48

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Rationale of the Study

Literature is viewed as a written or a printed literary creation in a particular realm on a certain period, moreover, it is an accurate replica of life which mirrors mans emotions, his little triumphs and tragedies, his successes and failures. This adage may be regarded as clich, but it cannot be denied that literature really describes a specific milieu, which has the power to relieve the innermost dilemmas of man that later heartens him to have a better understanding of his own, as well as his fellows weaknesses and strengths.Consequently, a well written work of art may serve as inspirationto someone, who may be a political leader, a great thinker, a layman or an ordinary student, so he may be able to care every creature he comes across with ,preserves it, nurtures it and gives importance to it. In like manner, literature has that special fragment to serve, whichstrongly holds the entire attention of the world in preserving solidarity,universal brotherhood, and alliance among nations. All the aforemen-tioned advantages of literature are embodied in the different literarygenres which could be considered suitable reasons why over the past few years, the teaching of literature as a subject has always been a part of the curriculum in all educational institutions all over the world.In the Philippines, the Department of Education through the Commission of Higher Education (CHED), in accordance with the per-tinent provisions of Republic Act (RA) No. 7722 , otherwise known as the Higher Education Act of 1994, mandates that there should be atleast one or two literature subjects that should be integrated in everydegree program being implemented as part of all baccalaureate degreeprograms in all Higher Education Institutions (HEI), (Bascara ix).Said two literature subjects are The Literatures of the Philippines and Literatures of the World, following the CHEDs aim of letting the students become more responsive to the demands of the next mille- nnium.The countless literary pieces made by various remarkable authors which are often discussed and studied in literature subjects, have special objects to serve in learning literature, and not just by giving pleasure to the readers. Through the writers myriad expressions of mans striking and genuine thought which are reflected in the notable works of different writers, the readers imaginations are challenged, ignited and even tickled. That is why readers of different ages learn to appreciate the peculiar literary wealth of every writer. The well-crafted literary write-ups are finely created by award-winning play-wrights who are thought about as perennial associates of literature. These writers are the instruments in the outpouring of the inmost views and feelings of the human race.Indeed, there are a lot of prolific authors who have their indivi-dual uniqueness, especially in their style and technique in writing. Oftentimes, the central focus of their work is man, his feelings, his culture, his traditions, his beliefs, his idiosyncrasies, even his history. They use varied theories in their selections in order to make a deeperappeal to the readers. According to J. A. Galdon, the writer has beena unifier and conscience of the human race. He has been a breeder ofideas and even of revolution. He has been a legislator, a prophet, alink to tradition and a forerunner of the future (Knickerbocker et al 3). Admittedly, literary works, specifically short stories are created, studied, in addition, well-selected, to make them more fascinating thrilling and whimsical to every reader of all ages, in all walks of life.But, to the young generation of today, as observed by some language teachers, reading ,analyzing and appreciating literary selectionsare hard for them to do because of the coming up of modern technologies and gadgets, such as computers , cell phones, tablets, play station portable (PSP), x-box, netbook, Ipod and many more.Added to them are those that are activated in the computer whichare skype, facebook, blog ,instagram, on-line games and others.Noted from a parents comment in a PTA meeting, students shouldalways be reminded by the teachers and parents themselves when to use high- technology gadgets because these computer-basedtechnologies sometimes steal the attention and eat most of the time of the youths. As a result, most students do not exert much effort in reading and in analyzing some selections assigned to them, and if they do so, everything is haphazardly done. In the end, lovingand enjoying the authors workmanship together with appreciating the peculiar characters of the hero or heroine usually written in some stories and novels, are no longer considered. Added to this, is the copy-paste technique by some students, as observed by someteachers. Every time assignments are given, such as making interpretations and analyses on some literary pieces, wide-rangingwebsites are just clicked and there appear varied analyses as well as interpretations ready to be copied .All the answers are duplicated without even checking if said responses and replies are correct or not.Juxtapose to the issues on literary interpretations and analyses, there are also problems that come across inside the classroom. Sometimes in the discussion of some literary selections, the explanations become too mechanical. This scenario is common among traditional teachers who do not challenge to desiccate the tender wits of the students, so what happens is, instead of loving and appreciating literature, they dislike it (Roseburg xii).Hence, this research is compelled to clear out some issues on how to analyze and appreciate literary works particularly the short story genre. Furthermore, this aims to fill in some gaps to some weak and insubstantial literary knowledge of some students, by gently showing and exposing to them the splendour and majesty of literature and by means of presenting an example of a critique. Also, this intends to investigate and compare the finest works of two notable Filipino authors, Nicomedes M. Joaquin a.k.a .Quijano de Manila and Francisco Sionil Jose, a.k.a. F. Sionil Jose, applying the comparative literary multicritique.

Theoretical Backgroundof the Study

This study theorizes that the short stories of Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose are comparative multicritically.Also,this research argument is supported by the literal critical theories of mimesis, expressivism ,formalism and affectivism.The Mimetic Theory. Mimetic theory is a theory emphasizing the actuality imitated in the artwork (quoted in Holman and Harmon 305). This is used in the study to identify how the characters in the story imitated the reality of life. Its categorical approaches are Platonic Mimesis, Aristotelian Mimesis, Archetypal Mimesis and Marxist Mimesis. As regards to its signification, the signifier is literary text and nature and those being signified are idea, reality and life. Its dominantideas and ethos of the era is imitation (Adams 2 ).Platos belief as elucidated by (Adams 3), mimesis is viewed to be a copy of a copy of reality. Reality refers to ideas which are per-ceived in the appearance of objects, which the writer uses verbally in his creative texts. That is why the writer who is restricted to imitatingthe realm of appearances, makes more copies of realities and hiscreation is thus twice removed from reality . Also, when the writer writes, he is possessed by dementia or madness and he is not in control of himself ( Adams 3).The Theory of Expressivism. Expressivism is defined as a termwhich designates a theory that holds the object of the artist to be the expression of the artists emotions, impressions or beliefs; an essentialdoctrine of the romantic critics (quoted in Holman and Harmon196).This is used in the study to distinguish the presence of the writer in the story. Similarly, this suggests about the expression of the authors inner being in a literary work. As to its categorical approach, it is psychological or psycho-analytical or even biographical criticism, which include the authors experiences and his personality. This concerns about writers viewpoint as a prototype of the era. This approach is sometimes termed as the writers presence.Moreover, expressivism considers text in terms of what the author wants to express. It is therefore the expression of the authors inner being and it delves into the ideas of creative spontaneity, prefe-rence of feeling over rationality, the individual part over the general,the psychology of the author emerging as subject for study, and in-quiry into the merger between the nature of textuality and the nature of every writer (Adams 4).Additionally, (Adams 4) elucidates that the interpretive textualprocessing in expressivism focuses on examining into the authorsrace, moment and milieu. It also delves in relating with the authors religion, family, education political meanings, including the writers sickness.Objective Theory. This theory is called as the New CriticismTheory, Formalistic or Structural Theory where the literary work is done internally through its verbal structure that is communicating a sense of reality. Its correspondence and coherence theories are formalism, textuality and intertextuality. The literary text of this theory is language in which the dominant element is internality. In addition, objectivism is a critical term applied by M.H. Abrams(qtd. in Adams 2) as the view that holds the literary work to be themost significant as an object in itself, independent to the facts of its composition, the actuality it imitates, its authors intended intention,or the effect it produces on its audience as (quoted in Holman and Harmon 343). This is applied in the study to examine the internality or structure of the literary work.Likewise in objectivism, the reader or the critic faces the task of examining the literary works internality or structure, and of communi-cating a sense of its textual unity, hence called by many names such as genre study, signification study ,formalism, textuality,intertextuality, metatextuality, organism and new criticism.The Affectivism Theory. Affectivism theory is also termed as Readers Response Theory or Post-Modern Criticism. This refers to a term used in contemporary criticism to describe the error of judging a work of art in terms of its results, especially its emotional effect(quoted in Holman and Harmon 6). This is used in the study to pinpoint the appeal of the stories. In this theory, the audience/readerfinds the freedom to assess the work and interpret it in his own experience and attitudes to the world. Along its categorical approaches are theories of moral betterment, scientific learning, hedonistic pleasure, psychic therapy, and catharsis of unpleasant emotion. The signifier of the literary text is the reader as signified by the readers experience and reaction. Here, the general taste of the audience is readership and public of the era which is reception-reaction.According to Adams (3) reader-response could be of moral betterment, scientific or other learning, psychic therapy, hedonisticpleasure, catharsis of unpleasant emotions, sublime transport, aesthe-tic emotion of detached contemplation.In affectivism or reader-response theory, every reader has the freedom to assess the coherence of the writers work and interpret this in the light of ones own experience and logical attitude to the worldwithin the textual parameters created by the writer of the text.

