final project posters for lis 653 spring 2014
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Pathways to Cataloging Indigenous Knowledge
“When an Elder dies, a library burns down”- African proverbIndigenous knowledge organization is a relatively new concept in our post-colonial age, having only been around since the
late 20th century
Indigenous cataloging began due to a lack of accurate representation of indigenous people worldwide. Library of Congress Subject Headings and the Dewey Decimal System represent a very hegemonic, patriarchal world view that is deeply ingrained in the world of information science.
Australian Efforts
• Collaboration with indigenous groups is essential to the new system of organization
• ATSILIRN Protocols: Description & Classification
• AIATSIS Universal Thesauri
• Australian & Torres Strait Islander Data Archive (ATSIDA)
• Traditional Knowledge Revival Pathways (TKRP)
Native American Efforts
Kathleen Arthur,Maeve Countey, &Jeff HarrisonLIS 653-01Professor PattuelliSpring 2014
• Brian Deer Classification• Movement toward creating
local customized thesauri• Professional Ethics - no
easy answers; communication with groups is key to finding the middle path
• Technology may help• Presents oral knowledge in
medium younger generation familiar with, views as “just as good”
• Technology allows recordings of oral histories, stories, performances, photos to be presented with printed sources (providing context)
Basics
CATALOGUING MOVING IMAGES
An Overview
THE HISTORY OF CATALOGING MOVING IMAGES
CASE STUDIES IN MOVING IMAGE CATALOGING PRACTICESTh e re is n o “best p ract ice” fo r c a ta loging m oving im ag e s
Diffe re n t inst i tu t ions u se diffe re n t s t a n d a rd s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e t y p e s of m oving im ag e s in their collections a n d t h e p u r p o s e of t h e insti tution• Library of Congre ss: Motion Picture ,
Bro a dc a sting, and Re c ord e d Sound Division
6 million+ m oving im ag e ite m s in collection
Abides b y st a n d a rd s d e ve l o p e d b y Library of Co n g re ss
Descriptive c a taloging: Archival Moving Image Materials (AMIM)
Subjec t c a taloging: Library of Co n g re ss Subjec t Head ings (LCSH)
Genre c a taloging: Moving Image Genre-Fo r m Guide; Moving Image Materials: Genre Te r m s
Classification: Library of Co n g re ss Classification (LCC)
Me ta d ata: Me ta d at a Ob jec t Descr ipt ion S c h e m a (MODS); Me ta d at a Encod ing a n d Transmission St a n d a rd (METS)
• Lucasfilm Research Library
17,0 0 0 + m oving im ag e ite m s in collection
Classification: D ewe y Decimal Classification (modif ied)
C ata loging tool: FileMaker P ro
Subjec t c a taloging: Sear s
(modif ied)• MoMA Department o f Film
25,0 0 0 + m oving im ag e ite m s in collection
C ata loging tools: Th e Museum Syste m (TMS) a n d D at a A sse t M a n a g e m e n t syste m Ne tXposu re
• Paramount Picture s
33,0 0 0 + clips a n d sh o t s in s tock fo o t a g e collecto n
22,0 0 0 + available online th ro u g h co n te n t p a r tn e r T3Media
Cloud-based sto ra g e
Me ta d at a im po r te d fro m p re - exist ing so u rce s o r c u sto m - d e s i g n e d
TWO APPROACHES TO METADATA ORGANIZATION• Standards Based
Approach DCMI
Pros: 15 e l e m en t s = flexibility a n d e a sy u se
Cons: No t a s rich in detail, m u st b e m a p p e d to MARCMODS
Pros: r icher e l e m en t se t , s imple to c re a te
Cons: g e n e ral tags , e l e m en t loss in s t a n d a rd s co nversion
• Interoperability Issues
No co m m o n st a n d a rd c re a te s re c o rd shar ing p ro b le m s
Solutions:
1. Me ta d at a Mapping
2. Me ta d at a Registries
