Final Report on the 2011 Excavations at the Ruthven 1312 Site

by the Rice University

Archaeological Field Techniques class (Anthropology 362/562) Under the supervision of

Professor Susan McIntosh (Rice University)

Mr. Robert Marcom (YCAP)

Edited by Susan McIntosh

Table of Contents

1. Excavation Background, Methodology and Stratigraphy 1 E.V. Empey

2. Ceramics 16 Karen Martindale 3. Glass Artifacts 30 Gianmarco Raddi 4. Metal Artifacts 57 DeAngela Hayes 5. Miscellaneous Artifacts and Objects of Personal Adornment 73 Stephanie Stutts 6. Faunal Remains 90 Yvana Rivera 7. Appendix A: Ceramic Artifacts Catalogue 102 8. Appendix B: Glass Artifacts Catalogue 107 9. Appendix C: Metal Artifacts Catalogue 113 Appendix I: Catalogue of Nail Artifacts in Unit A and B 113 Appendix II: Catalogue of Non-Nail Metal Artifacts Unit A 113 Appendix III: Catalogue of Non-Nail Metal Artifacts Unit B 116 10. Appendix D: Miscellaneous and Personal Adornment Catalogue 119 11. Appendix E: Unit A Opening/Closing Pictures 127 Profiles 133 12. Appendix F: Unit B Opening/Closing Pictures 135 Profiles 141

1

Excavation Background, Methodology and Stratigraphy

E. V. Empey

Excavations on properties owned by the Yates Museum Trust have been undertaken annu-

ally since 2008 by the Rice University archaeological field methods class. The excavations each

year are concerned with finding material culture of the African diaspora and settlement of Freed-

man's town in order to determine questions about lifestyle and the community's past so that cul-

tural memory of the past can be preserved in the face of economic growth and urban develop-

ment which threaten the community.

The excavations conducted by the Field Techniques class (ANTH 362 / 562) took place

on a property across the street from the Yates Museum. The property, designated as 1312 Ruth-

ven, is south of the Yates Museum, backing to the Yates Museum parking lot. The excavation

took place over four weekends, from 29 January through 19 February. Generally, the excava-

tions would be held between the hours of eight until five pm on Saturdays, and one to five pm on

Sundays. Two 1m x 1m units (designated A and B respectively) were excavated. In previous

years, units were placed at two other sites on the Museum property; this year marked a different

location in order to gather more diverse information about the life of Freedman's Town commu-

nities.

Previous Work in Freedman's Town

The Freedman's Town, or Fourth Ward, has seen much more excavation in recent years,

not only the excavations undertaken by Rice and by the Yates Community Archaeology Project,

but also an extensive impact assessment project undertaken in advance of the construction of the

Gregory Lincoln School (Feit and Jones 2007).

This research was focused principally on studying the material and cultural remains of

the site, for insights into the social, economic and racial positions of community members (Feit

and Jones 2007: 157). Originally, the project was framed with two specific goals in mind: find-

ing burials within the area and studying the household remains (Feit and Jones 2007: 181). Their

focus was a bit more expansive, looking at the consumption habits of Freedman's Town inhabit-

ants in comparison to other areas of Houston, in order to determine the socio-economic implica-

tions. Furthermore, their project was focused upon understanding the infrastructure and

2

population density at Freedman's Town.

While the Feit and Jones' project did not turn up any graves, it did feature a myriad of

household remains, though these remains lacked a uniform or dense distribution of interpretable

features and artifacts. The emphasis of the project on finding the cultural remains of the site is

analogous to the projects undertaken by Rice University at the Yates House, which produced a

wide array of historical artifacts (McIntosh and Clark 2008). This and subsequent projects under-

taken by Rice focused on questions of economic and material conditions as well as the lifestyles

of inhabitants of Freedman's Town. These projects, as well that of Feit and Jones, act in a larger

context to provide a sense of historical memory and understanding of the past on a local level by

engaging with community organizations, such as the Yates Museum.

While Feit and Jones' research was quite extensive, both in terms of scope and area sam-

pled, the Rice field excavations were tightly focused upon specific properties. The project that

Feit and Jones undertook looked at a large area that is particular to the Fourth Ward, which co-

vers over 13-acres (Marshall 2005). As stated, the site was undertaken through heavy usage of

trenches selected across the overall area to look for graves in the site, and featured extensive pub-

lic involvement (Marshall 2005). In the case of the Rice excavations, the sites were much more

limited in scope, featuring only one unit in each case, mainly on account of the short field season.

The 2008 excavation took place on the property of the Rutherford B. H. Yates museum, and was

undertaken in the backyard of the Yates house. The excavation consisted of one 2m x 2m unit,

which shared the northwest corner with the southeast corner of unit previously excavated by the

Yates Community Archaeology Project (McIntosh and Clark 2008). Likewise, the 2009 excava-

tion in the backyard of the Yates House consisted of one 2m x 2m unit ,which focused on an area

where a structure had been indicated on the 1924 Sanborn map (Fleisher et al 2009).

The research undergone by the Rice Field school in 2008 by McIntosh found materials

that were dated as early as the late 19th century, including square nails and 19th century ceramics

(McIntosh and Clark 2008: 106). The research done in 2009 was focused in a similar area in

order to further an understanding of lifestyles in the area, and provide data which can be com-

pared with the excavations from 2008 (Fleisher et al 2009: 240). In both cases, the research from

Rice field school, because of the limited scale and focus upon a specific locus, does not enable

major conclusions about the neighborhood as a whole but can suggest impressions of the life-

styles of the residents. The outcomes of these previous years were characteristically similar in

3

terms of the data that had been accumulated by the Feit and Jones project, and all three of these

projects have helped lay the groundwork for the 2011 excavations.

Research Questions and Aims

The research question informing the Rice University excavations can be summed up

thusly: what do the material remains suggest about the socioeconomic lifestyles within the

Freedman's Town? The aim was to treat the artifacts both as overall collections of materials

and also as indicators of changes in economic and social status, documenting spatial differenti-

ation in these data and their different contexts.

The emphasis on developing a working representation and interpretation of the past life-

styles of the former community has strongly rooted goals in expanding and creating a sense of

historical memory for the current inhabitants, thereby making the project function both as urban

archaeology and community archeology. Furthermore, the effort to provide an understanding

of the past comes at a time when to the community is under active encroachment by develop-

ment companies. The archaeological research is therefore aimed at preserving, through process-

es of reconstructing the past by means of artifacts, in order to formulate historical memory.

Site Selection and Unit Placement

The placement of Units A and B at 1312 Ruthven was decided by Dr. Susan McIntosh

and Mr. Robert Marcom in order to gather information on the buildings formerly on the site.

Unit A was placed to avoid the shed that appears on the 1907 and 1924 maps, with Unit B

placed to the south of Unit A. The location of each unit was chosen specifically so that part of

the foundation from the earlier standing historic structures might have appeared within the pro-

file, giving a better understanding about the building materials and the outline of the structures

formerly on the site.

The point of origin for each of the 2011 units was based upon a specific datum point to

the north of 1312 Ruthven. For unit A, the NW corner of the unit acted as the Point-of-Origin

(P.O.), while for Unit B, the P.O. was at the SE corner. The unit was excavated in approximate-

ly 5 cm levels, though levels would be closed based upon noticeable change in the soil compo-

sition regardless of depth. Unit A reached a final depth of 59 centimeters in the north east cor-

ner, prior to proving sterile; this unit featured pedestalled artifacts, specifically in the western

4

half, because of extensive metal springs that protruded from the unit profile. The eastern half of

the unit featured a pipe that ran through the unit. In the case of Unit B, the final depth was 57

centimeters in the northeast corner. Unit B was characteristically different in terms of artifacts

found, and had a heavier concentration of rust deposits in the soil.

Excavation Methodology

Both units A and B utilized similar excavation methods, including layout and overall pro-

cesses of excavation. After designating the point of origin for each unit, and double stringing

each unit, the grass and vegetation mat was removed by use of dabas in order to clear through to

the top soil, as well as generally level out the unit. After the vegetation mat was removed, Level

1 was opened. At the opening and closing of each level, pictures were taken on a digital camera

in order to ensure the units were adequately documented during the process. The excavation of

each unit was maintained until artifact yield dropped to near zero. Each unit was excavated with

a rough guideline of 5 cm level increments, however certain levels may be larger or smaller de-

pending on the whether there was any change in soil characteristics or composition.

Each unit had approximately two to three students involved at any given time: one to two

students in the pit, with the remaining students on the screen sifting through the soil for artifacts

that were not recovered in the unit while excavating. One student acted as a site supervisor, re-

cording data on excavation forms. The artifacts were bagged and sorted by material during

washing in the Rutherford B. H. Yates museum. Data recorded upon excavation forms included:

the opening and closing depth measurements of the unit or subunit (measured near each corner

and the center of the unit); the soil color (Munsell Color chart); a description of the soil quality

and the relative material composition of the soil (Ahn test); a description of the artifacts found;

the excavation techniques utilized; the photograph numbers; and any other general observations

about each level. A sketch of each unit was included alongside the notes on the excavation

forms, indicating the position of any large artifacts or features. In each sketch, unit features and

large concentrations of artifacts were drawn to scale.