In reading, analyzing as well as in doing comparative multicritiqueon the different craftsmanship of any authors, literary theories are themain criteria that are often used, for the reason that every textual analysis arranges the reader-author textual communication transaction(Adams1). Likewise, Adams (2) asserts that in applying textual readingthe reader does have a face-to-face encounter with the author, trying in coming alive mentally in multidimensional orientations.

The short stories of Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose are comparative multicritically

FORMALISM

EXPRESSIVISM MIMESIS

AFFECTIVISM

NICK JOAQUINSTHREESELECTSHORTSTORIESF. S. F SIONIL JOSES THREE SELECT SHORT STORIES

Signification of RealityWriters PresenceDominant Structural ElementReaders SHE N

Figure 1. A Schematic Presentation of the Theoretical Background of the Study.Problem StatementThis study investigates the comparative multi critical dimensions of Nick Joaquins May Day Eve, Summer Solstice, Three Generations vis--vis with Francisco Sionil Joses The Gods Stealer, The Refugee and The Forest.Specifically, the comparative analysis of the three paired-off textualities focuses on the following aspects: 1. signification of reality;2. writers presence;3. dominant structural element; and4. readers significant human experience.

Significance of the StudyThis study which uses the descriptive-qualitative analysis is important to:Students. They will be provided with the schema on how the select stories of Nick Joaquin and F.Sionil Jose are compared and analyzed using the multi-dimensional aspects of criticism.Literature Teachers. This will serve as an important source of information about literary analysis as well as interpretation of literary pieces using literary theories.Readers. This will help them satiate their longing for some additional information regarding literary analysis.Literary Enthusiasts. This study will provide an added appreciation and love for reading.Future researchers. This will be a motivating factor to conduct a similar study and use this paper as their reference.

Scope and LimitationsThis study is focused on the comparative multicritical analysis of the select short stories of Nick Joaquin which are May Day Eve, Summer Solstice, Three Generations with the short stories of F. S. Jose namely The Gods Stealer, The Refugee and The Forest.The comparative critical analysis is limited to the parallel elements of the signification of reality, the writers presence, the dominant structural element and the reader significant human experience using the literary critical theories of mimesis, formalism, expressivism and affectivism.

Definition of TermsTo have a clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are operationally defined:Characters are the people in the story who reveal motivation, and do all the actions (Bascara 15).Comparative refers to any rhetorical figure that sets forth the figure of similarity or contrast between one person or thing or another.Critique is a way of employing different types of criticisms supported with established authoritative text of a literary work.Expressivist theory is a term used by M. H. Abrams that designs a theory which holds the object of the artist to be the expression of the artists emotions ,impressions and beliefs.Fiction refers to a narrative writing drawn from the imagination of the author rather than from history and facts.Formalistic approaches is also called pure or literary approach. The selection is read and viewed intrinsically or for itself independent of authors age and any extrinsic factor.Intertextuality denotes to a text which can be construed as a system of signs which refers only to itself and not to any reality outside the confines of itself or the general system of texts to which it may belong.Literary is an adjective relating to concerned with or characteristics of literature, or something scholarly by work (Collins Dictionary).Literature includes poetry ,drama ,fiction, and non-fiction, oral or written dramatic and broadcast compositions, not necessary preserved in a written format, such as films, and television programs. Mimetic theory is a theory emphasizing the actual imitation in the art work. Multicritique denotes to employing a number of criticisms in identifying the extent of the textuality of a certain work of art applying the different literary genres.Plot is the selection of events based on relevance and ordering of action to reveal exposition, complication ,leading to crisis- turn-reversal and the resolution which leads to the denouement and ending (Bascara 5).

Point of View according to Bascara (15), allows readers to see what the author wants them to see. It is a device of selectiveness, limitation, and distancing. This has of different kinds such as first person observer or participant, third person omniscient or panoramic or as a limited observer.Prose is any spoken or written language as in ordinary usage, distinguished from poetry by its lack of marked metrical structure (Collins Dictionary).Readers Response Theory is also called as impressionistic approach or reaction-response theory. The students are asked to react or respond to anything viewed intrinsically ,or for itself independent of the authors age or any extrinsic factor as well as the striking original expression of craftsmanship.Readings refer to a thorough study of techniques of illumination that are comprised in the text.Setting as defined by Bascara (15) refers to the scene or atmosphere or a locale or a feeling which invites meanings. It has four functions: setting as idea, as symbol, as atmosphere, and as motive.Short Story is prose narrative that usually does not exceed twelve thousand words which tells the authors feelings on some human experience (Connolly 5).Style according to Steck-Vaugh in GED (78) is the term in which the writers choose and use words. In addition, it has a formal style and is usually serious, unlike the informal style which is more relaxed and often sounds like a casual speech.Bascara (16) adds that style implies control of material through devices. Moreover, it is regarded as the central idea in literature.Symbolism refers to the designation of something concrete and something valuable. T.S Eliot regards it as object.Textual Analysis/Criticism is a branch of literary criticism that seeks to establish the authoritative craftsmanship of a literary work. Theme is the central or dominating idea in a work. It is the abstract concept that is made concrete through its representation in person, action, and image in the work (Holman and Harmon 502).Theories as defined by Collins Dictionary refer to a system of rules, procedure, and assumption used to produce a result.

Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED READINGS

This chapter synthesizes the ideational relationship and textual supports of literary critiques and papers.Related Literature ReviewedSome related literatures and papers are hereby reviewed. On Short Story.In his amplification of what a short story is about and on what a short story does, Connolly (5) explains that a short story is a prose narrative that usually does not exceed twelve thousand words that tell about what the author feels concerning some human experience, more it links a distinct impression, a vision, a meaning that the writer feels important and valuable. The source of the writers vision is buried deep in his personal life, and depends in large part upon his native sensibility, his acquired education and his acquired character. But, the vision, as the reader comes to know it, is the meaning conveyed in the story and the authors underlying idea.Knickerbocker et al., (7) also contend that every good story is shaped by a controlling theme or idea.The controlling theme selects and arranges everything that goes into the story- the character, the plot, the setting, and the conflict, the point of view, the style and symbolism. All that could intensify the total meaning of the story are used by the writer.

On Plot ,or the Structure of ActionsKnickerbocker et al., (8) affirm that the word plot has been used to indicate almost any kind of action found in a story including the closed plot, the open plot, and the straight narrative, with little or no serious complication. Generally, whatever means that is used to dramatize the writers purpose is called plot or the structure of actions.Similarly, Bascara (15) stresses that plot is the selection of events based on relevance and suggestiveness, ordering of action to reveal exposition, complication leading to crisis-turn-reversal, and the resolution which leads to the denouement or ending.On CharactersConnolly (9 ) claims that a truly realized character is something which is more than an agent of the plot or an instrument of the point of view or an object of observation. Added to it , he says that a character creates the illusion of life. He is a credible human being, a created personality, and the reason for the vitality of the literary character in the art. Additionally, Bascara (15) points out that character is a sense of physical presence of people in the round fully fleshed and with inner life. Further, characters reveal motivation, flower in action, act or acted upon, and exhibit growth, change or deterioration.

