final report and roadmap

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The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the

author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of theAsian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or thegovernments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracyof the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility forany consequence of their use. Terminology used may not

necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.



ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

WATER RESOURCES PLANNING

ORGANIZATION

FINAL REPORT AND ROADMAP

REGIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (RETA)

SUPPORTING IWRM (BANGLADESH)



Introduction

To stimulate adoption of a strategic and sustainable approach to

water resource development, and to promote effective and efficientpreparation of IWRM plans TA has been prepared.

Specific outputs of were to

(i) prepare an IWRM Implementation Plan,

(ii) support specific actions that promote IWRM

operationalization and improved service delivery, and

(iii) conduct stakeholder workshops to disseminate information

and solicit feedback on the IWRM processes and plan.



Overview of the DocumentThe document is organized to reflect three pillars of IWRM

followed by a final chapter that presents a road map and

investment opportunities.

B. IWRM1. Introduction

IWRM is a comprehensive approach to the development and

management of water.



b.

Role

of

GovernmentGovernment has to play important role in implementation of

IWRM as main regulator and controller in water sector.

c. Cross‐sectoral Integration as an Essential ElementA critically important element of IWRM is integration of

various sectoral views and interests in development and

implementation of IWRM framework.

IWRM should build on and be consistent with government

policies and national or sector development plans and/or

budgets.

IWRM as a cyclical process of planning and management.



d. Stakeholders’ Participation

Two feedback loops from stakeholders are particularly

important.

The first concerns prioritization of water resource issues

and status of management system. Priority setting and

commitment to reform requires political will, awareness and

stakeholder dialogue.

The second loop concerns preparation of the “plan”. This

requires extensive policy consultations and stakeholder

involvement.



C. Changing Global Water Challenges

The traditional challenges are:

Escalating costs of water investments (with only marginal increases in the allocation of financial resources),

Deterioration of irrigated land base and coastal ecosystems,

Subsidies and distorted incentives (that resulted in

inequitable and unsustainable water use), and

Unsustainable dependence on ground water.



New challenges

New and sharply increasing demands on water resources – from,

industries, domestic users, environmental demands, in‐stream flow

needs, and fish culture.

Deteriorating water quality Living standards improve and water and energy demands increase.

Competition for water from biofuel production (sugarcane, maize)

Climate variability and climate change A strong link between poverty and water resources.

These challenges led water planners and managers to conclude that

a more comprehensive and inclusive approach is required

Preferred approach has been defined by GWP as IWRM.



II. WATER RESOURCES SECTOR

A. Demographics and the National Economy

Bangladesh had a population of about 150 million (2008)

Steady economic growth of 4 – 5% annually,

Population growth rate has declined from 2.5% in 1980s to

1.7% in 1990 – 2004,

Per capita GDP growth, from 1.6% in the 1980s to 3.3% in

1990 – 2004.

Has an aggressive set of development targets based on MDGs,

have

a

target

date

of

2015.



B. Regional Context

Area of Bangladesh is 147,000 km2 and net cultivable area‐

about 8,000 km2.

Two primary sources of water‐ local annual rainfall ‐about 250

km3 and annual transboundary flows ‐about 1,000 km3 mainly

from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna, Rivers.

Catchment of three basins is 1.72 million km2 , Bangladesh

occupies only 8% .

Low season discharges are declining due to upstream

withdrawals reducing irrigation potential and increasing salinity

intrusion, and deteriorating water quality.



C. Water Management in Bangladesh – Milestones

Until mid–20th century, major water‐related infrastructure was

provided under the zamindar system.

the services were inadequate and DPHE was established in 1930s

Following severe flooding in 1954 and 1955, a UN Technical Mission

recommended establishing a Water and Power Development

Authority; Other recommendations were to:

examine

the

feasibility

of

embankments

along

major

rivers, implement smaller flood control, drainage, and irrigation projects,

work with other riparian countries to establish better flood

forecasting in common rivers.

The then EPWAPDA was created in 1959.



C. Water Management in Bangladesh – Contd

• 1964 Water Master Plan was a major milestone. the Plan envisaged

58 large projects including three barrages on major rivers, with a

focus on water for agriculture.

• the plan disregarded potential impacts on fisheries, navigation,

biodiversity, salinity, and water supply

• overlooked the country’s groundwater resources.

• 1972,

World

Bank

supported

preparation

of

a

Land

and

Water

Sector Study. study promoted minor developments using low‐lift

pumps to irrigate and tube‐wells to irrigate with surface and

groundwater.

• Study also promoted small‐scale flood control and drainage

schemes.



C. Water Management in Bangladesh–(Contd)In 1995, Government approved Bangladesh Water and Flood

Management Strategy.

Strategy was based on extensive program of work undertaken as

part of the National Water Plan, Phase I (1981‐ 83) and Phase II (1986‐88) and by the Flood Action Plan (1990‐94).