The principal tool utilized was the pointing trowel. Excavation in heavy clay-rich soil

was facilitated by the use of dabas, an African iron hoe. Roots were cut with either root-cutters

or dabas. Artifacts found in the unit were bagged in labeled plastic bags, with the soil collected

in buckets so that it could be screened. Soil was screened at the same time as each level was

5

excavated in order to ensure that artifacts were not mixed in with an incorrect level or unit. Each

screened bag was given a lot number, and washed and cataloged in the field lab. Artifacts were

categorized as either glass, ceramic, metal, bone, shell or miscellaneous. Special attention was

paid when sorting the artifacts prior to washing, in order to prevent bone or other delicate materi-

al from being washed inappropriately.

After reaching sterile soil, profiles were drawn. Two students worked on each profile,

and Dr. McIntosh inspected and provided insight as to mediate various interpretations about the

stratigraphy of each unit. Photographs were taken of each profile wall. In general, measure-

ments were taken along each profile wall at increments of 10 cm, except when special features

were found in the profile, as was the case especially with Unit A, which had a high artifact count

in the profile. The depth for each measurement was taken from the Point of Origin relative to

each unit. For each distinct soil identified, a description was included while constructing the

profiles.

In order to guard against outside influences such as rain or human agents from tampering

with or damaging the units, precautions were taken. In case of rain, tarps were laid over each

unit. To protect against human agents, the entire work area for the excavation was cordoned off

with a perimeter fence to prevent the units from being tampered with during the days that the ex-

cavation was not occurring.

Excavated Levels for Unit A

The stratigraphy for Unit A is described in this section, and the following section com-

prises a description of each level for Unit B. For each level, a general overview of artifact con-

tents and soil description is provided, as well as any other significant observations. For each

unit, there are four section drawings, which illustrate the natural layers of the soil for the four

walls of the unit, as well as the excavated levels. The drawings are followed with a key describ-

ing the types of deposits of the strata, and finally a chart which summarizes the data.

The soil for Level 1 was of a light loam, according to the Ahn test performed on a soil

sample; the soil was fairly loose and not as compacted as subsequent levels, as it lay directly un-

der the root mat. The level was primarily excavated using trowels. There was a layer of sand

distributed across the unit about two centimeters from the start of the level. Artifacts from the

level were fairly sparse, and included glass fragments and shell, as well as a lighter. These

6

artifacts were most likely deposited recently. The opening depth from the P.O., which corre-

sponds with the northwest corner, was 8.5 cm, and was excavated to a closing depth of 12.5 cm.

Level 2 was loamy sand, and had some sandy clay running across the surface of the level.

The choice to start Level 2 was made when there was a tan area of loose sand in all four corners.

The soil overall was a dark gray, and ended on a layer of dark soil that spread from the northeast

corner of the unit to the south. Artifacts included lots of small fragments of glass, a bottle cap,

some fragments of ceramic, brick, roofing material, and plastic stripes; furthermore, nails started

emerging at this level. There was a bit of white sandy soil which ran across portions of the unit

at closing, which would correspond later with ground fragments of a porcelain toilet that had

been found in the unit. The closing depth of level 2 was 17.5 cm.

Level 3 was primarily of loam, and marked an increase of clay in the soil. An unknown

metal object appeared in the eastern portion of the unit, as well as more fragments of porcelain

toilet, and larger concentrations of brick and other building materials. Across the surface of the

unit, especially on the western side, artifacts included nails and fragments of glass, as well as

some objects of personal adornment, and various fragments of building material. The closing

depth of the level was 24.5 cm.

Level 4 had noticeable rusty patches, and also a concentration of metal objects in the

northwestern portion of the unit. This level had larger fragments of glass—including a few bot-

tles—extremely fragile metal springs in the northwest corner, a ceramic piece with a maker's

mark, and pieces of charcoal. The quantity of ceramic toilet fragments also increased drastically,

as more fragments were unearthed and found running along the western half of the unit. There

was a noticeable soil change in the southeast corner, about 30 cm deep, which was lighter w/

sand spots. The closing depth of the unit was 28.5 at the point of origin.

The soil in Level 5 started getting more sand concentrations again, changing to a light

loam; extremely black, the soil was very moist and hard to work, so the dabas were used to clear

away larger portions of the soil quickly, as most of the artifacts were embedded deeper in the

unit, including the north and west walls. This section was pedestalled. Of the artifacts found,

there were a few nails, some charcoal, and bottles identified. A metal pipe emerged that ran from

the northeastern corner of the unit to the southern wall. The pipe had a diameter of one inch, and

may have been for natural gas.

The soil changed drastically in Level 6, shifting from a light loam to a light clay, while

7

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Table 1 [Unit A]: Depth measurements, Munsell and Ahn values, general artifact observations, and general observations for each level. “L” is level, “O.D.” is opening depth, and “C.D.” is closing depth. Opening and closing depths are measured in centimeters from the point of origin, except in the cases of subunits, at which point the measurements are taken from the closest corner to the subunit.

8

changing color from black to a dark gray. Level 6 featured quite a few rusted nails, small glass

bottle pieces, and charcoal. Also of note was a seemingly higher concentration of bone in this

level than in previous ones. Excavation continued under the metal pipe, and closed at 37.5 cm.

Soil composition changed at the end of the level, becoming a light brown clay

Level 7 was a very dark grey clay. Dabas were used to scrape through the extremely

heavy and dense soil. Rust patches started to emerge along the south wall near the metal pipe

running through the unit, and the root continued into the wall of the unit, and running toward the

western side of the unit. The closing measurement was 42 cm.

Level 8 was darker in color—an almost pure black on the Munsell test; the soil also tran-

sitioned back to a light clay, but still dense and difficult to dig. This level was excavated by

dabas as well. The entire western half of the unit was pedestalled, and the focus of Levels 8

through 10 would be on the eastern portion of the unit, which still continued to produce artifacts,

mostly nails and some ceramic fragments. The closing depth was 45 cm.

Level 9 was divided into north and south sections reflecting the evidence for a pit extend-

ing from higher levels into the north part of the unit. The southern half of the unit appeared to lie

outside the pit. The soil in both halves of the unit had a higher quantity of sand than the previous

few levels and was classified as loam. Furthermore, the northern half was less moist when dig-

ging, and therefore easier to work with, and had what seemed to be a higher concentration of

sand. The north half of the level continued to yield artifacts, mostly small glass appeared. A ce-

ramic pipe appeared, running through the pedestalled western part of the unit. The southern half

the unit turned up a few small rocks and a shard of glass in the screens. The closing depth was

51.5 cm.

Level 10 was the final level in Unit A. Classified as loam, the soil had a dark gray quali-

ty, and was mottled with white-yellow sandy flecks, most likely from broken concrete from the

pipe intermixed with the soil surrounding it. Very few artifacts were found, save for pieces of

concrete from beside the pipe. The unit was determined to be sterile and was closed at 59 cm.

Unit A had high concentrations of shell, a variety of building materials, and artifacts

(including the toilet). The overall unit was rather tricky to excavate, because of the constant

worries over damaging something that was embedded in the profile or had been put on a pedes-

tal. In general, the artifacts were heaviest in concentration in the middle levels, but most of the

artifacts that had been pulled out were building materials or fragments of shell.

9

L;HWﾉ DWゲIヴｷヮピﾗﾐ

A Lｷｪｴデ ｪヴ;┞-Hヴﾗ┘ﾐが ﾉﾗ;ﾏ┞ ゲﾗｷﾉ ヮWﾐWデヴ;デWS H┞ ヴﾗﾗデゲき ﾉﾗ┘ ;ヴピa;Iデ IﾗﾐデWﾐデく

B Bﾉ;Iﾆ ｪヴ;┞ ゲﾗｷﾉ ┘ｷデｴ ゲﾏ;ﾉﾉ ゲｴWﾉﾉ aヴ;ｪﾏWﾐデゲが ﾏﾗヴデ;ヴき ｴ;ヴSが Iﾉ;┞-ヴｷIｴき ﾉﾗデゲ ﾗa ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲ ｷﾐどIﾉ┌Sｷﾐｪ ｪﾉ;ゲゲが ﾐ;ｷﾉゲ ;ﾐS IWヴ;ﾏｷI ヮｷWIWゲく

C Mﾗ─ﾉWS ┘ｷデｴ ゲデヴW;ﾆ┞ ｪヴWWﾐ Iﾉ;┞が ヴ┌ゲデが ｡WIﾆゲ ﾗa ゲｴWﾉﾉき ﾉﾗ;ﾏ┞ Iﾉ;┞き ﾉﾗ┘っﾐﾗ ;ヴピa;Iデ IﾗﾐデWﾐデく

D IﾐデWヴﾏWSｷ;デW Iﾗﾉﾗヴ ゲｷﾏｷﾉ;ヴ デﾗ Cき ﾏﾗヴW ﾉﾗ;ﾏ┞ デｴ;ﾐ Cく

E D;ヴﾆが ﾏﾗｷゲデが ﾉﾗ;ﾏ┞ Iﾉ;┞き ;ヴピa;Iデ ヴｷIｴく

F E┝デヴWﾏWﾉ┞ ﾏﾗｷゲデ ゲﾗｷﾉき Iﾉ;┞き aW┘ ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲ ｷﾐ ┘;ﾉﾉゲく

Fヱ LｷﾆW F H┌デ ┘ｷデｴ ゲﾏ;ﾉﾉ ゲデﾗﾐ┞ ｷﾐIﾉ┌ゲｷﾗﾐゲが ヴ┌ゲデが ;ﾐS デWヴヴ;Iﾗ─; aヴ;ｪﾏWﾐデゲく

G Cﾗﾏヮ;Iデ デ;ﾐ ゲ;ﾐSが ﾏﾗ─ﾉWS ┘ｷデｴ ゲﾏ;ﾉﾉ Iｴ┌ﾐﾆゲ ﾗa ゲｴWﾉﾉ ;ﾐS デWヴヴ;Iﾗ─;く

KW┞ ヱく Uﾐｷデ A PヴﾗgﾉWゲ

Excavated Levels for Unit B

Unit B was located southeast of Unit A, and featured a quite different soil composition, as

well as distribution of artifacts. The composition of the unit was rather different from Unit A in

terms of complexity of artifacts and the excavation.