On Point of View According to Bascara (15), point of view allows readers to see what the author wants them to see. It is therefore, a device of selectiveness, limitation, verisimilitude and distancing which are of different kinds such as 1st person, either as observer or participant, 3rd person , omniscient or panoramic or as limited omniscient. On SettingBascara (15) said setting denotes a scene or atmosphere or a fixed locale or a feeling which invites meanings. It has four functions: setting as idea, as symbol, as atmosphere, and as motive.On Symbolism, Style, and ThemeIn addition ,Bascara (16) claims that symbolism epitomizes designation of something intangible and valuable. T.S.Eliot regards it as object correlative or a verbal shorthand to convey meaning or moral.Steck-Vaughn in GED (178) states that style is the term for writers choice and use of words. A formal style uses general standard, informal style is more relaxed and often sounds like a casual speech. While Bascara (16) tells that style implies control of material through different devices , a theme is considered as the idea of a certain literary piece such as short story.On Literature and Its Critical Approaches Literature gains force from the university of the thought, and appeal. It is true that it speaks through the printed page just as painting speaks in grammar of color, light, and shadow. But the printed works are only a medium. The true meaning of literature is found in the fact that it deals with the ideals, thoughts and emotions of man. It has assumed its paper role by not limiting itself to the insignificant or ephemeral, but by handling the constituent factors of life and the great passion of man that are of lasting interest. Intense love, sorrow, hatred, joy, exultation, sympathy, revenge, jealousy, strength and weakness-all these are seized upon by seeing artist to convey his impression of life, (Castillo & Medina 3).Trilling (2) affirms that the study of literature in general often, regards with a view to introducing the student to an art that he perhaps thinks of as a remote from his interest in order to develop the activity of consciousness and response.Connoly (7) opines that literature has indeed expressed this meaningful world for some two thousand years. He further stresses that in literature, man has learned to admire Homers heroes and to sympathize with Sophocles slaughtered giants, to laugh with Chaucer at human folly, to scorn evil with Milton, to sigh with Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, to join at fools with Pope, to reason passionately with Dr. Johnson and to idle profitable with Charles Lamb.In like manner, Bascara (33) claims that since literature is a formulation of mans inner life ,any man who reads literature will learn to contemplate himself and in the process can control and refine his inward experiences. She further stresses ,that an avid student of literature, which at present is getting to be a contemporary vanishing breed, can educate his feeling- an area that is always neglected in the holistic or humanistic concept of college education.Consequently, David Daiches (4) contends in his book Critical Approaches to Literature, that literature is a complex phenomenon, since different aspects of which are seen and emphasized by different ages. Literary criticism concerns itself with several questions concerning the nature of imaginative literature, and in logical sense should be preceded with some other questions.Literary criticism is one of the three distinguishable yet overlapping fields of inquiry which is bravely used today to encompass any discourse in literature. In the methods of criticism, away with its functions, literary works may be described merely to communicate some idea of their content or effect, (Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge 33).Tiempo (1) articulates that the heart of critical interpretation is critical reading. Furthermore, he stresses on how one can see a piece of work and develop the tools to do so.Daiches (37) further conveys that literary criticism remains an art, not a science and the critic who tries to reduce his practice following a rigid scientific method, runs the risk of letting the true vitality of the work of literature elude him and his readers. The truth that the critic can know about a work, and precisely communicate, is a part of the larger truth he can only suggest. And a literary critic without a fully developed technique and suggestion is like a music critic trained only in acoustics. Besides, he apprises that the study of literary criticism is properly the study of technique and illumination.Binfield (2) supports that readers of literature just do not read literature because not all literature are similar. Poetry is not read in a way that a prose is read. To understand the different literary techniques there is a need to read the literary techniques or devices specific to the genre of the work based on the discernment of meaning of the devices employed in a particular genre. More, genre and technique help a reader acquire vocabulary that enables one to read literature with an understanding of technique.

Related Studies ReviewedSome related critiques are hereby reviewed.Requierons paper delved on the critico-analytical study of the short story of F. Sionil Jose anthologized in his The God Stealer and other Stories. It applied the descriptive-appreciative approach and the critico-analytical method confined on the analysis of incidents contained in Joses short stories. She focused on the technique used by Jose in her presentation of the theme while unfolding the plot. Moreover, she entailed intellectual analysis and discussion of the stories to be able to conceptualize and understand the story better. First, she presented the synopsis of every story, analyzed each, identified and expounded every single piece of it and looked for its relevance to the field of literary pursuit. Findings revealed that F. S. Joses stories are confronted to the conventional method of plot development and she concluded that Joses works had contributed much in enriching the teaching of literature in English.On the other hand, Bustos focused on the strategies in the teaching of selected short stories of Nick Joaquin to develop students multiple intelligences. She tried to determine the multiple intelligences that could be applied in the teaching of English using the short stories of Nick Joaquin. Further she developed lessons or outlines that could help her in the teaching of literary works. Her findings revealed that the literary works of Joaquin could be used as sources of information in developing the multi-intelligences of students.While Costelo made a critical-analysis of the social theme reflected in F.S. Joses short stories . The intrinsic and extrinsic approaches of literature were employed in her study to get the thematic possibilities and the artistic device used to depict the themes of the stories. Findings revealed that Joses writings reflected societal conditions that he observed around him. He tried to represent the voice of the people who are poor and oppressed. Furthermore, F.S. Joses stories anthologized in the Platinum, mirrored the problems and plights of the common people in the Philippine setting.Parallel to this, Cobita studied the themes of literary techniques in the selected works of Robert Penn Warren, where she undertook an analysis of the themes and literary techniques in order to develop a teachers guide. Also, she took into account the narrative element or the storyline of the moral of the poems for the purpose of acquiring awareness of their surface realities or the events and situations without paraphrase in analysis. Added to this, she identified the themes of the novels and those of the poems of Warren. She expounded and discussed their literary devices as used by the author. She stated in her findings that Warrens selected works are true to life and they exceedingly touched mans innermost feelings that had even gone through the recesses of mans emotion in their fidelity to life and nature.Banagbanags study analyzed Filipino short stories in English during the American Period and the Contemporary Times, using descriptive-qualitative, applying textual analysis. He listed down euphemisms, examined the content of their usage guided by the face theory, Grices co-cooperative principle relevance theory and politeness. Also, he categorized the euphemisms under word formation, phonetic modification and semantic innovation. His findings showed that majority of the euphemisms were from the stories written in the Contemporary Period and American Period. Majority of the euphemisms were descriptions of people used to enhance good relationships. The four major categories of euphemism formations were all represented on the samples collected, but the very common device was an implication that expressions which were common during the contemporary period and the euphemisms that were found in the short stories written by Filipino authors, both during the American and Contemporary Periods ,scrutinized the culture of the Filipinos.While the study of Magan inspected Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Macbeth, according to the benchmarks set by Aristotle for an ideal tragedy stated in his treaties poetics written in 350 B.C. The study of Magan blended language and literature in qualitative research design. The descriptive-analytical textual analysis was used pointing on whether the character, thought, plot, diction and spectacle melody requirement that Aristotle had set for the finest tragedy were achieved in the plays of Shakespeare which were being studied. Her findings revealed that the plays Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth trailed the hallmarks of tragedy proposed by Aristotle in his Poetics.On the other hand, Sevillas study explored on the critico-analytic method. It involved the determination of various incidents portrayed in the novel and in the analysis of the characters, setting, plot, point of view, theme, literary devices and the language used in each novel. An analysis of the theme was done from the standpoint of the various expository devices used in the novel as well as the structure of the plot, and the conflict situation presented. Her findings exposed that the writer was so observant and placed her observations into writing. It could be concluded that the authors write-ups are reflections of her experiences, and the stories that she had written portrayed people whom she had heard about. The characters in her stories resemble actual people from the elite class and how they struggled to be where they are. She further stressed that being in a conventional society is difficult because one is expected to observe the social standards, otherwise, one becomes the object of humiliation and criticism.A critical analysis was employed in the study of Alosbanos which centered on the dominant themes of Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories of F. Sionil Jose. She established that there are six major themes that run through all of the six short stories. These are the theme of moral loosenes, the theme of quest, the theme of the dislocated man, the theme of the irony of life ,the theme of love and its various ramifications and theme of rebellion. Her findings revealed that the eleven short stories, spoke about the ingredients of misery which painted a graveyard of reality where ethics or morality seemed regularly buried.On the other hand, Aleta evaluated O Henrys The Four Million .She used the descriptive-qualitative study in analyzing the techniques used by O Henry especially in the handling of the plot. from her findings, she stressed that O Henrys stories express the effect of coincidence on character through humor whether grim or ironic. The twists of circumstances were used to achieve surprised endings, which made the story appealing, easy, familiar yet technically compact. Within the matrix of these related critiques and papers, this study is conducted.

Chapter 3 LITERARY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the literary comparative multicritique on the craftsmanship of two remarkable Filipino authors Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose, applying the critical theories of Mimesis, Expressivism, Formalism and Affectivism.

