepot

RECYCLABLE

ORGANIC

Semi wholesaler/ Whole sellersdepot

RecyclingIndustry

Disposal site

Treatment

Plant


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12. Conclusions

The problem of solid waste is especially pertinent to the city of Bangalore. Thus, the quantity

of different types of waste generated by different waste generators was calculated on the basis

of whatever primary and secondary data that we could obtain. Where all this waste ended up,

and the supply chain for each type of waste, along with t he various parties involved seemedimportant from a managerial point of view. Thus, we prepared flow charts to visually display

the same.

The solution to the said problem was approached from a policy level perspective, as well as

from an economics & management perspective. Thus, we have listed out the same in our

report. We have also included two case studies to show the SWM scenario, economics and

the current practices on specific cases. A broad level picture of the various facets of this

critical issue was attempted in this report.


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13. Field Photos:

Domlur DWCC:


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Koramangala BBMP Office (Ward no 151):


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BBMP Head Office:


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Koramangala Waste Management Centre (Run by Saahas NGO)


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St.Johns Hospital:


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Residential Apartments and Restaurants:


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EjipuraPlant(Near NGV):


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14. Annexure-1: Field Reports:

Visit to BBMP Head Office-

Mr. C.H Ananthswamy, Chief Engineer, SWD was not available, hence

Average total solid waste collected in Bangalore: 4000-6000 tonnes.

The cell is newly formed and hence the segregation of quantity of solid waste as per type

of waste is not available.

Data for Koramangala ward available with BBMP Head Office is as follows-

54 tonnes/day

2-3 trucks employed

40 people employed for collection of solid waste

6 auto-tippers are also used in solid waste collection. Solid waste for Koramangala ward is taken to a private segregation

and treatment plant near National Games Village (NGV),

Koramangala.

Contact for the plant facility- Mr. Chandrasekhar

We took photographs with the people at SWM cell.

Visit to Koramangala Ward Office-

We met Mr. Sivalingappa, Asst. Engineer, Koramangala Ward (151).

The information we obtained from Koramangala Ward Office varied slightly from the

information available with BBMP Head Office.

Total solid waste from Koramangala Ward is around 46.67 tonnes/day.

Dry waste collected every Saturday; wet waste is collected everyday.

Recently, the competent authority has issued a rule that every household is to segregate

the waste from the household or the apartment system into dry waste and wet waste.

Segregation at source is not 100% achieved till now and the BBMP is working on

educating the community and creating awareness.

The major sources of solid waste in Koramangala Ward are Koramangala Club,

Jyotiniwas College Road, St. Johns and the Koramangala Water Tank.

The infrastructure employed for solid waste collection by the ward is as follows-

7 lorries

3 compactors


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10-12 auto-tippers

The solid waste collected from the Kormangala ward is taken to a location near the HT

line near Empire Hotel for composting.

The plastic, e-waste is often taken away from there by NGOs or other private parties.

Some of the solid waste is taken to Mandoor and S. Bingipura landfill sites.

BBMPdoes not collect waste currently from hotels, restaurants or corporate offices. They

were said to be giving the waste generated by them to third-parties for disposal.

Guidelines were said to be forthcoming that the BBMP collect the waste from the said

establishments in the near future.

The authorities are very co-operative and helpful in giving out information.

Visit to Koramangala BBMP dry waste collection centre (DWCC)-

The area consisted of two major areas-

1. Composting centre run by Saahas NGO2. Dry waste clearing area

The dry waste clearing area mostly consists of nothing where a set of trucks get the waste

collected by BBMP and some other private parties. Another set of trucks simply collect that

waste and take it to mostly to the landfills. There is almost no other infrastructure.

We also visited the composting centre run by NGO Saahas. We got a lot of information from

the people running the composting centre. Mr. Purushottam is the person-in-charge for the

composting centre. It is one of the composting centres run by Saahas.

Waste collection-

Dry waste is collected once a week. Wet waste is collected daily by Saahas, wherever it does

collect wet waste. Currently, collection is only done from households, but is planned to be

started for commercial enterprises too.

Segregation of the waste-

Segregation of waste is done at the composting centre itself. The organic dry waste is

segregated from the other types of waste.

Composition of the waste-

Break-up of the waste types collected from Koramangala 3rd block was available with the

NGO. We can take that as a representative sample for the whole of Koramangala 3rd block. It

is as follows-

Glass, coloured paper- 50%

Plastics articles- 20%


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Polythene- 20%

Others (clothes, shoes, white paper)- 10%

It is important to note that this is %-age as per weight, not as per volume. This might explain

why glass waste is the largest component.