Strategy proposed a range of structural and non‐structural

measures to deal with flooding.

Promoted a reduced public sector role in water resource

management and advocated new functions for some key service

delivery institutions:

WARPO

and

FPCO

were

merged

a new structure and role were envisaged for BWDB.

Finally, the strategy identified the need for a NWPo and a broad‐

based NWMP that would be guided by that Policy.



C. Water Management in Bangladesh – Milestones (contd)

• In

1998

the

Government

adopted

the

National

Policy

for

Safe

Water

Supply and Sanitation which promotes:

• Demand rather than supply driven approach to development.

• Private sector participation.

• Building capacity at all levels from service providers to users.

• Increased involvement of women in water and sanitation services

In 1999 the Government declared the National Water Policy

(NWPo),

The Policy is comprehensive, forward looking, and sets out a

framework for water resources sector.



C. Water Management in Bangladesh–(contd)

Important outcome of NWPo was preparation of following

documents;

Bangladesh Water Development Board Act (2000)

National

Water

Management

Plan

(NWMP). Guidelines for Participatory Water Management

Irrigation Service Charge Imposition, Collection, and Usage

Regulation (2003).

District Water Resource Assessments.

key developments in the policy and strategic framework since 2000

include:

Cooperative Societies Ordinance. National Poverty Reduction Strategies (I and II).



Water Balance

Short interruptions in rainfall in wet summer months may

mean that crops require supplementary irrigation,

In winter months there is inadequate surface water to meet

irrigation requirements. Groundwater is available but may be unusable due to arsenic

contamination.

A water balance was prepared as part of the National Water

Planning process (2002).

Subsequent analysis calls into question the results. An

updated water balance would be an outcome of updating the

NWMP.



E. Water and the Economy

Water is important to the following economic sectors:.

Agriculture, Fisheries, Inland and brackish water aquaculture,

and Transportation.

Sanitation coverage is estimated at 81% of households in urban areas and

46% in rural areas.

Improved drinking water sources are available to 85% of urban

households and 78% of rural households.

but slum dwellers continue to lack access in disproportionate numbers:

only 30% have access to piped water and 20% to sanitary latrines.

Half the people living in slum areas spend more than 30 minutes per day

collecting

water

while

about

7%

spend

two

hours

or

more. slum dwellers pay significantly more for water (about 25 times the unit

rate) then middle and high income group



Future Water Challenges Facing Bangladesh as Key IWRM issue

Historical water challenges have included:

flooding, seasonal water shortages, deteriorating water quality,

adequate services for water supply and sanitation, maintaining

navigation routes, mitigating river erosion, and addressing arsenic

contamination.

New challenges including following:Population. NWMP forecasts population increase from 144.5 million in 2008 to

about 220 million by 2050 from. Urban populations are forecast to

grow from 36.7 to about 130 million and rural populations from 107.8

to 110 million



Future Water Challenges Facing Bangladesh (contd)

Natural

Hazards.

More

people

will

be

affected

by

water‐

related

natural hazards.

Riverbank Erosion. Mere threat of erosion constrains investment and

development. Over the past 30 years about 800 km2 of land has been

lost to river bank erosion, displacing or rendering homeless about one

million people.

Environment. Upstream withdrawals are impacting the natural

ecosystems of the Sundarabans. Competition. Historically, agriculture was the dominant consumptive

user of water. Water use patterns are changing with rapidly increasing

domestic and industrial use. Rapid urbanization combined with a high

degree of pollution will mean that groundwater supplies will become

inadequate and surface water will need to be conveyed from more

distant sources.



III. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

Policy FrameworkGovernment has formulated policies to deal with various aspects of

water resources management aiming at (i) alleviate poverty and

provide sustainable economic growth, (ii) provide food security, (iii)

promote public health and safety, and (iv) protect the natural

environment.

The policies are:

National Wetlands Policy (draft 1988).

National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation (1988).

National Environment Policy (1992).

National Forestry

Policy

(1994).National Fisheries PilicY (1998)

National Agriculture Policy (1999).

National Water Policy (1999).

National Policy

for

Arsenic

Mitigation

(2004).Coastal Zone Policy (2005)



B. Legislative Framework

There

are

41

pieces

of

legislation

that

address

water

management.

Legislation considered most relevant are:

Groundwater Ordinance (1985) Water Resources Planning Act (1992)

Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act (1995) WASA Act (1996) Environment Conservation Rules (1997) BWDB Act (2000) Playground, Open Place, Garden, and Natural Water Conservation

Act for City, Divisional, and District Town Pouroshava Act (2000)

Bangladesh Water Act



Conclusion

Although there are already 41 pieces of legislation related to use

and administration of water, three additional pieces of legislation

appear to be required on a priority basis:

The Bangladesh Water Act, described above, would enable

implementation of the NWPo.