Literary Research MethodThis research employs the qualitative design applying the comparative literary multicritique on the works of two outstanding Filipino authors Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose. The literary critical theories such as Mimesis, Expressivism , Formalism, and Affectivism are used. According to Padua and de Guzman ( ) Descriptive Comparative Study aims to establish significant similarities and differences between two or more groups of subjects in the basis of a certain measure and no attempts to control the effects of extraneous factors are made.

Sources of Verbal DataIn comparing Nick Joaquins literary pieces with F.Sionil Joses works applying the literary multicritique, the researcher performed the following:In-depth readings of the short stories of Nick Joaquin such as: The Summer Solstice, May Day Eve, and Three Generations, in relation with the readings of F. Sionil Joses The Gods Stealer, The Refugee and The Forest. This is followed with the appraisals of their authors respective biographies, then their works are compared using the critical literary theories : mimesis, expressivism, formalism and affectivism.Multicritique is used while studying and analyzing each of their craftsmanship. In like manner, the critical theories of literature are employed such as the signification of reality, the writers presence, the dominant structural element, and the readers significant human experience.In showing how the multicritique is applied, four phases of data gathering procedure are shown using sample matrices. Phase one is about the signification of reality, phase two concerns with the writers presence, phase three deals with the writers personal experiences and the last phase tells about the readers significant human experience.

Verbal Data Gathering ProcedureFirst, this research makes use of books containing the select stories of Nick Joaquin namely May Day Eve, Summer Solstice, and Three Generations with that of F. Sionil Joses The God Stealer, The Refugee and The Forest. This is followed with in-depth readings of the stories as well as the biographies of the authors. The verbal-data gathering proceeds in four phases of data-generation using these sample matrices, as follows:Phase One: Signification of Reality uses this sample descriptive table to generate the verbal response to sub problem one. This table shows the parallel realities signified in the stories of Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose.

Table 1COMPARATIVE SIGNIFICATION OF REALITYNick Joaquins Short StoriesParallel Realities SignifiedF. Sionil Joses Short Stories

Phase Two : Writers Presence uses this sample descriptive table in order to generate the verbal response to sub-problem two. This table shows the writers parallel expressions or their personal experiences signified in the selectselect stories of Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose. Table 2COMPARATIVE WRITERS PRESENCE Nick Joaquins Short StoriesParallel Writers Personal experience Signified

F. Sionil Joses Short Stories

]Phase Three: Dominant Structural Element uses this sample descriptive table in response to sub problem three. This table shows the parallel structural elements of the select stories of Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose.

Table 3COMPARATIVE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTNick Joaquins Short StoriesParallel Structural Elements Signified

F.Sionil Joses Short Stories

Phase Four: Readers Significant Human Experience uses this sample descriptive table to respond to sub problem four. This table shows the readers response or the readers significant human experience who happens to be she.

Table 4COMPARATIVE SIGNIFICANT HUMAN EXPERIENCE Nick Joaquins Short StoriesParallel Structural Human Experience Signified

F.Sionil Joses Short Stories

Chapter 4RESEARCH FINDINGSThis chapter presents the findings of the study on the works of Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose using comparative multicritique.Comparative Signification of Reality

Concealed hatred towards a loved one. The nature or reality being copied by the text employs mimetic critical theory which according to Plato is a copy of a copy of reality. This is added withAristotles conviction that the writer imitates reality by taking a form of idea from nature and reshapes it in different matter or medium.During the critical reading of the stories May Day Eve and Three Generations written by Nick Joaquin together with F. Sionil Joses The God Stealer, The Refugee and The Forest, the parallel reality that is found out is concealed hatred towards a loved one .In May Day Eve, Dona Agueda hates Don Badoy and Don Badoy hates his wife Agueda too, but their hatred is concealed deep down their hearts, the bitterness of the couple is revealed in the way they address each other. Agueda calls her husband a devil while Badoy calls his wife a witch. This is supported by the sentence, I saw the devil, words being uttered by Dona Agueda while conversing with her daughter.

On the other hand, Don Badoy, reminds her grandson Voltaire to refrain from searching his future wife on the mirror for he might see a witch like what he saw many years ago. He even describes the witch vividly and bitterly, like an emotional vampire, he says, she bewitched me, she tortured me, she ate my heart and drunk my blood. The story copies the reality of a hostile relationship but remains entombed for the sake of the children. Also the union has to be preserved because to a conservative and close knit family or clan, a broken bow is a taboo , thats why everything should be curtained no matter what is behind. Such kind of situation still prevails today. In the story Three Generations, Celo Monzons hatred towards his father started when he was a little boy. The hidden grudge against his father remains constant due to the repeated paternal whip he receives, more, to the two or three concubines his father has in which he is aware of ,amidst the sorrow and heartache of his beloved mother.Such situations, like beatings of the father among the members of the family, especially the children and the husbands womanizing attitude are still common today. Patriarchal family could still be found in all corners of the world whether among the elite or poor families. Fathers or husbands, as heads of the family, claim to be the masters while wives and children have to bow down to the absolute dominion of their authority. While on the works of F. Sionil Jose, the reading assumes that the reality on concealed hatred towards a loved one is also signified in the God Stealer, as exposed in the mantled grudge of Sadek, Philip Lataks elder brother. It is noticed in his brothers sarcastic greetings, you decided to visit us after all. I thought the city had won you so completely that you have forgotten this humble place and its people.This kind of attitude shown by Sadek is very familiar among rural folks and natives. People in the barrios mostly in far flung barangays, especially among the elderly, feel insecure and hurt every time a member of their family or clan leaves their place and choose to stay in the city, for they feel, that their culture, traditions and native place are disowned.In The Refugee, camouflaged hatred is seen in the action of the two women who became the girlfriends of the protagonist. First is when Ligaya, the first girlfriend, silently leaves him because of his continuous taking of drugs while on Sueh Chings part is on the event which is revealed in the sentence, she is bright and young and it is possible that she may yet be the mistress of the rich business man- if she just learns to use more lipstick. Man-talk conversation in which Sueh Ching overheard that made her feels being fooled and cheated, so without further ado she leaves.The occurrence is still happening today especially among those guys who are obviously proud and egoistic men who do not want to accept that they are in love. And on the part of the women, it is true that even though love still exists, but once the ego is injured ,girls definitely go away from their lovers.In The Forest the woman who gets pregnant from a lieutenant but the later does not want to marry her because their marriage would be an obstruction to his social position and career, and instead convinces the girl to abort the child, but the pregnant girl prefers to jump up a cliff and dies.This incident portrays ulterior hatred of the woman against the lieutenant who impregnated her. Her disgust and frustration lead her to death.Such scenario is supported with the critical theory of mimesis since in real life there are still people who commit suicide when they feel the world tumbles down on them, that hope is nowhere to find and everything is unbearable.

Presence of superstitious beliefs and ritual practicesIn Summer Solstice believing in the possession of the spirit of the Tadtarin and honouring her with wild dances are both a superstition and a pagan ritual. In like manner, the celebration of St. Johns feast day has a mixture of pagan rituals. It is shown during the parade wherein men are dressed up like women walking in wet clothes and shouting while doing the procession.Joaquins May Day Eve also expresses superstitious beliefs and ritual practices through the action of Agueda when she looks herself at the mirror on that mid-evening of May while reciting the incantation, mirror, mirror show to me him whose woman I will be. While in The God Stealer superstitious beliefs and ritual practices are revealed in the actions of the old man, Philip Lataks grandfather. The old man kneels slowly while pouring the living, frothy blood on the idols head at the same time reciting a prayer. Superstitions and ritual practices are still being practised nowadays.

Ingrained feeling of remorse Ingrained feeling of remorse is seen in Joaquins May Day Eve, when Don Badoy already an old man, while his wife is dead, is noticed in the sentence, Maytime memories of an old ,old love for an old man shaking with sobs by the window, the bowed old man sobbing so bitterly at the window.In the same way, Philip Latak , in The God Stealer decides not to return to the city again after the death of his grandfather, instead he is seen in his G-string suit again and he is in the process of replacing the old Ifugao idol by chiselling a new oneThe situations are mimetic in nature since the incidents still happen today. In May Day Eve ,it is true that there are marriages which are trapped by the norm of the people. That there is no real love in between them because they just take the bow due to the decision of the parents and only a flaring of passion is present between them which is a material to a disastrous marriage.In The God Stealer there are people who leave their native places to search for greener pasture but eventually they go back to their hometowns and once again embrace the customs and traditions of their place.