3. Application P rofiles
All solutions to inte ro p e rability issu e s br ing u p larg e r seman t ic p ro b l e m
• Streaming Vide o Vendors vs. Locally Hoste d Files
Me ta d at a appl ica tion in Libraries
1. Collections Hoste d b y Ve n d o r s
Pros: re c o rd s c re a te d b y ve n d o r, save s server s p a ce , u se s co n t rolled vocabu la ry
Cons: licens ing syste m is e xpensive , it’s ra re to ob ta in a p e r p e tu a l lice n s e
2. Title-By-Title Locally Hoste d Files
P ros: c a n c re a te un ique m e t a d a t a s t a n d a rd s fo r local use r b a s e
Cons: t ime co n su m in g re c o rd c re a tion, n e e d server s p a ce , inte ro p e rability
• Collaborative Based Approach
Co m b i n ation of Au to m a te d a n d Hu m a n Ge ne ra te d Re c o rd s
• Me ta d at a Application in Co r p o ra te Business
1. YouTu b e - -u se s flash v ideo a n d HTML5 to e m b e d seman t ic s into st ruc tu re
2. m e t a d a t a c re a te d b y m a ch in e, u se r, a n d c re a to r
SEMANTIC WEB AND METADATA
Me ta d at a p rovides t h e connec t ion a s well a s t h e descr ip t ion of co n tent .1. A se t of des ign principles2. Collabora tive working g ro u p s3. A var ie ty of enab l ing techno log ies
Case studies:A. Digital Library: DigitalNZ
1. FindingIt is a im e d to making N ew zea land digital
co n te n t easier to find, sha re a n d u se .Co n ten t - contr ibut ing a n d harve s t s
co n te n t m e t a d a t a via:XML site m ap s , RSS feeds , OAI (O p e n
Archive s Initiative )
2. Shar ingO ver 25 million digital ite m s available to view
& over 150 p a r tn e r o rgan isa t ionsPe op l e c a n u se t h e API (Application
P ro g ra m m i n g Interfa ce ) to index or con t r ibu te to t h e digital co n te n t a n d m e t a d a ta.
3. Make it digital
Descr ibe t h e digital co n tent: m e t a d a t a Manage t h e digital co n tent: D at a b a s e , co n te n t
m a n a g e m e n t system, re po s i toriesDigitalNZ p ro g ra m is using DS p a ce a s their
co n te n t m a n a g e m e n t syste mB. Museum of Moving ima g e
[Collect ionSpace ]
Fo c u s o n user-ce n te re d des ign principles1. Author i ta tive m e t a d a t a2. Collabora tive m e t a d a t a3. Mixe d m e t a d a t aC. Netflix [VMS]+[NetflixGraph]
1.VMS (Video Me ta d at a Service s) is responsib le fo r p ac k ag ing d a t a a b o u t v ideos su c h a s synopses , titles, a s well a s d a t a a b o u t v ideo ar tw ork a n d streams .2.NetflixGra p h con ta ins d a t a a b o u t rela t ionships b e t w e e n enti t ies like videos, c ha ra c ters, a n d tags .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
THE HISTORY OF CATALOGING MOVING IMAGES
Brad l ey, J o h n G. “Cat a l ogu ing a n d Indexing Mot ion P ic ture Film.”Th e A mer i can A rchivist 8.3 (1945): 169 - 84 . W e b .
B a u m h o fe r, Hermine M. “Film Re c o rd s M a n a g e m e n t .” Th e A mer i can A rchivist 19.3 (1956) : 2 35-48. W e b .
Harrison, Harr iet W. “Th e Specia l P ro b l e m s of C at a l ogu ing Moving I m a g e s in a n Archive .” A udiovisual A rchives: A Practical R e a d e r . UNESCO, 1990.W e b . h t t p ://w ww. unesco.org/we bwo r l d/ra m p / h t m l/r970 4 e/r970 4 e 0 s . h t m.
Martin, Abigail Le a b . “Co m p e n d i u m of Moving I m a g e C at a l og i ng P rac t i ce” Film History 12.2, Moving I m a g e Archives: P a st a n d F u t u re ( 2 0 0 0 ) : 156-73. J STO R . W e b .
“Cinemat o g raph i c W orks: S t a n d a rd s fo r C at a l ogu ing a n d Indexing.” Cinemato g raphic W orks: S tandard s for Cata loguing a n d Indexing . N.p., n.d . W e b . h t t p ://w ww.filmst a n d ards.org / l inks .h tm.