A revised Water Resources Planning Act.

A National Water Code. The latter term has been used

interchangeably with Bangladesh Water Act but is considerably

different in purpose. A code, covering complete system of law

within the water sector would assemble all of the various pieces of

legislation to ensure consistency and synergy in application.



IV. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

A recurring theme in all National Strategies for Accelerated Poverty

Reduction is that good governance is an essential precondition for

economic development and poverty reduction.

NSAPR 2 identifies need to improve capacity for project

implementation. A review of progress on ADP Implementation

made recommendations to improve project administration.



Institutional Changes Envisaged in National Policies (contd)

Capacity Strengthening. Local organizations need to be

strengthened to fulfill their established mandates.

Municipalities Responsible for Water Services. Municipalities

and urban water and sewerage institutions should be

empowered to regulate use of water and prevent waste and

pollution.

Devolution.

A

mix

of

Local

Government

Institutions,

community‐based organizations, and the private sector

should undertake activities at the Zila (District) level and

below.



C. Key National Water‐Related Institutions

National Institutions relevant to water sector comprise some 35

central Government organizations affiliated with 13 different

Ministries. The major National agencies are:

National Economic Council

Planning Commission National Water Resources Council (NWRC) Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) Joint Rivers Commission Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA) Ministry of Agriculture Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC)



Department of Fisheries (DoF)

Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (MoLGRDC) Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) Water Supply and Sewerage Authorities (WASAs) Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) Department of Environment (DoE) Soil Research Development Institute (SRDI) Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board River Research Institute Department of For Barind Multipurpose Development Authority BARD, Comilla and RDA Bogra



Selected National Agencies

Key national water agencies include WARPO, BWDB, LGED, and

DPHE. NWMP envisaged that:

WARPO would provide leadership in all aspects of national water

resource planning.

BWDB would operate on a regional basis maintaining close

interaction with Local Government Institutions and being

responsive to local stakeholders.

Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), responsible

for planning and executing rural works,providing technical guidance

and personnel support to Upazila Parishads in implementing

limited rural water supply and sanitation projects.

Department of Public Health Engineering (DFHE), DPHE is

responsible for implementing water supply and sanitation projects

in public sector in rural and urban areas not covered by WASAs.



Pro‐Poor Strategy for Water and Sanitation Sector in Bangladesh

(2005a),

elaborates

on

promise

in

the

National

Policy

for

Safe

Water Supply and Sanitation to provide a “safety‐net for the hard‐

core poor,”

National Sanitation Strategy, supplements the National Policy for

Safe Water Supply and Sanitation in two significant ways. It sets a

target of 100% coverage by 2010, and provides a strategy for

emergency response.



B. Information Systems

1. Data Management Systems, Water resources assessment

requires systematic collection, assembly and reporting of

hydrological, physiographic, demographic and socio‐economic

data. Systematic data management need to follow (i)collection

and storage (ii) quality control, (iii) data storage and archiving,

and (iv) dissemination of information.

2. Conflict Resolution: Conflict management is central to successful

IWRM. Conflict occurs at international, national, regional and local

levels.



C. Allocation Instruments

1. Regulatory Instruments, The Draft Bangladesh Water Act establishes water rights and regulatory instruments and in that

context addresses (i) Ownership, appropriation, and water use

rights (ii) Existing lawful use of water (iii) General authorization

and license for water use (iv) Control over water etc

2. Regulatory and Economic Instruments for Pollution Control,

Promote effective implementation of existing DoE pollution

control standards, introduce permit fees, introduce pollution levy

etc.

3. Cost Recovery and Cost Sharing, The draft National Water Act

speaks to financial aspects of water management and in

summary states that: Govt establishes pricing policies for funding

water resource management and water delivery at actual costs



VI. IWRM ROAD MAP

1. IWRM Process In Bangladesh – To Date

2. Constraints to Developing IWRM

3. Road Map Purpose



B. The Road Map

1. Actions Addressing the enabling environment.a. Update National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation

b. Revisit and Finalize the National Wetlands Policy

c. Promulgate the National Water Act to Enable the National Water Policy

d. Draft a National Water Code

e. Legislation to Ensure Access to Data

2. Institutional Framework

a. Approve WARPOs Organizational Development Plan

b. Review and Revise the WARPO Act (1992)



VII. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADB’S FUTURE OPERATIONAL

STRATEGYA. Preamble

1. Water for Agriculture

2.

Water

Supply

and

Sanitation

B. ADB’s Strategy for Water Resource Development

C. Investments

1.

Strengthening

Local

Government

Institutions

2. Updating National Water Management Plan

3. Agriculture and Water Management

a. Improved Performance of Existing Public Surface Water

Irrigation Schemes

b. Participatory Small‐Scale Water Resources Development

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