InsecurityThe feeling of insecurity is the parallel reality signified in the :Summer Solstice and The Refugee. In the story of Jose The Refugee., the central character moves from one girl to another but, still he has no permanent relationship. This is supported by the statement He feels inadequate and insecure and fears that all the good he had been would be taken away not by any man but by the time itself.Correspondingly, in the Summer Solstice, Don Paeng is seen with an stereotype notion of masculinity ,someone who is superior to his wife and children but in reality weak and even willing to bow down to the desires of his wife .Mimetic theory is manifested here for the reason that insecurity is truly present among men but just camouflaged by their manly physique, voice and action.

ViolenceThe critical reading theorizes that violence is true in the story The Three Generations, since the constant paternal whip being received by Celo Monzon signifies violence. Moreover, the women or concubines of the old Monzon are also subject to whipping every time they commit mistakes.Similarly, the story The Forest also expresses violence in the different incidents caused by war.Such events are mimetic because today there are fathers or heads of the family who are womanizers and when they get tired and suffocated, they tend to whip their children as a sign of disciplining them even for no reason at all.With regard to F. Sionil Joses The Forest ,violence, hostility, brutality are evident in war.

Womens LiberationThe reading assumes that Joaquins Summer Solstice shows liberated women represented by Amada, where she does what she wants to do in their abode like screaming and shouting , also by staying in bed naked already late in the morning.In The Refugee, womens lib is made known through the ways of the two women, Ligaya and Sueh Ching. The two decided to leave their lover without getting worried about their situations that of being used and abused by the person they had loved who had shattered their chastity.This is true today because women now are more practical. They even agree with live-in relationship so that there would be no string attach when the relationship goes wrong.

Longing for PeaceLonging for peace of the characters in the stories Three Generations and The Forest is the parallel reality being signified. Celo Monzon longs for peace in their family since he was a child. This is supported by the statement in page 33 which states Peace, he thought, peace of mind, of body; he had been praying for that all his life.In The Forest war has no peace, everything is chaotic, everything is a disaster. The characters in the story thirst for peace because of the dilemma they face.Table 1Comparative Signification of RealityNICK JOAQUINS SHORT STORIES PARALLEL REALITIES SIGNIFIED F. SIONIL JOSES SHORT STORIES

May Day Eve

Concealed hatred towards a love oneThe God StealerThe RefugeeThe Forest

May Day EveThree GenerationsPresence of Superstitious Beliefs and Ritual PracticesThe God Stealer

May Day EveIngrained feeling of remorse The God Stealer

Summer SolsticeInsecurityThe Refugee

Three GenerationsViolenceThe Forest

Summer Solstice Womens LiberationThe Forest

Three GenerationLonging for peaceThe Forest

Comparative Writers Presence

Glorification of Cultural TraditionsThe critical reading assumes that Nick Joaquins May Day Eve and F. Sionil Joses The God Stealer show glorification of cultural traditions expressed by themselves. Joaquin mentions the presence merrymaking by drinking punch and brandy coupled with dances of polka and waltz.This critical proposition is supported by the theory of expressivism giving the expression of the writers inner being. Nick Joaquin was born in Manila where he extremely had a happy childhood. Merrymaking and gathering of friends and members of their family were common to them; in fact, he loved drinking beer while exchanging ideas with friends and associates.In like manner, The God Stealer talks about the friendship that was developed between a Filipino and an American, between the colonized and the colonizers. F. Sionil Jose expresses his own experience on his work especially when he himself was befriended by some Americans, more so when his books were accepted and admired by foreigners especially the descendants of Uncle Sam.Frustration of DreamsNick Joaquins Three Generations speaks about the writers feelings of dreaming to be a priest. The character Chitong stands in his vocation amidst the dislike of his father. The theory of expressivism shows the dream of the writer to become a priest by staying at St. Albert College for two years as a seminarian but later on he came out. His experiences are manifested in the persona of Chitong where he has his sympathy with regard to the tough experiences of Chitong in fulfilling his dream of becoming a priest.In like manner, F. Sionil Joses The Forest where the incidents were based on his experiences when he served in the medical unit of the US first corporation in Laguna. His being a medical attendant prompted him to study medicine at UST but he did not make it.Presence of Religious ElementsThis critical reading assumes that the work of Nick Joaquin such as May Day Eve and Three Generations suggest the presence of religious elements. It is emphasized that the presence of St. John during his feast day, the mentioning of the Dominican religious and the going to church to say a prayer. These all reveal how Nick Joaquin loves God and the call of God must have been a lingering echo in his life.In The God Stealer of F. Sionil Jose, there is the presence of the god of harvest, the mentioning of Reverend Father Doone and Christianity. All these already explain that he the author believes in God.

Showing Importance to CultureNick Joaquin reveals his love of Spanish culture through his works. This is evident in his stories May Day Eve and Summer Solstice in the use of Spanish words such as Guardia Sereno, Alas Dose, Don and Dona. Similarly, in Nick Joaquins Summer Solstice, there is the mentioning of Don and Dona too, fiestas, coach and carriage.`On the part of F. Sionil Jose, he gives importance to Filipino culture. He often presents a rural place with cogon, bushes, and fragrant flowers. In his work The God Stealer, he gives importance to Ifugao culture where he too is familiar with considering that he is from Pangasinan.

Table 2Comparative Writers PresenceNICK JOAQUINS SHORT STORIESPARALLEL WRITERS PERSONAL EXPERIENCE SIGNIFIEDF. SIONIL JOSES SHORT STORIES

May Day Eve

Glorification of Cultural Tradition

The God Stealer

Three Generations

Frustration of DreamsThe God Stealer

Three GenerationsSummer Solstice

Presence of Religious Elements The God Stealer

May Day EveSummer SolsticeShowing Importance to CultureThe God Stealer

Comparative Structural Element

Parallel Structural Element - SymbolismThis critical reading suggests that Nick Joaquins short stories titled May Day Eve, Summer Solstice, and Three Generations use symbolism as its formalistic structural element. In May Day Eve, the prominent symbolic applied by the author are the mirror, candle, watchman, devil and the witch. The mirror conveys self admiration, pride and vanity. The candle when lighted symbolizes a ray of hope on Aguedas part that someday she would find her beloved husband and become a fulfilled and happy wife. On the contrary, when the lighted candle dies, everything becomes dark like the union of Badoy and Agueda. Another symbol is the watchman who stands as the time keeper who reminds the time alas doce, which signifies a day time memory of an old, old, and futile relationship.Moreover, the witch and the devil are addresses given to Agueda and Badoy which symbolize their hidden rage against each other.In the Summer Solstice, Amada, the big half-naked woman conveys an icon of feminism, while Guido stands for an educated man, a pagan believer and obsessed with womens beauty and feminity. Don Paeng is a picture of men dominion over their wives but in reality weak and willing to be slaves of women. Also the presence of St. John and the Tadtarin stand for paganism over Christianity, while in Three Generations the title itself depicts a family with different beliefs and ideologies.F. Sionil Joses structural elements found in the stories are parallel to that of Joaquins stories because in the God Stealer, the title signifies complexity and tragedy accompanying Filipino relationship with other people. Like the name Philip Latak which stands for the Filipino or the Philippines , and Sam Christie which means, Uncle Sam or the United States of America. In the story The Forest, the protagonist tells about the grass in the forest which sometimes are denuded but goes back to its being a forest again. Like war, liberation triumphs in the end.In like manner, the critical reading conveys that another structural element that is evident in the stories of Joaquin and Sionil Jose is flashback. The stories titled May Day Eve and Three Generations do not have incident which are chronologically arranged, rather insertions of occurrences are found which recall previous events between present happenings.In The Refugee, F. Sionil Jose uses flashback also. This is seen in page 290, in the book edited by Roseburg in which the protagonist is in his present situation and right then and another incident is recollected and narrated.As the critical reading continuous, another parallel structure element is assumed is the conflict man versus other men. The character in the story May Day Eve, Three Generations and Summer Solstice visibly fight against each other. The problem is found between the characters in the story. This is true and parallels with the stories The God Stealer and The refugee authord by F. Sionil Jose wherein the conflicts lie on the characters against another character.Additionally, Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose use third person omniscient or panoramic point of view in the stories May Day Eve, Summer Solstice, Three Generations, The God Stealer, and The Refugee.