CASE STUDIES IN MOVING IMAGE CATALOGING PRACTICES
Donaldson, J . & Stan ley, R. ( In terv iew e e s). ( 2 0 12). Lucasf i lm R esearc h Library [ In terv iew t ranscr ip t ] . Ret r i eve d fro m A m e r i c a n Library A ssocia t ion ILo veLibrar ies W e b si te: h t t p ://w ww.ilovelibraries.org / lucasf i lm-re s e arc h - library
Fre q u e n t l y a ske d q u e st ions a b o u t ca ta log ing . Ret r i eve d fro m h t t p : // w ww.loc.gov/a b a/a b o u t/catfaq . h tml
M etadata service s . Ret r i eve d fro m h t t p ://w ww.t 3 m e d i a.co m/platfo r m / service s /m e t a d a t a /
MoMA N Y . Ret r i eve d fro m h t t p ://n e t x . n e t/p o r tfo l i o/m o m a /
W h i te - Hensen , W. ( 2 0 0 0 ) . Introduc t i on . In A rchival m o ving i m a g e m a terials: A cata log ing manual , s e c o n d edi t ion . Ret r i eve d fro m h t t p : // babe l . ha th i t rust.o rg /c g i /p t?id=pur1.3275 4 0 6 9 591992;view=1up;seq=1
Ye e , M. M. ( 2 0 0 7). M oving i m a g e cataloging: How to crea t e a n d h ow to u s e a m o ving i m a g e cata log . Available fro m h t t p :// b o o k s.g o o g le. c o m / b o o k s?hl=en&lr=&id=n4PQBLg1iWcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Par - a m o u n t + P i c t u re s + c a t a l og i ng+prac t i ces&ots=gfYSKw6YT8&sig=LYK- Cao37Lc 8 q Q s 7 2vE62OV8zo d g # v = o n e p a g e & q & f = fa l se
TWO APPROACHES TO METADATA ORGANIZATION
Alenu, G., S t e vens, B., & Ro ss, P. ( 2 0 12). To w ard s a co n ce p tual fra m ew ork for user-drive n se m a n t i c m e t a d a ta in tero p e rability in digital libraries:A social co n structivist a p p ro a c h . N ew Library W orld, 113 (½). Ret r i eve d fro m h t t p : // w w w.e m e raldinsight .c o m .e z p ro xy.pra t t .edu :2048 / jou r na l s . h tm ?iss n = 0 3 0 7- 4 8 0 3&volume=113&issue=1
Harding , J . ( 2 0 10, J u n e 29) . Flash a n d t h e HTML5 <video > tag . Retr ieve d fro m w e b l o g h t t p ://ap ib log.yo u t u be.co m/2010/06/f l ash-and-h tml5- tag . h tml
Laz inger, S.S. ( 2 0 0 1). Models for syntac t ic a n d se m a n t i c in tero p e rability: M e ta languages a n d m e t a d a ta fo r m ats. In Digital preservat ion a n d m e t a d a ta (139 -188). Englew o o d , CO: Librar ies Unlimited .
P e ter son , E. & Duncan , C. ( 2 0 12). Yo u o u g h t t o b e in p ic tures: Bringing stre a m i n g v i d e o t o y our library. [ s t r e a m e d v ideo ]. Ret r i eve d fro m h t t p s : // w ww.yo u t u be.co m/watch?v=MlS94Vp 8 g Q I
SEMANTIC WEB AND METADATA
Col lect ion S p a ce . Ret r i eve d April 22, 2 0 14 fro m t h e c o l le t ionspace W iki: h t t p ://wiki.co l lec t ionspace.org/d isplay/co l lec t ionspace/Col lec t ionSpace
Make it Digital, Ret r i eve d from: h t t p ://w ww.digi ta lnz.org/m ake-it-digital
DigitalNZ. Ret r i eve d April 23, 2 0 14 fro m t h e W ikipedia: h t t p ://en.wikipedia . o rg /wiki/DigitalNZ
Ko sze wnik, Dre w. ( 2 0 13, J a n 18). Netfl ixGra p h M etadata Library:A n O p t imiza t ion Case S t u d y [W e b log] . Ret r i eve d from: h t t p ://t e c h b l o g . netflix.c o m /2 0 13/ 0 1/netflixg ra p h - m e t a d a ta-l ibrary_18.html
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
FIAFInte rna tional Fe d e ra tion of Film Archives
IFLAFunctional Require m e n t s for Bibliographic Re co rd s (FRBR) Review Gro u p
ICOM-CIDOCInte rna tional Co m m i t te e for Do cu men t a tion of t h e Inte rna tional Council of Museums
ISOInte rna tional O rganiza tion for St a n d a rdization
METSMetadat a Encod ing a n d Transmission St a n d a rd
MICMoving Image Collections
MPEGMoving Picture Experts Gro u p
MXF and AAF
OAISRefe re n ce Model Pro-MPEG Fo ru m
ISANInte rna tional St a n d a rd Audiovisual Number)
•Ja n u a r y 7, 189 4 – Edison films his a ssistan t , Fre d O t t s n e ezing with t h e Kineto s co p e a t t h e “Black Maria.”