10

Level 1 of Unit B started at a depth of 8.5 cm from the point of origin, and ended at 14.5

cm. The root mat was cleared with dabas, and the first level was excavated with a mixture of

dabas and trowels; the trowels were emphasized when cutting the profile, and when working

with finer artifacts, such as the glass. A dark gray loam was directly underneath the root mat,

and was pliable but thick and compacted. Materials found in Level 1 included glass fragments,

some nails, and quite a bit of building material and rubble, as well as some porcelain shards.

Level 2 had pliable soil, and much looser soil than the previous level, despite its clay

composition. Dabas were almost exclusively used, except for working around two complete

bottles, and pieces of bone that were found in the unit: the finer artifacts were excavated using a

trowel. This level was very artifact-heavy. There were sandy patches emerging at the bottom of

the level in both the southwest and north eastern parts of the unit. The colors were different how-

ever: in the southwest, the soil was more compact and tan, while in the northwest, the soil was

loose and gray. The closing depth was 19.8 cm.

Level 3 was a grayish-brown loam; the soil felt more silty, but still had a dense quality

similar to clay. Dabas were used in excavating the third level as patches of clay emerged across

the unit. Underneath a mixture of rust and soil, the clay spread across from the southeastern cor-

ner through the center. Artifacts recovered were mostly glass shards and building material.

Once a streaky green clay layer emerged, the level was closed.

Level 4 was a fairly heterogeneous and heavy loam, with patches of streaky green clay

and color variation throughout the level. There were some patches of white, most likely mixtures

of mortar and other building materials mixed in with the soil. Artifacts recovered consisted of

nails and rusted pieces of metal, as well as ceramic and heavy concentrations of bone. At the

close of the level, there were portions of a ceramic pipe emerging in the northeastern corner of

the unit, and continuous deposits of green clay on the eastern side of the unit, with deposits of

building material seemingly going into the eastern profile. This level was closed at a depth of 29

cm.

Level 5 was a loam, though very wet, sticky and felt like a moldable clay. This level was

quite artifact dense, with bone, a small glass bottle, a ceramic handle, as well as more metal,

nails and rocks. There was less building material compared to previous levels. The extreme de-

gree of moisture in this level may be attributed to the rain that occurred the night before. There

were a few dispersed rust patches throughout the level. At the bottom of the level, because of the

11

continued presence of the streaky green clay on the eastern wall, a subunit was excavated for the

next level in order to see if the green clay patch proved to have a different concentration of arti-

facts. The closing measurement was 34 cm.

The green clay subunit, classified as a loam, fell along the western wall and proved to

have a higher concentration of sand than the remainder of the unit. Likewise, the color of the

soil in both the subunit and the rest of the unit was remarkably different—a much more light yel-

lowish brown color than a dark gray. The subunit was relatively artifact rich relative to its size.

Artifacts found in the subunit included a rusted metal structure, pieces of bone, glass, nails, and a

small shell button. The rest of the unit turned up many deposits of ferrous metal materials, as

well as rocks, building materials, and fragments of glass and ceramic. The large ceramic piece,

most likely belonging to a pipe, was removed from the western wall. The eastern wall had quite

a few big bones, a shell button, and pieces of a soda bottle. For the most part, the western wall

was rather sterile. This level was closed at 39 cm.

Level 7 was divided into subunits because of a difference in artifact density in the north-

east and the rest of the unit. Much of the unit was sterile, with only a piece of bone and a small

piece of glass found along the western wall. Level 7A, in the northeastern corner, had a rusted

metal object as well as pieces of bone, glass, metal, nails, and another small white shell button.

There were many deposits of ferrous materials and rust patches in the northeastern corner sur-

rounding those deposits. The closing depth was 45 cm.

At this depth, the western half the unit was closed; excavation continued in the eastern

half of the unit. Level 8 was divided into two subunits. The southern and northern halves of

Level 8 were excavated separately to note any differences in artifact density. Artifacts were

sparse, and consisted of a piece of ceramic, glass, rock, and nail fragments from only the north-

ern half of Level 8. The level was closed at 51 cm.

Level 9 continued in the northeastern quadrant only. This level was virtually sterile, and

turned up a couple tiny fragments of glass and ceramic, as well as three small pieces of rusted

metal. The closing depth was 57 cm.

Overall Unit B exhibited denser soil and more clay throughout the various levels. There

were much more bone and objects of personal adornment, such as buttons, recovered than other

artifact classes. Because of the density and heavy concentration of clay throughout the unit,

dabas were used more often than trowels in excavating, making the screening process

12

L OくDく CくDく M┌ﾐゲWﾉﾉ V;ﾉ┌Wゲ

Aｴﾐ TWゲデ Aヴピa;Iデ OHゲWヴ┗;ピﾗﾐゲ GWﾐWヴ;ﾉ OHゲWヴ┗;ピﾗﾐゲ

ヱ Βくヵ ヱヴくヵ ヱヰ YR ンっヱ Lﾗ;ﾏ ふDぶ Lﾗデゲ ﾗa ｪﾉ;ゲゲが ヴ┌HHﾉW ;ﾐS ; aW┘ ﾐ;ｷﾉゲき ゲﾗﾏW ヮﾗヴIWﾉ;ｷﾐ

L;┞Wヴ ┘;ゲ SｷヴWIデﾉ┞ ┌ﾐSWヴﾐW;デｴ ヴﾗﾗデ ﾏ;デき ヮﾉｷ;HﾉW デｴｷIﾆが Iﾗﾏヮ;IデWS ゲﾗｷﾉ

ヲ ヱヴくΒ ヱΓくΒ ヵ YR ンっヱ Cﾉ;┞ ふGぶ ヲ IﾗﾏヮﾉWデW Hﾗ─ﾉWゲき ﾉﾗデゲ ﾗa HﾗﾐWき ﾐ;ｷﾉゲき HヴｷIﾆき ｴｷｪｴ ;ヴピどa;Iデ IﾗﾐIWﾐデヴ;ピﾗﾐ

R┌ゲデ ヮ;デIｴWゲ ;ﾐS ﾉｷｪｴデ ｪヴ;┞ ゲﾗｷﾉ ｷﾐ ﾐﾗヴデｴき ヴ;デｴWヴ ﾉﾗﾗゲW ゲﾗｷﾉ ┘ｷデｴ Iﾉ;┞ SWヮﾗゲｷデゲ

ン ヲヱ ヲヵ ヱヰ YR ヲっン Lﾗ;ﾏ ふDぶ Sﾏ;ﾉﾉ ｪﾉ;ゲゲ ゲｴ;ヴSゲ ;ﾐS H┌ｷﾉSｷﾐｪ ﾏ;デWヴｷ;ﾉ デｴヴﾗ┌ｪｴどﾗ┌デき ゲﾗﾏW H┌─ﾗﾐゲ

CﾉﾗゲWS ﾉW┗Wﾉ ┘ｴWﾐ ｪヴWWﾐ Iﾉ;┞ ﾉ;┞Wヴ WﾐIﾗ┌ﾐデWヴWSき ゲｷﾉデ┞ aWWﾉ

ヴ ヲヵくヵ ヲΓくヰ ヲくヵ YR ンっヱ HW;┗┞ Lﾗ;ﾏ ふEぶ

N;ｷﾉゲ ;ﾐS ゲﾏ;ﾉﾉ ヮｷWIWゲ ﾗa ﾏWデ;ﾉき ｪﾉ;ゲゲ ゲｴ;ヴSゲ デｴヴﾗ┌ｪｴﾗ┌デき ゲﾗﾏW IWヴ;ﾏｷIき HﾗﾐWき H┌─ﾗﾐゲ

HWデWヴﾗｪWﾐWﾗ┌ゲ ┘ｷデｴ ﾏ;ﾐ┞ ヮ;デIｴWゲ ﾗa ｪヴWWﾐ Iﾉ;┞き ゲﾏ;ﾉﾉ ヮ;デIｴWゲ ﾗa ┘ｴｷデW SWｪヴ;SWS ﾏﾗヴデ;ヴき ゲｷﾉデ┞が ﾏﾗﾉS-

;HﾉW ゲﾗｷﾉ

ヵ ヲΓくヵ ンヴ ヱヰ YR ンっヱ Lﾗ;ﾏ ふDぶ AﾏHWヴ ｪﾉ;ゲゲ Hﾗ─ﾉWき ゲﾏ;ﾉﾉ ｪﾉ;ゲゲ ヮｷWIWゲき ┘ｴｷデW IWヴ;ﾏｷI ｴ;ﾐSﾉWき ｪヴWWﾐ ｪﾉ;ゲゲき Iｴ;ヴどIﾗ;ﾉ ヮｷWIWゲき ゲﾗﾏW HﾗﾐW