Table 3Comparative Structural ElementsNICK JOAQUINS SHORT STORIESPARALLEL STRUCTURE ELEMENTSF. SIONIL JOSES SHORT STORIES

May Day EveSummer SolsticeThree Generations

SymbolismThe God StealerThe RefugeeThe Forest

May Day EveThree GenerationsStyle-flashbackThe Refugee

May Day EveThree GenerationsSummer Solstice

Conflict: Man against other menThe God Stealer The Forest

May Day EveThree GenerationsSummer SolsticePoint of View: Third Person Omniscient

Comparative Human ExperienceParallel Significant Human experienceThis critical reading implies that premises of moral betterment is present both in the works of Nick Joaquin and F. Sionil Jose. In May Day Eve, the struggle between good and evil is distinguished on the attitudes of the couple Don Badoy and Doa Agueda. The story narrates that the marriage of Badoy and Agueda is just based on flaring passions, of rushed decisions and a trap during that midnight of May. It is clearly understood that love is not found deep down the couples hearts but instead hatred stays there, but still, they stick and stay together. Separation nor divorce is never found in their abode. Their relationships and their rage to reach other are not noticed by the members of their family, especially their children and grandchildrens. Hatred has no power to separate them except death.In Three Generations, goodness is evident on the part of Celo Monzon, that though he hates his father so much, his hatred is just kept within him. There is no part in the story which reveals that he fights back against his father. In fact, ha regrets, he regrets much of his harsh action inflected on his son Chitopng. Moreover, what strikes the readers most is the kind of attitude the Monzons children have. In spite old of Monzons womanizing attitude, his being violent, his children take good care of him in his old age. While in Summer Solstice, despite the glorifications of devil and the flesh together with the presence of paganism and its rituals, still, Nick Joaquin tries to mix paganism with St. Johns day. More, though the story expresses human sexuality which is a social taboo to some moralist, the writer is able to point out that a husband and a wife should understand and consider each others needs and desires, because admittedly, the sensuality of every partner is indeed a spice of a wonderful union.Similarly, F. Sionil Joses The God Stealer, carefully and vividly describes the feeling of remorse felt by Philip Latak, which is being signified by his wearing of g-strings again, their traditional costumes and by trying to chisel a new Ifugao. Moral betterment is perceived through the actions of Philip Latak that feeling sorry and asking for forgiveness clean a persons guilty mind and that ancient culture and tradition should be love and preserved. The critical reading argues that Nick Joaquins May Day Eve, Summer Solstice, and Three Generations, along with F. Sionil Joses The God Stealer, The Refugee, and The Forest, are parallel when it comes to craftsmanship. Both of them write stories which are artistically written. They strongly impart one function of literature which is Dulce et Utile, it teaches while it pleases. Their stories provide knowledge, enjoyment and appreciation to every reader because their works are well-crafted, delightful and written with awe. A reader who reads their works feels as though his/her flesh creeps his libido sniggles up to his/her head and his pulse triggers. This critical reading further proposes that May Day Eve which is written by Nick Joaquin expresses psychic therapy, vis-a-vis with the work of F. Sionil Jose titled The Refugee.This is supported with the reactive theory based from human experience. In May Day Eve everything should have been good had Don Badoy confessed that he truly love her, showed her his concern and tender care instead of allowing his thought of revenge caused of his wounded fingers because later on, the woman being frail and weak, will eventually succumb to his love and changed hatred to love.In like manner, F. Sionil Joses The Refugee, he should have been opened about the way he felt especially on his insecurities so that real refuge would come on his life and he will be happy. Additionally, Summer Solstice and The Forest speak about scientific learning they inform every reader that everything is normal when it comes to the issue of man, his life together with his biological and emotional needs.In Summer Solstice, a husband and a wife should talk sincerely on what they need from each other. That machismo and masculinity along the wifes feminity should be set aside, rather, their focus should be their wants and needs, and those would make them happy and satisfied.In like manner, The Forest, is a complete revelation that everybody dies, everybody has his end even if one is, a soldier, a politician or an specialist in the field of medicine.Hedonistic pleasure on self-discipline is evident in the story Three Generations and God Stealer Celo Monzon, the protagonist, in the Three Generations controls his anger against his father, the Old monzon, so with Chitong, he, Chitong did not show any behaviour of fighting back against his father when he was struck by his Celo Monzon, his very own Father.In the God Stealer, the grandfather of Philip Latak still try to welcome his lost grandson if he knew that his beloved grandson had disowned their costumea and heritage.Lastly, this critical reading theories that May Day Eve and the The Refugee speak about the catharsis of unpleasant emotion. In this two stories, the problems of the protagonist center on their feelings which were hidden. The characters should have been true to themselves, about what they liked and dislike, what they didnt want and what they wanted, for them to achieve true happiness.

Table 4Comparative Significant Human Experience

NICK JOAQUINS SHORT STORIESPARALLEL SIGNIFICANT HUMAN EXPERIENCE SHEF. SIONIL JOSES SHORT STORIES

May Day Eve Summer SolsticeThree Generations

Moral betterment

The God Stealer

May Day Eve Summer SolsticeThree Generations

Presence of Dulce et UtileThe God StealerThe ForestThe Refugee

May Day eveThree Generations

Psychic therapy

The God Stealer

Summer Solstice

Scientific learning

The Forest

Three Generations

Hedonistic pleasure

The God Stealer

May Day EveCatharsis of Unpleasant EmotionThe Refugee

BooksAdams, Hazard, Ed. Critical Theory Science Plato. San Diego: Harcourt. Jovanovich, Publishing.1971.

Barnet, et al., An Introduction to Literature, USA: Harper College Publisher,1993.

Bates, Walter Jackson., Criticism: The Major Text. New York: Harcourt.Brace and World Inc., 1952.

Bascara, Linda R. ,Ph D., World Literature, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.1999.

Billiones, Patricia S., et. Exploring LifeThrough Afro-AsianLiterature.Phoenix Publishing House Inc., Philippines., 2007.

Calderon, JoseF., Ed. D., et al., Psychological Foundation ofEducation.QuezonCity: Katha Publishing Co.,1985.

Connoly, Francis., The Type of Literature, New York: Harcourt, Brace and World Incorporated., 1995.

Daiches, David,AStudy of Literature, New York :WW. Norton and Company. 1964.

Del Castillo, Buenaventura Medina, Philippine Literature from Ancient Times,Philippine Graphic Arts, Incorporated, 1947.

Dube, Anthony, et al.Structure and Meaning.USA: Houghton Muffle and Company , 1976.

GED Literature and theArts,Steck-Vaughn Company, USA. 1991.

Holman, Hugh C. and William Harmon., A Handbook to Literature, 5th Edition, New York, USA: Macmillan Publishing Company.,1986.

Knickerbocker, K.L., et al., Interpreting Literature, Seventh EditionCollege Publishing House, Inc.,2001.

Maramba, Asuncion David, Philippine Contemporay Literature in English and Filipino, Makati City: Bookmark Inc., 2001.

Romero, Josephine P., et al. Exploring Life Through English and AmericanLiterature .Phoenix Publishing House Inc., Philippines, 2008.

Roseburg, A.G. Pathways to Philippine Literature in English. Revised Edition.Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Inc., 1998.

Saymo, Apolinario S., et al. World Literature.Philippines:TrinitasPublishing Inc., 2004.

Serrano, Josephine B. and Trinidad M. Ames, Survey of Filipino Literature in English from Apprenticeship to Contemporary. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.1998.

Scott, Wilbur. Five Approaches of Literary Criticism,New York: Collier, 1966.

Tan, ArseniaB.Introduction to Literature.3rdEdition.Philippines:Academe Publishing Corporation, 1994.

Tiempo, Edilberto K., Literary Criticism in the Philippines and Other Essays.,De La Salle University Press., Incorporated. Malate, Manila, 1995.

Tomeldan , Yolanda V., et al. Prism: An Introduction to Literature. National Bookstore, Incorporated, Manila, Philippines., 1986.

Trilling, Lionel ,Beyond Culture. Essays on Literature and Learning.The Viking Press, New York, 1965.

Trilling, Lionel ,The Sense of the Past and Essays on ModernCriticism, Ed. Ray and West, New York: Holt, Rinchart and Winson, 1961.

Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature.3rd Edition, USA: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc. 1956.

Theses and DissertationsAleta, Eldeza A. O HenrysThe Four Million, An Analysis Technique,Published Masters Thesis) , University of San Jose-Recoletos, Cebu,City, 1990.

Alosbanos, Edgar A. The Dominant Themes of Waywaya, ElevenFilipino Short Stories by F. Sionil Jose, (Published Masters Thesis)UniversitofSan Jose-Recoletos Cebu, City, 1992.

Banagbanag, Rogelio A. Euphemism in Selected Filipino Short Stories of the American Periodand the Contemporary Period ,(Unpublisheished Dissertation),Universityof Eastern Philippines, University Town,CatarmanNorthern Samar, 2007.

Bustos, Roselyn T. Strategies in the Teaching of Selected Short Stories of Nick Joaquin to Develop Students Multiple Intelligences, (Unpublished Masters Thesis), University of San Jose Recoletos, Cebu, City, 2004.

Cobita, Norma L. The Themes of Literary Techniques in Selected Works of Robert Penn Warren: Basis for Improvement, (Unpublished Masters Thesis) University of San Jose-Recoletos, Cebu , City, 2002.

Costelo, Adelyne M. Social Themes in Francisco Sionil Joses Platinum and Other Stories , (Unpublished Masters Thesis ) University of San Jose- Recoletors, Cebu City, 2004.

Magan, Ma. Shiela V. Aristotles Poetics Reflected in Selected Shakespearean Tragedies,( Unpublished Dissertation), University of Eastern Philippines University Town,Catarman,Northern Samar, 2007.

Requieron, Usaffe de la, A Critico-analytical Study of the Short Story of F.S, Jose Anthologized in his The God Stealer and Other Unpublished Masters Thesis), University of San Jose-Recoletos, Cebu, City, 1984.

Sevilla, Hazel G., A Survey of the Themes and Values of Selected Novel of Edith Wharton:Basis for AProposed Teaching Guide, (Published University of San Jose-Recoletos, Cebu City. 2000.

General References

Collins English Dictionary, Harper Collins Publishers WesternhillRoad- Bishopbriggs, Great Britain.Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, USA, Grolier Internal , 2004.New Webster Comprehensive Dictionary.

Magazines and ArticlesDe Vera ,Ruel S., Franklie, Franky. Sunday InquirerMagazine.December,2011.De Vera, Ruel S., Long Live Nick. Sunday Inquirer Magazine, July ,2014.

Internet Sources

F. Sionil Jose. National Artist for Literature Famous Novelist : fsioniljose.blogspot.com.

Kintanar, Thelma B. F. Sionil Jose Short Stories: (15 August 2013). Retrieved from: http://www.fsioniljose.tk

Appendix AA PHOTOGRAPH OF NICK JOAQUIN, 1976, NATIONAL ARTIST FOR LITERATURE

Appendix B

NICK JOAQUINS WORKS AND LIFENicomedes Marquez Joaquin was born in Paco, Manila. His father, Leocadio Y. Joaquin was from San Pedro, Makati, a lawyer and a colonel of the Philippine Revolution. His mother, Salome Marquez was a school teacher.He studied his secondary education at the Mapa High School but he dropped out because he got bored with school chores. Later, he received an honorary degree, Associate in Arts from the University of Santo Tomas in recognition of his first prize-winning essay,La Naval de Manila . This degree made it possible for him to enrol at St. Albert College in Hongkong where he studied for the priesthood, but later gave up and came home. During the liberation and up to 19047, he worked as stage manager for the Filipiniana Troupe under the supervision of his sister-in-law, Sarah Joaquin. In 1950, he joined the Free Press under the name Quijano de Manila. Nick Joaquin and his works were known to public when his stories and other writings were published in a book called Nick Joaquin Prose and Poems in 1952. Among his works were Shooting Stars, his first published story, The Three Generations, The Woman Who Felt Like Lazarus, It Was Later Than We Thought , and La Naval de Manila. In 1949, Guardia de Honor, won the Free Press short story contest. His other stories followed such as The Legend of the Virgi. Sylvestre. He also wrote one novelette, The Woman Who Had Two Navels,

Virgins Jewel, The Legend of the Dying Wanton, and The Mass of St. Sylvestre. He also wrote one novelette, The Woman Who Had Two Navels, then a translation of Rizals Last Farewell and a full-length play, A portrait of the Artist as Filipino. Next to those mentioned were May Day Eve and Summer Solstice.Because of his exemplary works and contribution to Philippine Literature, he was declared as National Artist for Literature in 1976 and was the most anthologized of all Filipino authors.On April 29,2004, Nick Joaquin died at the age of 87.Reference : De Vera, Ruel S., Long Live Nick, Sunday Inquirer Magazine, July , 2014.then a translation of Rizals Last Farewell and a full-length play, A portrait of the Artist as Filipino. Next to those mentioned were May Day Eve and Summer Solstice.Because of his exemplary works and contribution to Philippine Literature, he was declared as National Artist for Literature in 1976 and was the most anthologized of all Filipino authors.On April 29,2004, Nick Joaquin died at the age of 87.

Source: De Vera, Ruel S., Long Live Nick. Sunday Inquirer Magazine,July ,2014Appendix CBRIEF SUMMARIES OF SELECT STORIES OF NICK JOAQUIN

C.1 Summary of May Day EveAs Don Badoy Montiya visited his old home at Intramuros, Manila, memories of his youth came back. He revealed how he in love with Agueda, a young woman who resisted his advances. Agueda learned that she would able to know her future husband by reciting an incantation in front of a mirror. As she recited the word mirror, mirror , show to me him whose woman I will be. Agueda saw Badoy and a terrible quarrel happened between them and because of that incident, they were forced to marry each other. However , as they continued their marriage, Don Badoy learned from his grandson Voltaire that he was described by Agueda through her daughter as a devil . In return , Don Badoy told his grandson that every time he looked at the mirror, he always saw a witch (Agueda). Don Badoy pondered on love that had dissipated. The truth was revealed. Badoy and Agueda had a bitter marriage, which began in the past , during that one evening in the month of May, 1847. The tragedy of the story was on how Badoys heart be able to forget how he loved Agueda in the past. Because of their pride and revenge, they were not able to mend their broken marriage, and their love remained to be a raging passion and nothing more.

C.2. A Brief Summary of The Summer SolsticeThe narrative of the story Summer Solstice begins with St. Johns Day, as it occurred in the 1850s in the Philippines .Entoy informed Doa Lupeng that Amada participated in the Tadtarin fertility ritual. Amada was believed to have become the Tadtarin personified. The next day, while on board on a carriage, Dona Lupeng started a conversation regarding how Amada could still believe in such a ritual. Don Paeng cut her short because the children were listening. The carriage stopped, and they watched the St. Johns Day procession. Thinking and speaking to herself, DonaLupeng mocked the men doing the demonstration of arrogance in the procession . Upon arriving home, Dona Lupeng found out that Guido, Don Paengs cousin had participated in both the St. Johns Day procession and the Tadtarin rituals. Guido and Dona Lupeng had a conversation outside their house. Guido told her that he enjoyed the fiestas and she found out that Amada was beautiful. Later, she told Dona Lupeng that she was adorable and to her amazement, Guido dragged himself forward and kissed the tips of the shoes of Doa Lupeng. She told Don Paeng about Guidos actions but her husband reasoned out that a woman needed love and respect not adoration. Afterwards, Dona Lupeng went to see the Tadtarin ritual, Don Paeng followed his wife but she was lost in the thick female horde. When she returned home, they had an argument, and Dona Lupeng challenged her husband to whip her but her husband sank heavily to his knees and kissed savagely her white foot, her step her sole, and her frail ankle , telling her that he loved her and adored her.

C.3. A Brief Summary of The Three GenerationsThree Generations talks about a man named Celo Monzon, whose unhappy childhood still haunts him even if he is already a father. At the beginning of the story, his wife tells him about their sons plan to enter priesthood. He is also told about the call his sister has made because she no longer knows what to do with their sick father. After detesting his father for a number of years, he goes to him with his son Chitong, one afternoon. They find the old man very ill. Celo forcibly feeds the old man while his son Chitong watches and feels sorry for him. They learned that the old man still looks for the woman who used to stay and take care of him. Chitong decides to look for the woman at whatever expense there is from his father, after knowing that the poor woman has been whipped by Celo, his father , when she insisted to stay beside the old man. When Chitong has found her, he invited the woman to be with the old man. When the two arrived ,Celo gets angry at his sons defiance and has lain hands on him for the first time. He then realized how he has become the father he has hated for so long and realizes further that the slap has been his. At this point, the woman slipped swiftly away from them and went into the old mans room, locking the door behind.