Disposal of waste-

Plastic waste is disposed once a month with Karnataka State Plastic Board (KSPB) and to a

contractor (Muniyappa) in Kanakapura.

Paper waste is collected by ITC as a part of its own CSR activity. It is also sold to Prakash

Market in Bomanahalli.

Rejected waste ends up in a landfill

Management aspects-

The composting centre is a model in many ways, showcasing different management aspects

for solid waste. Here are some of them-

The compost that is made into organic fertilizer is sold in the market for around Rs.8/- per kg.

White paper in the garbage fetches Rs.10/- per kg in the recycling market. Coloured paper

fetches less than that as it is difficult to be processed. Laminates are rejected as the

processing is highly uneconomical.

E-waste is sold to parties like Ecoboard and e-Parisara who then process it.

Saahas NGO also has set up waste segregation and processing facilities for corporate within

their respective companies own premises. Examples are Microsoft India, ANZ etc.

In case of recycled paper, it is interesting to note that the product is in a vicious circle. Lower

demand for recycled paper, even though of almost equally good quality, is less because of itshigher cost. However, that low demand itself is the cause for the high manufacturing cost of

the recycled paper. This is a deadlock that intelligent action and planning can resolve.

Eco-friendly construction-

The architecture is designed so that the air circulation removes any bad smells emanating

from the garbage.

The compost is processed and converted into saleable organic fertilizer.

Terracotta blocks are used in the construction of the facility, which are themselves made from

some waste materials.

The roof is made up of sheets manufactured from used tetrapak packages, manufactured by

Tetrapak India themselves.

Composting process-

In this process, not only is the organic waste composted, it is also later converted into organic

fertilizers.

In the first stage, organic waste is put into the composting machine and processed. The

product is digested into composting tanks for 10-14 days. The compost is then taken out, and


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left to dry for some time. The dry compost is shredded into small particles using a shredder.

This is organic fertilizer, as mentioned earlier, is sold in the market.

Visit to other stakeholders-

We encountered different types of reactions from the people concerned with the waste

management for their respective colonies, offices and institutions. Mr T.B Nanaiah the head

ofRaheja Residency's maintenance agency was benevolent enough in providing us all the

necessary details while answering our questionnaire. This is what he told us about the waste

management practices they have adopted;

(a) There are 822 flats in all

(b) The people themselves segregate the waste as wet and dry making the work of the

maintenance department easier(c) ITC Company takes care of the papers, cardboards and thermocole in the dry waste

(d) Wet waste is transported out on a daily basis by the BBMP Trucks

(e) there are red and green coloured bins all around the colony. They are kept in front of

every block from where the maintenance department collects it, stores it and manages it

(f) About 0.5 kg of wet waste is generated per day per flat

(g) They recycle the batteries, tube-lights and other such wastes.

(h) The ITC van comes on every Saturday whereas the BBMP trucks come on all days in the

morning between 8 o'clock to 9 o'clock

(i) They have common dumping yard in the basement of the EBONY tower where the final

segregation is done.

At St. John's Medical College, the first thing that we were told was that all of the waste

generated there was managed by the hospital's maintenance department. Mr. A. Joseph and

Mr Franklin from this department helped us out with all the details we required for our

research. They told us:

(a) There is a separate block for waste segregation and management about 200-300 metres

away from the campuses of the hospital, the medical college, administrative block and hostel.

(b) There is a separate staff of 10-12 people who works here

(c) There are different divisional rooms for different types of waste like paper shedding, toxic

waste and BBMP waste

(d) They broadly generate 400kg of pathological waste, 2000 kg of bandages, 1500 kg of

tubing, and 200 kg of sharp every month

(e) The amount of wet waste is about 2000 kg per month.


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Visit to Taco Bell and KFC outlets in Koramangala:

At Taco Bell, the staff and the manager in charge were initially reluctant to divulge

information about their waste management systems, however once we assured them that the

questions were of a generic nature, that they would not have to divulge privileged

information and that the use of the data would be for academic purposes only, we found them

much more accessible.

We were told that the outlet employs a process of self segregation of the dry and wet

waste and has implemented the recent BBMP directive regarding the same.

Their average daily waste generation is around 5 kgs on an average in terms of both dry

and wet waste generated.