TｴW ┌ﾐｷデ ┘;ゲ ┘Wデ ;デ ﾗヮWﾐｷﾐｪき ゲﾗﾏW ;ヴピa;Iデゲ ┘WヴW W┝ヮﾗゲWS HWI;┌ゲW ﾗa ┘;デWヴ ;II┌ﾏ┌ﾉ;ピﾗﾐき ヴ┌ゲデ ヮ;デIｴWゲ SｷゲヮWヴゲWS デｴヴﾗ┌ｪｴﾗ┌デき ヮWSWゲデ;ﾉWS ｪヴWWﾐ Iﾉ;┞ ヮ;デIｴ ;ﾉﾗﾐｪ W;ゲデ ┘;ﾉﾉ

ヶ ンンくヵ ンΓ GヴWWﾐ Cﾉ;┞ ヮWSWゲデ;ﾉ ふヶAぶぎ ヲくヵ YR ヶっヴ

CWﾐデWヴ ふヶぶぎ ヱヰ YR ンっヱ

ヶAぎ Lﾗ;ﾏ ふDぶ

ヶぎ HW;┗┞ Lﾗ;ﾏ ふEぶ

ヶA ふｪヴWWﾐ Iﾉ;┞ ゲｷSWぶぎ H┌─ﾗﾐき ヮｷWIWゲ ﾗa ﾐ;ｷﾉゲき ゲｴ;ヴSゲ ﾗa IﾉW;ヴ ｪﾉ;ゲゲ

ヶぎ ｪﾉ;ゲゲ ;ﾐS IWヴ;ﾏｷI ヮｷWIWゲき H┌ｷﾉSｷﾐｪ ﾏ;デWヴｷ;ﾉき ;ﾉﾗﾐｪ W;ゲデ ┘;ﾉﾉが Hｷｪ HﾗﾐWゲが ｪﾉ;ゲゲ Hﾗ─ﾉW ゲｴ;ヴSゲが ;ﾐS ヮｷWIWゲ ﾗa ┘ｴｷデW ゲｴWﾉﾉ

TｴW ｪヴWWﾐ Iﾉ;┞ ｷゲ ゲｷﾉデ┞ ;ﾐS a;ｷヴﾉ┞ Sヴ┞き

デｴW IWﾐデWヴ ｷゲ デﾗ┌ｪｴが Sヴ┞が ;ﾐS Iﾉ;┞-

ﾉｷﾆWき デｴW ┘Wゲデ ┘;ﾉﾉ ｷゲ ;ﾉﾏﾗゲデ ゲデWヴｷﾉWく

Α ンΓ ヴヵ NE IﾗヴﾐWヴ ふΑAぶぎ ヱヰ YR ヴっヱ

RWゲデ ﾗa ┌ﾐｷデ ふΑぶぎ ヱヰ YR ヴっヱ

ΑAぎ Lｷｪｴデ Cﾉ;┞ ふFぶ

Αぎ Lｷｪｴデ Cﾉ;┞ ふFぶ

ΑAぎ ヴ┌ゲデWS ﾏWデ;ﾉ ゲデヴ┌Iデ┌ヴWき ヮｷWIWゲ ﾗa HﾗﾐWが ｪﾉ;ゲゲが ﾐ;ｷﾉゲき ゲﾏ;ﾉﾉ ゲｴWﾉﾉ H┌─ﾗﾐ

Αぎ ヮｷWIW ﾗa HﾗﾐWが ヮｷWIW ﾗa ｪﾉ;ゲゲき ヴ;デｴWヴ aW┘ ;ヴピa;Iデゲが ;ﾉﾏﾗゲデ ゲデWヴｷﾉW

M;ﾐ┞ SWヮﾗゲｷデゲ ﾗa aWヴヴﾗ┌ゲ ﾏ;デWヴｷ;ﾉゲき NE IﾗヴﾐWヴ ｴ;ゲ ; ヴWS ヮｷWIW ﾗa IWヴ;ﾏどｷI ｷﾐ デｴW ヮヴﾗgﾉW ﾗa デｴW W;ゲデ ┘;ﾉﾉき ヴ┌ゲデWS ヮ;デIｴWゲ ｷﾐ NE IﾗヴﾐWヴ

Β ヴヶ ヵヱ ヱヰYR ヴっヱ Cﾉ;┞ ふGぶ NﾗヴデｴWヴﾐ ｴ;ﾉa ﾗa ┌ﾐｷデ ｴ;ゲ ; ヮｷWIW ﾗa IWヴ;ﾏｷIが ﾉﾗデゲ ﾗa ﾐ;ｷﾉゲ ;ﾐS ﾐ;ｷﾉ ヮｷWIWゲき Sﾗ┌デｴWヴﾐ ｴ;ﾉa ｷゲ ゲデWヴｷﾉW

SピIﾆ┞ ﾏﾗﾉS;HﾉW Iﾉ;┞き ┌ﾐｷデ ┘;ゲ ｴ;ﾉ┗WS ;ﾐS ﾗﾐﾉ┞ S┌ｪ ﾗﾐ デｴW W;ゲデWヴﾐ ゲｷSWき

Γ ヵヰ ヵΑ ヱヰ YR ヴっヱ Cﾉ;┞ ふGぶ Aﾉﾏﾗゲデ ゲデWヴｷﾉW Uﾐｷデ IﾉﾗゲWSき WゲゲWﾐピ;ﾉﾉ┞ ゲデWヴｷﾉWき Iﾉ;┞-

ﾉｷﾆWき ﾏ;ﾉﾉW;HﾉWき ゲﾗﾏW ゲ;ﾐS

T;HﾉWヲく Uﾐｷデ B

13

L;HWﾉ DWゲIヴｷヮピﾗﾐ

A Lｷｪｴデ ｪヴ;┞-Hヴﾗ┘ﾐが ﾉﾗ;ﾏ┞ ゲﾗｷﾉ ┘ｷデｴ デヴ;IWゲ ﾗa ゲ;ﾐSき ゲﾗｷﾉ ヮWﾐWデヴ;デWS ┘ｷデｴ ヴﾗﾗデ ｷﾐIﾉ┌ゲｷﾗﾐゲき aW┘ ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲく

Aヱ D;ヴﾆWヴ IﾗﾉﾗヴWSが ┘W─Wヴ ┗;ヴｷ;ピﾗﾐ ﾗa Aく

B D;ヴﾆ ｪヴ;┞ Iﾉ;┞き ﾏﾗ─ﾉWS ┘ｷデｴ ヴ┌ゲデ ヮ;デIｴWゲが ゲ;ﾐS ｷﾐIﾉ┌ゲｷﾗﾐゲき aW┘ ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲく

C LｷｪｴデWヴ IﾗﾉﾗヴWS ┗;ヴｷ;ピﾗﾐ ﾗa Bき ┗Wヴ┞ ﾏﾗｷゲデ Iﾉ;┞き ヴ┌ゲデ ヮ;デIｴ ｷﾐIﾉ┌ゲｷﾗﾐゲ デｴヴﾗ┌ｪｴﾗ┌デき ﾐﾗ ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲく

D Lｷｪｴデ Hヴﾗ┘ﾐ-ｪヴ;┞ ﾉﾗ;ﾏ┞ ゲﾗｷﾉき ゲﾗﾏW ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲく

E Lｷｪｴデ Hヴﾗ┘ﾐ-ｪヴ;┞が ゲ;ﾐS┞が Sヴ┞ ゲﾗｷﾉき ｴｷｪｴ ;ﾏﾗ┌ﾐデゲ ﾗa ヴ┌ゲデ ﾏﾗ─ﾉWS デｴヴﾗ┌ｪｴﾗ┌デく

F Lｷｪｴデ-Hヴﾗ┘ﾐ ｪヴ;┞が ﾉﾗ;ﾏ┞ Sヴ┞ ヮｷデ ゲﾗｷﾉき ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ヴﾗﾗデ ｷﾐIﾉ┌ゲｷﾗﾐゲき aW┘ ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲく

G YWﾉﾉﾗ┘-ｪヴ;┞ Iﾉ;┞き ﾏﾗ─ﾉWS ┘ｷデｴ ヴ┌ゲデ ヮ;デIｴWゲ ヴ┌ゲデ ヮ;デIｴWゲき ﾐﾗ ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲく

H Lｷｪｴデ HWｷｪW ┘ｷデｴ ｪヴ;┞ ｷﾐデWヴゲヮWヴゲWS ゲ;ﾐS ﾉWﾐゲWゲき ﾏﾗｷゲデき ﾐﾗ ┗ｷゲｷHﾉW ;ヴピa;Iデゲく

KW┞ ヲく Uﾐｷデ B PヴﾗgﾉWゲ

14

indispensable. The materials coming from Unit B were rather different than Unit A, and feature

what seems to be a heavier concentration of interesting artifacts in the upper levels than com-

pared with Unit A.

Sequences of Deposition

For the most part, the excavated levels corresponded to the observed stratigraphy across

the surface of the unit: if there were changes in the composition of the soil, the boundaries of the

new deposit were identified, and the level closed out. In Unit A, the need to pedestal artifact

concentrations that penetrated the walls interfered with excavating across the entire unit. Obser-

vations of natural layers in the profile and during the excavation indicate that both units have

secondary fill related to pits that descend through several excavated levels.

In Unit A, the concentration of large metal artifacts and toilet fragments in the central and

north part of the unit seem to be a trash deposit. Either a depression existed into which the trash

was dumped, or a pit was dug to contain it. Under the trash layers in the northeast corner, a ce-

ramic pipe emerged from layer F and represents an earlier disturbance. At some point before the

toilet fragments were deposited in Level 3, the metal (possibly gas) pipe running diagonally

across the eastern half of the unit was put in place.