This is t h e first film to b e co p yrighted .•This w a s n o t t h e film itself b u t pr in te d str ips of e very fra m e . Co p yright law d id n o t cover m o t io n p ic tu re s until t h e 1912 To w n s e n d A m e n d m e n t inc luded t h e m a m o n g t h e t y p e s of works cove red. Motion p ic tu re compan ies , su c h a s t h e Edison Co m p a n y., initially a t te m p te d to co p yright their films a s p h o to g raphs , relying o n legislationd a t ing b ac k to 1865 th a t inc luded p h o to g ra p h s a s co p yr ightable works.•Th e g o ve r n m e n t w a s ge t t ing film a t a n e n o r m o u s ra te . By 1937 a ro u n d 17,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 running fe e t h a d b e e n a ccumulate d a n d b y t h e e n d of 1945 this incre a s e d to m o re than. 100,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 fee t .•Motion p ic tu re s c a ta loging usually st a r te d with t h e classification s c h e m e for c a ta log c a rd sd e ve l o p e d b y t h e b y t h e Library of Co n g re ss. This s t a n d a rd, co m p a rable to its c a rd fo r books , migh t n o t work fo r all inst i tu t ions w h e re a m o re de ta i led s c h e m e would b e n e e d e d .•Th e re a re m a ny st a n d a rd s fo r t h e c a ta loging of m oving im ag e s including:
LIS 6 5 3: Know l e d g e Organization | Spring 2 0 14
Ka thar ine Alleman Charles Kreloff Amy LauWei Weib a c kg ro u n d im a g e re trieve d fro m W ikipedia
co m m o n s .wikimedia .o rg /wiki/File :8_mm_ Kodak_sa fety_film_reel_
06.jpg)
Retrieve d from: w ww.digita lnz.org/m ake-it-digita l/ge t t ing -st a rte d-with-digitisa tion
retrieve d from: h t tp : // en.wikipedia.o rg /wiki/File:Fred_Ott%27s_Sneeze .jpg
Linked Open Data for library usersLinked Open
Data
Carlos AcevedoMichael BenowitzLauren Restivo
ReferencesBerners-Lee, T. (2006). Linked Data - Design Issues. Retrieved from http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html ; W3C (2014). RDF 1.1 Primer. Retrieved from http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-primer-20140225/;
Tim Berners-Lee’s Four Principles:• Use Uniform Resource Identifiers
(URIs) to identify things• Use HTTP URIs (web addresses) to
make them findable• Provide useful information on
these pages, including the standards used
• Provide further URI links(Berners-Lee, 2006)
Resource Description Framework (RDF) & the RDF TripleRDF is a recommendation published by the W3C as a “framework for expressing information about
resources,” (W3C, 2014) utilizing the RDF triple to do so. This takes the form of: Subject Predicate Object
This model describes the subject through relationships to certain descriptors, and allows for these relationships to be intelligible to computers. These relationships can then be “linked” to allow for networks
of information to be created across the internet.
Source: W3C RDF Primer 1.1: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-primer-20140225/
Core Concepts & TermsSPARQL: SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language. Allows users to access and manipulate data
in RDF formatsRDF Namespaces: Terms used in the predicate of a triple to define a relationship. Generally drawn from
one of hundreds of value vocabularies. Always appears as a URI.RDF Syntax: The method of encoding RDF data for access. Several standardized syntaxes have been
adopted, most notably RDF/XML, Turtle, JSON & N-Triples
Legal Interoperability of Bibliographic Data
Put bibliographic data on the web with an open license
Make available as structured data
Use non-proprietary formats
Use URIs to identify your data
Link your data with other data to build relationships
DATA COMMODITYOpen Licenses
Open Data Commons
•Open Data Commons Attribution License•Open Data Commons Open Database License •Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License
Creative Commons
•Six varying levels of attribution licenses•Creative Commons Universal Public Domain Dedication (CC0)
• Linked open data finds its roots in the Semantic Web, which integrates common formats with standard language, allowing a user to move through an infinite set of databases connected by their relatedness to one another.
• Current linked open data models include the Library of Congress BIBFRAME (represented by the map to the left) and DBpedia (represented by the entry on the right).
• One of the biggest technical challenges facing linked open data initiatives is migrating bibliographic data from MARC 21 records into linked data models.