Earlier they used to send the dry waste to an NGO near Christ University for recycling

purposes, however that practice has been discontinued.

The waste disposal pattern is of daily nature and BBMP contractors do the collectionprocess.

We were not allowed to take any photos of their dumping facilities, or the waste

collection within the premises itself.

At KFC, the management was much more cooperative and allowed us access to their waste

collection places.

Their process of waste disposal is pretty much standard and similar in every aspect to

Taco Bell.

Their waste generation is 5 Kg food waste and 7 kg dry waste daily.

The waste collection is done, as in the case of Taco Bell by BBMP hired contractors.

Freedom Park:

WakeUpCleanUp was a weeklong expo on Solid waste management held at Freedom Park.Since the event took place during our internship tenure, we felt that we should visit.

There, a host of NGOs, service providers and recyclers had set up stalls.

We got a good idea of the scenario, on a corporate and Corporate Social Responsibility

(CSR) level for Bangalore.

Following were the major entities within recyclers-

ITC: They collect mainly paper waste from different sources like colleges; NGOs and these

are recycled into cardboards, pulp and also fibres.


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SIMS Recycling Ltd: This is mainly involved in e-waste collection and they collect from

many IT companies and the segregation is done outside India. The output materials like

copper, aluminium, rare earth are sold. They get Rs.18/kg for the plastic waste the sell to

local recyclers.

Saahas: They mainly collect tetrapak from supermarkets, Bars and these are recycled to

books. They also have composting centres were the output manure is sold to farmers.

There are many small companies who are manufacturing biogas generator which can be

installed in individual homes. Their input is wet waste and microbes which act as catalyst.

Also showcased was some major equipment which can be installed in big residential

apartments where the waste generated can be used to produce fuel which can be used to run

generators.

Questionnaire survey on 80 ft. Road, Koramangala-

We visited several hotels, restaurants and company offices to gain information on the manner

in which they manage the solid waste they generate.

Do they segregate it themselves?

What is amount of waste generated every day? What are the different types of waste?Do they recycle any part of it?

How do they dispose it (BBMP Lories or private dealers and agencies)?

Srl

No.

Name Source of

information

Waste

types

Segregation

at source ?

Recycle? Disposal Amount

of waste

(in

kg/day)

1 Silsila

restaurant

Mr. Lavith

Kumar

(Manager)

Dry,

wet

Yes No BBMP

vans

2-3

2 Beams

Hospital

Mr. Waylon

D'cruz

Dry,

wet,bio-

medical

Yes Yes, dry

waste isrecycled

BBMP,

Maridiagency

(bio-

medical)

BBMP=

40 & Bio-medical

= 60-70

3 Envision

financials

Mr Shankar

(Supervisor)

Dry,

wet, e-

waste

Yes No BBMP,

Private

dealerMr.

Nayeem(e-waste)

5-10

4 Cure-care

clinic

Mr. Bhabani

Shankar

Wet,

dry,bio-

medical

Just Bio-

medicalwaste is

separated

No BBMP,

Maridiagency

(bio-

medical)

BBMP= 5

& Bio-medical

= 8-10

5 Wonder Mr. Parvaze Termite No need No BBMP, 70-75


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Woods

Furniture

Woods,

logpowder

Burnt

6 Domino's Store

Manager

Dry,

wet

Yes Yes, dry

waste is

recycled

BBMP 4-5

7 French

Loaf

Mr. Bijay Dry,

wet

Yes No BBMP,

localvendors

6-7

8 Costa

Coffee

Mr. Santosh Coffee

beans,Wet

only

Yes No BBMP 2-3

9 Barista Mr.

Prasanna

Dry,

wet

No No BBMP 5-6

10 GlobalGreen

Group

Ms.Priyanka Dryonly Yes Yes BBMP 2-3

11 Mindtrek

India Ltd.

Mr.

Bailochan

Patra

Dry,

wet

Yes Yes,

Dead

leaves

BBMP,

local

scrap

dealers

15-20

12 Flipkart,

Verisign,Symantec

Mr, Ashok Dry,

wet

Yes No BBMP 75-80

13 Wipro

Limited

Mr Mohan Dry,

wet, e-waste

Yes No BBMP,

Localdealers

90-95

14 Cherish

Infertility

Clinic

Mrs

Sreekumar

Dry,

wet,

bio-

medical

Yes No BBMP,

Ma

final ngo report

Documents