Unit B presents a similar but different stratigraphic representation. The concentration of

bone and glass shards within the unit, especially in the eastern half through layers E and G, indi-

cates that a trench was dug, which most likely had been used to contain trash. The heavier con-

centration of artifacts suggests that the soil had been disturbed after the ceramic pipe had been

laid. The homogenous type of artifacts, such as bone and shards of glass, help suggest that the

refuse pit might have been used by the inhabitants of a house which was originally located near

the unit.

Conclusions

Overall, both units seem to have been dug through refuse pits, due to the random nature of the

materials, and the fact that the objects found had no intrinsic value, with the exception of the

fragment of a ring. However, it seems probable that in the case of Unit A, the levels were dis-

turbed several times over, as more modern artifacts were found in the deeper levels (for instance

a red plastic cup). The likelihood of such an artifact being found in deeper levels indicates that

15

it was probably discarded when the pipe was being laid through stratigraphic layer E. The dis-

turbances in Unit A seem to have been a result of laying pipes at two distinctly different times.

In Unit B, the concentration of glass bottles found with little fragmentation in the western

half of the unit indicates that the western half of the unit remained rather stable and untouched.

Furthermore, the expansive nature of layer E in Unit B along the eastern wall correlates fairly

well with the ceramic pipe that ran along the northeastern portion of the unit. The heavy deposits

of rust and discarded materials such as bone throughout the deeper levels along that side of the

unit suggests that it had been disturbed several times, and perhaps functioned specifically as a

refuse pit.

References

Feit, Rachel and B. M. Jones

2007 Cultural Resources, HISD Freedmen’s Town. Hicks & Co. September.

Fleisher, Jeffrey, Carol McDavid and Robert Marcom

2009 Final Report on the 2009 Excavations at the Rutherford B.H. Yates House Site. Unpublished report. Anthropology Department, Rice University.

Marshall, Thom

2005 “Excavation to start on HISD site: Civil War-era cemetery could be unearthed in dig.” Houston Chronicle. April 12, 2005.

McIntosh, Susan, and Brian Clark

2008 Final Report on the 2008 Excavations at the Rutherford B.H. Yates House Site. Unpublished report. Anthropology Department, Rice University.

  

16

 

Ceramics

Karen Martindale

Introduction

The Spring 2011 excavation of the site 1312RV yielded 335 fragments of ceramic weigh-

ing a total of approximately 1645 grams. All of the ceramics were further divided and analyzed

by sub-materials and decoration. There is also some analysis on purchasing and use patterns

based on vessel fragments.

Methods

Recording of ceramics considered several key variables: paste type, decoration and type

of object, discernable by base and rim identification. A defining characteristic in dividing the ce-

ramics into sub-materials was the production process—specifically, the temperature at which the

clay was fired and the quality of materials used, both of which can affect the porosity and color

of the paste (Table 1). Using the cataloguing system employed by the Yates Museum, five

Picture  Paste type  Firing temperature 

 

Earthenware  900-1200° C 

 

Stoneware  1200-1350° C 

 

China 

(refined earthenware) 

1100-1250° C 

 

Bisque  at least 1000°C, can be fired as high as porcelain 

 

Porcelain  1300-1450° C 

Table 1. Paste Types. Florida Museum of Natural History and www.madehow.com

  

17

 

different kinds of ceramic were identified: earthenware, stoneware, china, bisque, and porcelain.

Earthenware is a porous, low-fired ceramic, like terra cotta, and was found both glazed

and unglazed at 1312RV (Florida 2011). Stoneware is a medium-fired ceramic with a granite-

textured paste that is very compact and non-porous and tends to be either gray or brown; it is

most commonly produced as dinnerware (Florida 2011). China was defined during analysis as a

type of fine earthenware that is cream to white in paste color and more porous than porcelain,

and almost always thicker in body than porcelain; because of the dates of settlement of Freed-

man’s Town and the general uniformity in paste of china, it was probably commercially pro-

duced and sold cheaply (Florida 2011). Bisque can be identified as any unglazed ceramic, but for

the purposes of this analysis, it is defined as a fine, high-fired, unglazed ceramic that is white in

color (www.madehow.com). Though bisque and porcelain in this analysis are both fired at high

temperatures, they are separated by the level of vitrification, the process by which at very high

temperatures silicate fragments in the clay melt, giving the finished product a glassy look as the

products essentially become partially glass (www.jefpat.org). Porcelain is a fine, high-fired, fully

vitrified white ceramic; it has a translucent quality, particularly when held to the light (Florida

2011).

Decoration was also examined. Often, porcelain I analyzed was decorated with embossed

designs in the body of the fragment, as from a mold. Other types of decoration, such as trans-

ferware, flow blue, and makers’ marks, can be used to determine after what time period or year

the artifacts were deposited. Transferware was a type of decoration developed in the 18th century

whereby an engraved copper plate is covered with ink and the print was transferred to the ceram-

ic using a glue bat or tissue paper; these prints resemble pointillist art (Figure 1;

www.jefpat.org). Flow colors (blue being the most common) were first found in America during

the mid-19th century; the process is the same as transferware, but when put in the kiln to be fired,

certain chemical processes cause the ink to flow past its original bounds (Figure 2;

www.jefpat.org) . Makers’ marks are printed marks, generally located on the bottom base of an

object; these marks can be used to identify the location from which the item was shipped and the

general time period, as the company that owns the mark may retire and replace a mark after a

given time. However, because the original items may have been kept for years, or possibly dec-

ades in the case of a family heirloom, these decorations did not prove useful in dating, relatively

or absolutely.

  

18

 

Data

Unit A yielded approximately one third of the total number of fragments, and most of the

material was recovered from Levels 3 and 4. This includes a large amount of plain white china in

Levels 3 and 4 with paste that is very similar to that of the toilet that was found in these levels;

the toilet was broken either before or as it was being incorporated into the ground, creating nu-

merous pieces of various sizes (Figure 3). Excluding toilet fragments, the remaining assemblage

is characterized by fragments too small for diagnosis and by plain bases and rims of china,

porcelain and earthenware (Figure 4). When analyzing decoration, the fragments that could not

be identified as vessels tended to be painted in solid colors; whereas the three printed pattern

fragments were either bases or rims (Figure 5).

Two fragments with identifiable makers’ marks were found in Level 4 (Table 2). Howev-

er, although the marks were matched with a company, the dates each mark was in use are un-

known.

Unit B yielded approximately two thirds of the total number of fragments. Ceramic frag-

ments were found in Levels 1-6 and Level 8, peaking at Levels 4 and 5 (Figure 6). All levels ex-

cept Level 8 contained at least china, porcelain and earthenware (Figure 7). Decoration was more

varied in Unit B, with both printed patterns (limited in color to blue and green) and solid colors,

though this variety may be due to greater sample size (Figure 8).

Unit B had several artifacts of interest. In Levels 1 and 2, there were several fragments of

flat bisque, ranging in width from 2–4mm, with a rough black backing (Figure 9). This likely

would have been too thin for tile. The only other bisque object was a doll leg, found in Level 6

(Figure 10).

Ten large rounded earthenware fragments with an amber glaze and hand-painted polka

dots were found distributed in Unit B Levels 2, 3, 5, and 6 (Figure 11). These ten fragments ac-

count for nearly half (44%) of the total weight of Unit B. Though three of these fragments are

rims, due to the straight lengths of the larger fragments, the curvature, and the fact that they

match what appears to be a pipe embedded in the profile of Unit A, it is likely these fragments

form part of a utility pipe.

In Unit B Levels 4 and 5 yielded a large number of bases and rims made of china and

porcelain; a china teacup handle was found in Level 5 (Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14). The chi-

na vessel fragments tended to be decorated with paint—generally flow blue or transferware  

  

19

 

patterns. The porcelain vessel fragments tended to have embossed patterns in the body of the

fragment itself; with the exception of a china rim fragment, only the porcelain vessel fragments

had wavy (scalloped) rims (Figure 13). Although there were vessel fragments found in Unit A,

none of the decorations matched those in Unit B.

The china fragment found in Unit B Level 8 has a partial makers’ mark, but it could not

be found in Lehner’s (1988) Encyclopedia of U.S. Marks on Pottery, Porcelain, and Clay and

was too fragmentary for a wider search (Table 2).

 

Context  Photograph  Makers’ Mark  Company  Origin and Dating 

Unit A Level 4 

 

 

J.H. Baum  Wellsville, OH 

 

Company: 1888-1896 (tentative dates) 

Unit A Level 4 

 

 

Edwin M. Knowles China Co. 

Newell and Chester, West Virginia 

 

Company: 1900–1963 

 

Mark: several vase designs, but they were used very rarely post-1930 

Unit B Level 8 

  NA   NA   NA  

Table 2. Makers’ Marks

J.H. Baum mark found at Brothers Handmade, further information found in Lehner 1988: 39. Ed-win M. Knowles mark found in Lehner 1988: 237.

  

20

 

Vessels

Vessel fragments were identified as being an identifiable part of a vessel—a base, rim, or

handle. Although some non-vessel fragments may have been body fragments, the majority were

too small to verify their original form. It is reasonable to conclude that the three fragments with

makers’ marks originated from the bases of vessels. The vessels can roughly be divided into

three usage categories: outdoor or utility, tableware (plates, bowls, etc.) and teaware (teacups,

saucers, etc.).