Reference : Maramba, Asuncion David, Philippine Contemporary Literature in English and Filipino, Makati City: Bookmark Inc., 2001.

Appendix DA PHOTOGRAPH OF F. SIONIL JOSE, 2001, NATIONAL ARTISTFOR LITERATURE

Appendix E

A SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSEFrancisco Sionil Jose was born on December 3, 1924,in Rosales, Pangasinan.He is one of the most widely read Filipino writers in the English language. His novels and short stories depict the social underpinnings of class struggles and colonialism in Filipino society. Joses works written in English has been translated into 22 languages, including Korean, Indonesian, Russian, Latvian, Ukranian and Dutch. Jose attended the University of Santo Tomas after World War II, but dropped out and plunged into writing and journalism in Manila. In subsequent years, he edited various literary and journalistic publications. He started a publishing house and founded the Philippine branch of PEN, an international organization for writers. Throughout his career, Joses writings espouse socialjustice and change to better, the lives of average Filipino families. He is one of the most critically acclaimed Filipino authors internationally. Because of his great contributions to Philippine literature, being a novelist, writer and journalist , he was proclaimed National Artist for Literature in the Philippines in the year 2001.Reference : De Vera, Ruels., Frankly, Frankie, SundayInquirer Magazine. December, 2011.

Appendix FBRIEF SUMMARIES OF SELECT STORIES OF F. SIONIL JOSE

F.1. Summary of The God Stealer The story began with two best friends Philip Latak, an Ifugao from the Mountain Province and Sam Christie, an American, on a bus to Baguio. They were on their way to Baguio for one purpose. Sam wanted to buy a genuine She wouldnt leave Ifugao without a god because its more than a souvenir and it would remind her of Philip. He was a Christian who no longer had any respect or affection for the Ifugao customs and religion. Also, Philip considered himself a city boy and had no inclination to return to mountain life. Despite this attitude, his grandfather was pleased to see him and decided to throw a big party in his honor. On the day of the party, Sam and Philip discovered that no Ifugao was willing to sell his god. And as a last resort, he stole the god of his grandfather, because he felt it would be his way of showing his gratitude to Sam since he made the vacation and the raise possible. Then, they argued if it was better that Philip returned the god back to his grandfather . The consequences of his act were severe . After finding out that his god was missing, Philips grandfather died. Because of his grandfathers passing, he decided not to return to Manila with Sam as a form of repentance. Philip explained his reasons for choosing to stay in the mountains. He could forgive himself for stealing the god, but the old man had been wise. He knew that it was Philip who did it from the very start. He

wanted to believe that it was not Philip who did, it but he could not pretend. Philip felt as if he killed his grandfather because he wanted to be free from the cursed terraces. From that moment their friendship was broken. Philip did not even want to face Sam once. In the dark hut, Sam noticed that Philip was now attired in G-string the traditional costume of the Ifugao and he was in the process of replacing the old Ifugao idol by chiselling a new one.

F.2. Summary of The RefugeeDuring his last two weeks in Korea as a lecturer on Asian Culture, his host Dr. Pak assigned him a Korean girl, Shinae to escort him as he journeys the city.Shinae reminds him of another girl from Hongkong whom he had wronged. Her name was Sueh Ching who was a chinese refugee and an orphan who came to be dependent on him. She was a teacher who tutored him Mandarin. They became very close and when he thought that Sueh Ching was not around, he confided to his friend that he was not seemingly in love her. The girl overheard his statement and disappeared after that. SuehChing was not the only girl who was involved on his life. In his late 20s ,he fell in love with one of his best students named Ligaya. He felt insecure since he had a nagging feeling of not being able to hold permanently on anything. When depression overcame him he sought refuge in drugs. He had an overdose of drugs and landed in the hospital. Ligaya left him.His Korean guide Shinae looked like Sueh Ching. She was also a refugee. She became attached to him and he did not want her to be subjected to the same experience of his previous women. He told her name was only given to him by people who picked him up when he could never give her security. He did not know who he was. His was a baby during the war. He didnt know who his parents were. He was nothing.

F.3. Summary of The Forest The story begins with Dr. Goddard, a quite, uncommunicative and glum but dedicated physician who entered the mountain country together with him, the narrator. Though the doctor knew that death lurked in every crevice, in every shrub and stand of grass in the forest, still he had that rigorous march up to the hills because he felt the zeal of satisfaction and serenity in the forest. to the enemy in the morning and in the afternoon throughout the In the mountain people trekked in after a sick call, death came fearful stretch of day. Two privates came and told about their encounter with the enemies. The

said there were eleven of them and ten were dead and one survived which they brought to the doctor for aid. The survivor enemy did not want to be touched at first, he started to jabber so a lot of blood came out from his arms and face. Everything was done on him, blood transfusion, injecting morphine into his arms to assuage the pain, but later he passed away.One morning as their medical supplies were just delivered, guerrilla and their lieutenant arrived asking for supplies. The following day, a young pretty woman on a stretcher was brought in. She was bleeding. It was found out that she had jumped off a cliff when the lieutenant left. The woman had a miscarriage and died. Another woman was brought in. She was moaning since her arms and other parts of her body were lacerated. She was clearly one of those who entertained the soldiers. She begged to be saved but died in the end. She was buried with her identity unknown.It was about a month when the everyday attack of the Japanese navy kept going. They hurled grenades at their tents , some Japanese enemies brazenly entered the tent and bayoneted and shot the people and patients inside. Doctor Goddard was among the casualties and was dying in the emergency tent. He was laid in a stretcher, with his eyes half open and with a loose tourniquet on his battered arm. He was helped to survive and tried to survive but still he joined his creator. It was a touching display of valor and courage to sacrifice ones life which cannot be appraised of any fullest value Reference: Roseburg, A.G. Pathways to Philippine Literature in English Revised Edition. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Inc. 1998.

CURRICULUMVITAEOF THE LITERARY CRITIC

MA. ASUNCION GIRAY-DESALESBRGY. STO NINO 6411 , LAOANG N.SAMARsionygirayd@yahoo.com09154735193

Scholastic ProfileGraduate Studies:Doctor of Philosophy in English , University of San Jose-Recoletos Cebu, City

Master of Arts in Teaching (English) ,Philippine Normal University, Taft Ave., Manila

Diploma Course in Reading , Philippine Normal University, Taft Ave., Manila

College Studies:Bachelor of Science in Education (Major in English, Minor in Social Science)Cum - Laude

University Leadership AwardeeUniversity of Eastern Philippine, University Town, Catarman, N. Samar

Secondary:Colegio de Sta. Teresita, Laoang, N. Samar First Honorable Mention Best in School Presentation- Theatre Arts

Elementary:P.M.Geta Memorial Central Elementary School, Laoang, N. SamarFirst HonorsWork ExperienceAssistant Director for Academic Affairs November 14, 2014 to present.University of Eastern Philippines Laoang Campus Laoang, Northern Samar

Assistant Professor IIIUniversity of Eastern Philippines Laoang CampusLaoang, Northern Samar

School Paper AdviserTHE NOUMENAOfficial School Paper of the University of Eastern PhilippinesLaoang CampusLaoang, Northern Samar2005 2009

Secondary School TeacherLaoang National Trade School Laoang, Northern Samar

Organizations President, UEPL Faculty Union Vice-President, (Internal) UEP Faculty Federation Member, UEP Alumni Association Member, PNU Alumni Association Chairperson Literary Committee, Municipal Council for Culture and the ArtsMunicipality of Laoang, Province of Northern Samar

Member, National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) Dramatics Visayas

Member, Reading Association of the Philippines (RAP)

Personal Profile Spouse : Dr. Francis Bong Balitbit Desales Children : Jullian James Giray Desales : Jansen Elijah Giray Desales

Parents : Mr. Apolinar Balanquit Giray : Estela Muncada-Giray

Parents In-Law: Atty. Socrates Garfin Desales : Luz Balitbit- Desales, MD.