• Libraries, archives, and museums can support linked open data by:• building vocabularies and ontologies that focus on structural metadata, • making collections available digitally through the use of Semantic Web technologies,• and by advocating for public support and funding of increased access to information.
Indigenous Cataloging & Classification
First Nations - Elizabeth McDonald
Brian Deer Classification System: expresses important relationships between tribal groups and concepts by location
First Nations Name Authority List: identifies groups by the names they have given themselves
Canadian Subject Headings: kept “Indians of North America” in favor of revising headings for specific peoples
Native Americans – Michelle Magnotta
American Indian Library Association (AILA): spreads information about Native American culture, language, values and information needs in the library community.
The Museum System (TMS): collection management program used in museums, such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Protocols: outline different opportunities for organizations to cooperate with Native communities.
Maori - Kerri Rose
Maori Subject Headings: developed to help Maori library user by creating a system that is relevant to the Maori worldview and intended to work within the framework of the current Western classification schemes.
Challenges:1)Marginalization of indigenous peoples2)Difference in worldview - linguistic/cultural barriers3)Separation of materials from their creators4)The myth of universality
Considerations:1)Don’t Assume 2)Incorporate indigenous perspective and involve
indigenous individuals3)Original System vs. Adaptation of Existing System 4)Indigenous People are Not Static
LIS 653-02 Spring 2014 Dr. C. Pattuelli Pratt Institute
Non-Western CatalogingCorina Bardoff, Phillip Cunningham, Lillian Lai
In 1917, more than 70% of Russia’s population between age nine and 49 was illiterate. There was little formal training for librarians, and there were no common bibliographic standards.
Soviet Classification Tables 1933 & 1946
Spring 2014: LIS 653-02
Cataloging Non-Western ItemsWhen a catalogers encounters items in a non-western language, what do? Stick with that you know – fluency or familiarity with the language of the item being cataloged is best practice.
Copy Cataloging from Arabic to English.
Connexion & Disconnection
Through OCLC’s Connexion, a cataloger will have assistance with various non-western scripts and languages. The most common one would encounter are already included.
Worldcat FirstSearch can search for the same item whether it is input as non-Latin script or its romanized equivalent. Records can be created in original script and found using Latin script because the fields are paired under the same tag number.
Transliteration tools within Connexion can automatically transliterate romanized Arabic into Arabic script, or romanized Farsi (Parsi) into Arabic script for the Persian language.
OCLC offers a free tutorial on non-Latin script cataloging within Connexion (~25 minutes).
Regular purges rid catalogs of cards for the “harmful” and “obsolete” works that might “mislead” readers.
Catalogs were reduced in size by half.
Libraries maintained separate “official catalogs” for librarians and authorized researchers only.
The Bolsheviks promised vast changes to the Russian public including 100% literacy and universal education. The Bolsheviks saw libraries as the most efficient means to bring books to the masses; books would inject the masses with the political consciousness necessary to build the Communist world they wanted.
Universal Decimal Classification was seen as the best, but it was also criticized as a “bourgeois, capitalist system filled with the biases and ideas of Western imperialist society.”
Soviet Classification & Cataloging
Decimal Classification in the USSR
Massam Ne Davat’ – Not For the Masses
“Experience has taught Soviet librarians to abstain from any initiative” (Baumanis and Rogers, 1958)
China has undergone periods of suppression of intellectual thinking and book burning for unification. Two notable eras was the Qin Dynasty and the Cultural Revolution. The reconstructions eras after the two periods made great efforts in repairing books and their cataloging systems.
China began to reform their library catalogs by studying international cataloging standards. A few to name were Descriptive Cataloging Rules for Western Language Materials (aligned with AACR2), CNMARC, and USMARC.
China began to adopt foreign library systems for their collections, which left Chinese libraries still divided. In 1998, CALIS (China Academic Library and Information System) was formed to cater to the academic library community. CALIS connected libraries together by sharing databases and academic papers with each other to become more efficient (Zhu, 2003, p.400).
In Han Dynasty, the emperor ordered Liu Xiang and later on, his son, Liu Xin, to repair and organize the damaged books. They created a bibliography, Qi Lue, to organize the final selection of 13,000 volumes. Qi Lue served as the foundation for the future of Chinese classification systems. Qi Lue’s six sections evolved into four divisions, which then became the Si Ku Classification.
Reconstructing China’s Libraries
After Qin Dynasty
After the Cultural Revolution