Four subcategories were found to have vessel fragments: earthenware, china, stoneware

and porcelain. The earthenware fragments were generally large and, in the case of rim fragments,

had the shape of modern-day flower pots. The polka-dot decorated earthenware fragments men-

tioned above could have originally been parts of a flower pot but were more likely parts of a util-

ity pipe (Figure 11). The china vessel fragments were generally small and therefore difficult to

determine original use, with the exception of the teacup handle found in Unit B Level 5. 1312RV

yielded only a small sample of stoneware, but eight out of ten fragments were relatively thick

rims or bases (in comparison to the 1312RV assemblage), indicating probable use as tableware,

which is the most common use for stoneware.

Porcelain vessel fragments tended to be fairly large and the most diagnostic of ceramic

types. In comparison to regularly sized plates, the bases and rims of the porcelain fragments were

rather small, indicating they were small side plates or teacup saucers, a more likely conclusion

due to the dainty decorations (Figure 13). All of the larger rim fragments had scalloped, em-

bossed edges, a style popular during the early 19th century, and not common for teaware; howev-

er, though not common even today, scalloped edges can be found on saucers at tea stores such as

Whittard of Chelsea and Fortnum & Mason (www.jefpat.org).

Conclusions

Of the two units, Unit B had a larger amount of ceramics and much more variation in sub

-material and decoration in each level, though the reason as to why the units were so dissimilar

cannot be explained through ceramic analysis alone. There was very little crossover between the

two units: vessel rim and base patterns did not match between units, but the ten loose fragments

of utility pipe were found in Unit B even though the larger piece was embedded in the profile of

Unit A. The fragments of utility pipe are of further interest because they were found in four

  

21

 

different levels of Unit B, suggesting that the context had been disturbed prior to excavation.

Though a conclusive analysis of many ceramics cannot be done due to the fragmentary

nature of the majority of the assemblage, a few conclusions can be drawn. Of all ceramic types,

china was the most numerous in the assemblage, suggesting that it was not as expensive as other

types of ceramic and therefore used in daily life and discardable. There was also a relatively high

amount of porcelain and the larger, diagnostic fragments were originally teacup saucers; together

with the china teacup handle, this suggests that the inhabitants of the house may have enjoyed

drinking hot tea and were able to do so with more expensive teaware. It is also possible that the

saucers were collected rather than put to everyday use; the presence of a bisque doll leg, a popu-

lar collectible product since the 18th century, supports this (www.madehow.com). Stoneware,

though it has been a popular ceramic for tableware since its production, was either not the pre-

ferred tableware in this household, was cost-prohibitive, or was sturdier than other ceramics. The

presence of earthenware flower pots suggests the inhabitants of the house grew plants, likely

flowers or herbs since the rim and base fragments are too small to support anything larger.

References

Brothers Handmade 2010. Pottery Marks and Pottery Markings of American Made Pottery. Electronic docu-ment. http://www.brothers-handmade.com/pottery-marks.html.

Florida Museum of Natural Science 2011. Introduction to Ceramic Identification. Electronic document. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/histarch/gallery_types/ceramics_intro.asp.

Lehner, Lois 1988. Encyclopedia of U.S. Marks on Pottery, Porcelain, and Clay. Collector Books.

http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Post-Colonial%20Ceramics/index-PostColonialCeramics.htm http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Bisque-Porcelain-Figurine.html

  

22

 

Figure 1. Transferware  

Figure 2. Flow blue  

Figure 3. Weight and Totals of Ceramics in Unit A. Note: This chart excludes two large frag-ments from Level 3 that are obviously from the toilet (weight: 111.8 gr), but does not exclude smaller chipped fragments that are likely from the toilet but may possibly have chipped off from a different object.

  

23

 

Figure 4. Distribution of Ceramic Sub-Materials by Layer in Unit A

  

24

 

Level 4

Level 6 Level 6

Figure 5. Decorations from Unit A, excluding solid colors

  

25

 

Figure 6. Weight (gr) and Number of Ceramics in Unit B. Utility pipe is documented separately due to skewing of the graph.

Figure 7. Frequency of Ceramic Sub-Materials by layer in Unit B

  

26

 

Figure 8. Decorations in Unit B, excluding solid colors

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

Level 6

  

27

 

Figure 9. Bisque fragments with black backing from Unit B Level 2

Figure 10. Bisque doll leg from Unit B Level 6

  

28

 

Figure 11. Utility pipe fragment from Unit B Level 5. Additional fragments found in Levels 2, 3 and 6

Figure 12. Distribution of vessels by sub-materials

  

29

 

Figure 13. Decorated porcelain rims from Unit B Level 5

Figure 14. China teacup handle with gold decoration from Unit B Level 5

30

 

Glass Artifacts

Gianmarco Raddi

Introduction

This report summarizes the results of the 2011 Field Season at 1312 Ruthven Street in

regard to glass artifacts. A large amount of material was recovered, for a total of 1546 objects

weighting 3733 grams. Some intact bottles were retrieved, with colors ranging from aqua to clear

and amber; however, the units contained mostly glass fragments, very few of which contained

elements useful for identification. In rare instances it was possible to identify the provenience

and dating of individual objects through glass maker marks and other features.

The aim of this study is to gain insights into the use of material culture in Freedman’s

Town and how this evolved through time. However, in this report we are only able to report the

dates of possible manufacture of artifacts. Their utility as time markers arises when used in con-

junction with an intact stratigraphy. When units are highly disturbed, as in our case, interpreta-

tions are more difficult to make. Furthermore, one has to be careful when assigning precise dates

to glass objects, as physical and manufacturing features can usually give only a date range of 10-

15 years (Lindsey 2011d, Lockhart 2011). Even then Toulouse (1969) warns us to “treat terminal

dates with care. We can always have some indication of a starting date for a technique if we can

find who first put the idea into practice. But any technique, once developed, can be used right up

to the present…”

This report will thus primarily concentrate on the different types of glass material culture

found at the site and their possible use through an analysis of trends and patterns that emerge

from the artifacts assemblage. The aim is to contribute to our understanding of the life of the in-

habitants of Freedman’s Town, challenging the common perception of a destitute, violent com-

munity.

Background

The excavation site is included in the area designated as the Fourth Ward in 1839, a few

years after the founding of the city by the Allen Brothers. After 1865, the area became known as

Freedmen's Town when freed African-Americans started occupying this section of the city after

their emancipation. This corresponds to a period of dramatic technological changes in glass 

31

 

production, as mouth-blown bottles were phased out and the Owens Automatic Bottle Machine

was introduced in 1905 (Lindsey 2011d). According to the Society for Historical Archaeology,

“The large majority of mouth blown bottles, probably at least 95%, date prior to the World War I

era, 1915-1920. At least a few American glass companies were using hand-blown into the mid

20th century” (Lindsey 2011). This means that the retrieval of mouth blown bottles is a powerful

diagnostic tool for the age of an archaeological assemblage, with post-1920s sites containing on-

ly a very limited amount of this type of bottles. A couple of features allow for differential identi-

fication - pontil scars, embossing, suction scars, bottle’s seam, maker marks and colors. The pon-

til scar identifies mouth-blown bottles. It is a circular irregularity present on the base of the bot-

tle, which is caused by a pontil rod, usually a metal pole 4 to 6 foot long used during the bottle

blowing process to keep the glass firm while the bottle is molded (Figure 1a). A scar is left at the

end of the process by sharply tapping the pontil rod, which breaks the bottle free. With the intro-

duction of machine-made bottles, there was no need for the pontil rod, and the scar disappears

(Lindsay 2011a). A similar kind of scar is the suction scar (Figure 1b), which is caused by Ow-

ens Automatic Bottle Machine and other machines that use suction to funnel glass through molds

(Lindsey 2011b).

Embossing—defined as the raised lettering, designs, or graphics on the surface of the bot-

tle that are formed by incising on the mold surface—can also be diagnostic (Lindsay 2011b).

Some types of embossing are in fact helpful with dating. For example, capacity embossing (e.g.

12 OUNCES) found anywhere on a bottle likely identifies it as being made after 1910, when

consumer protection laws started to be enacted (Young 1967). Another identifying feature is the

mold seam, which is also the result of production processes (Lindsay 2011b). Machine-made

bottles are left with seams due to spaces between the molds used (usually two or three) (Figure

1c,d). Seams can be found either on the base or on the rim, and in mouth-blown bottles the seam

never reaches the top of the rim. That is because a tool to mold the mouth of the bottle was used,

which caused the mold to disappear (Toulouse 1969).

Finally, another identifying feature of machine made bottles is the valve mark on the base

of the bottle (Figure 1e), “which is almost exclusively found on wide mouth machine made hol-

low ware like food bottles and jars, milk bottles, and fruit jars” (Lindsey 2011a). Thus, the pri-

mary questions a researcher has to ask first are:

32

 

1. Does the bottle have raised embossing on the body, shoulder, and/or neck or a distinct side

mold seam visible on the body, shoulder, and/or neck? (Lindsay 2011d)

2. Do the vertical side mold seams go up to highest vertical point of the finish, onto the finish rim itself? (Lindsay 2011d)

Another crucial diagnostic tool is the color of the vessel. Although color rarely gives pre-

cise information with regards to dating or function, it provides insights both into changes in bot-

tle-making techniques, and assemblage patterns. Color can in fact help us determine which glass

fragments belong to the same vessel, and help in their reconstruction. The color itself is due to

the purity of the silica sand used for glass production, and the amount of iron present. In general,

the clearer the glass the purer the sand, but the production of clear glass has been a challenge for

centuries, and in fact most glass was not clear until the first decades of the 20th century (Lindsay

2011c). Straw tinged glass is a result of mixing into the sand selenium or arsenic, a common

practice between 1915 and 1950, while purple or pink tinged glass is a result of the presence of

manganese dioxide, which darkens the glass under UV light. Aqua color was very popular in a

variety of American bottles made from the early 19th to the early 20th centuries, providing little

information. With the advent of machine-made glass, aqua started to disappear, with clear glass

becoming predominant. “The one notable exception to this general trend is soda bottles, includ-

ing the greenish tint of the popular glass Coca-Cola bottle. Another exception is that large num-

bers of fruit jars were also made into the 1930s in aqua, although colorless glass eventually re-

placed aqua within a decade” (Lindsey 2011c). Green can also be found in various bottles at dif-

ferent times; however, “Olive green is a color that is very uncommon in any type of bottle after

1890 and almost unknown after about 1900. After 1900 it is primarily found in wine, cham-

pagne, and liquor bottles” (Lindsey 2011c). Amber was used extensively, and it is of little diag-

nostic value. It was the most common color for bottles in which there was a need to protect the

liquid content from sunlight, as it is better at that than green, aqua, or clear glass. While blue was

of very limited utility, despite its low prevalence, American made black glass bottles of any type

were uncommon after about 1880, making the presence of this color useful in the dating of ar-

chaeological sites (Wilson 1968; Lindsay 2011c). That holds true even for imported bottles, for

which black glass seems to disappear during the 1890s.

33

 

Methodology

We used the Yates Community Archaeology Project Cataloguing System to catalogue

glass from Units A and B. First, during the excavation all glass was carefully washed and sepa-

rated according to the level of provenience. Then, level by level, each artifact was first cata-

logued on the basis of color, differentiating between color tinges and actual colors. Next, the arti-

facts were separated on the basis of morphological types (Appendix B): whole bottles, flat and

curved fragments, decorated and non-decorated fragments, bottle rims, bases and necks, and so

on. For each single category, the artifacts were counted and weighted, and comments recorded if

characteristics were deemed important for future analysis.

Not all possible categories were used in our analysis. For example, while the division be-

tween flat and curved fragments, or bottle necks and rims was straightforward, the difference be-

tween tableware and kitchenware remained elusive, a problem common to previous years’ exca-

vations. Decoration was defined as any letters, numbers, designs or lines that were not mold

seams. Because of the fragmentary nature of our assemblage, we could not determine with cer-

tainty if fragments came from bowls or from bottles, even though bigger fragments were exclu-

sively of bottle origin. Maker’s marks are crucial in this respect, and the paucity of objects re-

trieved with analyzable marks made any generalizations difficult. Documents were reviewed

which provided historical information on makers and firms using that glass, and in a few instanc-

es color was also used to narrow down possible uses of a vessel, or its date.

Level Analysis

Two units (A and B) were excavated in 1312 Ruthven Street, both for a total of 9 levels,

each of a depth of approximately 5 cm. Exactly 1001 glass artifacts, totaling almost two kilo-

grams, were recovered from Unit A (Figure 2), while Unit B produced 545 artifacts, weighting

over 1.7 kilograms (Figure 3). By dividing the total weight of all artifacts in Unit A and B by

their absolute number we obtained the average size of a fragment - 2.0 g and 3.2 g respectively.

An average fragment size < 2 g was defined as high fragmentation, between 2 and 5 g as average

fragmentation and > 5 g as low fragmentation. The analysis level by level is shown in Figures 4

and 5, and the high degree of fragmentation supports the idea that Units A and B both contained

trash pits. On a cautionary note, it needs to be kept in mind that the degree of fragmentation re-

lates to the size and thickness of glass, and to the bottle junction type. Different parameters will

34

 

lead to the formation of smaller or larger pieces, thus influencing the analysis.

In general, clear glass was dominant in both units, but particularly so for Unit A (Figure 6

and 7). While in Unit A the vast majority of artifacts’ weight comes from small round or flat

fragments (Figure 8), this is less so the case for Unit B, where whole bottles, bottle bases and

rims make up an important part of the assemblage weight (Figure 9). This seems to suggest that

Unit A was the site of some kind of excavation or building project, in which glass fragments

were possibly used as fill, while Unit B was likely a more domestic trash pit.

Unit A. Level 1 had a low density of glass artifacts, only 89 g, highly fragmented, with clear

glass forming ~90% of the assemblage, of various tinges. The approximately 10 g of amber glass

fragments probably originated from the same vessel, and a curved fragment presented the writing

“POS” on it. Two curved, clear fragments could be connected, and together they formed the writ-

ing “BOTTLED BY…S.A.D…” The label seems to be applied, and applied labels only appeared

after 1934, proving that the bottle comes from a later age (Figure 10).

Unit A Level  Class  Color 

Maker's Mark - Company 

Dating  Comments 

1  Curved fragments  Clear  None Post 1934 

Writing: "Bottled by…S.A.D…" 

2  Flat fragment  Black  None Ante 1890 

N/A 

4  Base  Amber Owens-Illinois Glass Company 

1940-1950s 

Writing: "D…" Style unique of DURAGLAS 

6  Bottle  Clear Chesebrough

Manfg. CO.CD. Ante 1955 

Contained Vaseline 

6  Insulator  Clear  None 20th

century Writng: "Crystal

Clear 30A 125 V" 

Table 1. Identified bottles/fragments and other glass artifacts useful for the temporal anal-ysis of Unit A.

Level 2 shows a great increase in the number of artifacts, with a total of 274 g. However,

the fragmentation level increased further, with artifacts reaching an average size of 1.2 g. In

agreement with this, the share of fragments in the total composition of the artifacts rose to ~75%.

Amber glass also increased its prevalence to over 20%, but the most intriguing discovery was  

35

 

that of black colored fragments in the level. As explained before, black glass is extremely un-

common after 1890s, and its presence this close to the surface is a likely indicator of pit disturb-

ance. Furthermore, we also found a green marble approximately 2 cm in diameter, a base with

writings “CL 2 0”, mirrored fragments and a curved fragment with blue tinge and writings

“BE…” as well as the number “1” (Figure 11, 12).

A spike in the number and weight of glass artifacts is registered in level 3, where 553 g

(average size 1.5 g) of material was recovered. The color distribution of the material remained

relatively constant, and so did the relative presence of classes. A lot of fragments presented char-

acteristics very similar to the previous level, or even signs of being parts of the same vessel,

which suggests that they were deposited at the same time.

Level 4 continued the same trend, and here the weight of glass objects spiked to 733 g

(average 2.9 g). The same color and class characteristics of the previous two levels continued

here, with the exceptions of the presence of a recent whole clear bottle, which however had no

marks or writings. A base fragment on the other hand showed part of the script writing

“DURAGLAS”, the “proprietary name for a process used by the Owens-Illinois Glass Company

where the surface of the hot, just produced bottles, were sprayed on the body, shoulder, and neck

(not base or the top of the finish) with a stannic chloride vapor that allowed the tin to bond to the

outer surface and providing scratch resistance and durability to the bottles” (Lindsay 2011b,d).

Finding this fragment was helpful for our dating effort since this process - and the embossed

script notation that is found on the base of Owens-Illinois bottles - began in 1940 and continued

to the mid-1950s (Toulouse 1971) (Figure 13).

In Level 5 there was a marked decrease in glass density, with only 131 g (average 1.9 g).

In this level more than 90% of objects were fragments; 80% of the glass was clear. All classes

but fragments and rims disappear, with no particularly interesting artifacts excavated in this lev-

el.

Level 6 on the other hand showed a similar quantity of glass (158 g), but a very high av-

erage size, which spiked to 13.2 g due to the presence of large intact bottles and a limited quanti-

ty of other classes of glass. Two whole clear bottles were present in the level, both machine-

made, so post 1910. In one the clear embossed name gave us the name of the company,

“CHESEBROUGH MANFG. CO. CD.” followed by the anachronistic hyphenated “NEW-

YORK” (Figure 14). This jar is commonly found in archaeological excavations, and it once held

36

 

Vaseline, the main product produced by Mr. Robert Chesebrough. The company merged with

Pond in 1955, at which time they changed their name and bottles. Presumably then this artifact

predates that change, in agreement with level 4. The Vaseline jar has no label at all on the bot-

tom. However, it does have what appears to be a valve or ejection mark, a 1.6 cm diameter cir-

cle, which were common in the early half of the 20th century wide-mouth bottles made by a

press and blow machine. So overall the likely dating is 1910-1950, probably 1930s or 40s.

(Lindsay 2011d). The second whole object is a glass insulator, also probably used in the middle

of the 20th century, which reported the writing “CRYSTAL CLEAR 30A 125V” (Figure 15).

In Levels 7 to 9, only a total of 30 g of material, all clear glass, was recovered.

Unit B Level  Class  Color 

Maker's Mark - Company 

Dating  Comments 

2  Bottle  Clear Owens-Illinois Glass

Company Post 1954 

Identifier: "CL…86…10" 

3  Neck  Aqua  None Ante 1920 

Numerous, big air bubbles. Tool finish. 

5  Bottle  Amber Brockway Machine

Bottle Company 1907-1933 

B (serif) in a circle. Origin: Crenshaw,

PA 

6  Base  Clear W.J. Latchford-Marble

Glass Company 1925-1930s 

"L" identifier at the center 

Table 2. Identified bottles/fragments and other glass artifacts useful for the temporal analysis of Unit B.

Unit B. Level 1 showed an average density of glass material, 242 g (average 2.7 g), with an high

incidence of clear glass (~80%). More than 30% of the glass was green, and most of it was prob-

ably part of a single vessel. A clear bottle base presented the writing “CP-2…41”, but no further

information was found on a possible origin. Another artifact was probably a glass stopper, made

of clear, yet opaque glass.

Level 2 had the largest artifact sample of the whole unit, with 424 g (average 2.4 g) of

mostly fragmented, clear glass material. More than 30% of the material consisted of intact bot-

tles. One had decorated neck, was clear in color and presented an identifier “CL…86…10” as

well as a symbol (an I inside a circle between the CL and the 86). The mark was identified with

37

 

Owens-Illinois Glass Company, Toledo, OH, with 22 glass factory locations in the US and Cana-

da (1929-to date). The mark of the bottle has been used from 1954 to the present (Figure 16). A

diamond was present in older marks, superimposed over the I and O, but that was eliminated in

the second half of the 20th century (Whitten 2011). The other bottle had amber color, with a “13”

written on the base.

Glass in Level 3 drops to 81 g (average 1.6 g), with a 60% composition of flat and curved

fragments, with the rest almost evenly split between bases and rims. Some white and blue glass

was present, but mostly the fragments were clear and amber. One neck of aqua color was of par-

ticular interest (Figure 17). Numerous bubbles can be seen in the neck, and as a general rule

large bubbles (~1/8" and larger) and/or numerous bubbles of all sizes are to be found in bottles

manufactured from the 1890s to the early 1920s. Conversely, the absence of bubbles or presence

of only a very few small bubbles denotes a bottle likely to date after the 1930s (Lindsay

2011b,d). Furthermore, a machine-made bottle made of aqua glass is likely to predate the 1920s,

unless it is a soda bottle or canning jar, which does not seem to be the case here, due to the small

neck. Finally, the neck presents a tool finish, as demonstrated by the lack of side molds on the

rim, and the presence of concentric horizontal tooling marks in the upper portion of the neck

above where the side mold seam fades (Lindsay 2011b). Together, these arguments strongly sug-

gest that the neck was made sometime before the 1920s and it represents probably the oldest

glass artifact to which we can assign a date. Its presence so close to the surface may be an indica-

tor of disturbance, even though a later deposition due to e.g. bottle collection cannot be ruled out.

In Level 4 there is another increase in glass, with a total of 265 g (average 2.7 g), com-

prising ~50% fragments, 25% rims and 25% bases. One fragment interestingly might have come

from a square bottle, and had a “CO” writing. There was not enough information to find out

more about the vessel. Some of the bottle rims show characteristics that connect them with the

previous level. The distinction between level 4 and 3 may not represent temporally distinct

events.

Level 5 had 340 g (average 4.9 g) of glass. Clear glass does not dominate, for the first

time. In this case amber made up more than 30% of the artifacts, followed by clear glass, ~30%,

and green and violet glass. A whole amber bottle was identified thanks to the maker’s mark, a B

in a circle, characteristic of Brockway Machine Bottle Company (1907-1933). The B in a circle

mark was first used in 1925. In 1973 factories were located at Brockway PA, Muskogee, OK;

38

 

Lapel, IN; Crenshaw, PA; Freehold, NJ; Parkersburg, WV; Washington, PA; Rosemount, MN;

Zanesville, OH; Montgomery, AL; Ada, OK; Oakland, CA and Pomona, CA. The code on the

left of the B represents a plant, and it appears that this bottle was produced in 1972, at Crenshaw,

PA (Whitten 2011) (Figure 18,19).

Level 6 was divided into Level 6A (42 g, average 3.2 g) and Level 6 (306 g, average 8.5

g). While 6A was dominated (over 90%) by curved fragments and clear glass (100%), Level 6

was of bigger interest. Here more than 30% of the fragments were of blue color, and 50% of the

total glass was bases. One of these possessed a marker that was used for identification – a cen-

tral, irregular, “L.” This corresponds to W.J.Latchford Glass Company, Los Angeles, CA (1925-

1938); this became the Latchford-Marble Glass Company (1938-1956); and then, Latchford

Glass Company (1957-c.1989). The mark was first used approximately in 1925, but during the

"Latchford-Marble" era, the mark "LM in an oval" was used instead so L predates that and can

be dated to ~1925-1930s (Whitten 2011). Considering that we divided the level in two to prove

the existence of a trash pit, our hypothesis is validated by the much higher presence and diversity

of glass material in 6 (representative of the pit) (Figure 20).

Level 7 had 64 g (average 9.2) of mostly big fragments without any helpful writing or

mark useful for identification (30% violet glass), while level 8 only had 1 artifact, of 0.5g, clear,

which proved we had reached sterile ground.

Unit A Level  Class  Color 

Maker's Mark - Company 

Dating  Comments 

1  Curved fragments  Clear  None Post 1934 

Writing: "Bottled by…S.A.D…" 

2  Flat fragment  Black  None Ante 1890 

N/A 

4  Base  Amber Owens-Illinois Glass Company 

1940-1950s 

Writing: "D…" Style unique of DURAGLAS 

6  Bottle  Clear Chesebrough

Manfg. CO.CD. Ante 1955 

Contained Vaseline 

6  Insulator  Clear  None 20th

century Writng: "Crystal Clear

30A 125 V" 

Summary – Glass Chronological Tables

Table 1. Identified bottles/fragments and other glass artifacts useful for the temporal analysis of Unit A.

39

 

Table 2. Identified bottles/fragments and other glass artifacts useful for the temporal analysis of Unit B.

Conclusion

A comparison of the 2011 Field Season at 1312 Ruthven Street with previous seasons

will be useful to determine consistency in the amount of glass excavated. In the spring of 2008

the Rice Archaeological Field Techniques class excavated a 2x2 meter unit (P) at the Yates

house. Nine levels were dug in all four subunits of Unit P, for a total 1.8 m3 excavated. In 2009

the class excavated another 2x2 meter unit at Yates (YC), and dug 12 levels in Subunits 1 and 2

and 6 levels in Subunits 3 and 4, for a total of 1.8 m3. The glass density was different between

the two units, calculated as the weight over the total volume excavated (1.1 kg/m3 for Unit P and

3.3 kg/m3 for Unit YC). Glass density distribution also differed, with Unit P presenting a bimod-

al distribution, with the greatest concentration of artifacts at a depth of 35cm, and the second

largest concentration in 20cm. Unit YC, in contrast, had a unimodal distribution, with a peak of

glass artifact density at 25cm.

Our units were 1x1 meter, with 0.43 m3 of soil excavated from Unit A (glass density 4.6

kg/m3) and 0.38 m3 from Unit B (glass density also 4.6 kg/m3) which means that the amount of

glass recovered in both units is relatively higher than in any previous excavation. This further

supports the existence of trash pits in our units. Unit A also presented a unimodal distribution

(max at level 3-4), while Unit B showed a bimodal distribution, with peaks at level 2 and 5-6. In

2008 excavators reported a clear divide between handmade and machine-made bottles, due to

color and seam-style changes. That observation was not repeated in 2009. In the 2011 field sea-

son the units excavated were highly disturbed, and did not provide evidence of such divide ei-

ther.

Unit B Level  Class  Color 

Maker's Mark - Company 

Dating  Comments 

2  Bottle  Clear Owens-Illinois Glass

Company Post 1954 

Identifier: "CL…86…10" 

3  Neck  Aqua  None Ante 1920 

Numerous, big air bubbles. Tool finish. 

5  Bottle  Amber Brockway Machine

Bottle Company 1907-1933 

B (serif) in a circle. Origin: Crenshaw, PA 

6  Base  Clear W.J. Latchford-Marble

Glass Company 1925-1930s 

"L" identifier at the center 

40

 

The analysis of Units A and B provided some interesting insights on the activity at the

site. Unit A has clearly undergone severe disturbance due to construction activity, which can be

seen in the quality and color of the glass found, mostly clear and very small, as well as from the

retrieval of older bottles from deeper levels. Unit B possessed material more typical of a house-

hold trash pit, including a multimodal distribution, which could indicate that a nearby house

might have been occupied and abandoned at different points in time. However this unit might

also be disturbed, as the presence of the older glass artifacts in recent levels suggests, so one

must be careful in making any type of generalization from this data. One needs to consider that

the trends observed, while valuable, should always be viewed with a critical understanding that

what is deposited through human activity can also be modified by it. To sum up, we need to con-

sider the formation processes that created the archaeological record we excavated.

What is clear is that people at Freedman’s Town used a large quantity of glass in their

everyday life, of different quality and shape. Some was imported from different parts of the Unit-

ed States, and some was produced locally. Several artifacts could be identified thanks to makers’

marks, but for many there was not enough information for any meaningful interpretation. Many

questions have been left unanswered, and only a more thorough excavation of this community

will reveal trends and patterns indicative of what types of glass families used and discarded, as

well as their economic and social evolution through time.

References Lindsey, Bill 2011a Bottle Bases: Pontil Marks or Scars, Electronic document, http://www.sha.org/bottle/pontil_scars.htm, accessed April 10, 2011. 2011b Bottle Body Characteristics and Mold Seams, Electronic document, http://www.sha.org/bottle/body.htm, accessed April 10, 2011. 2011c Bottle/Glass Colors, Electronic document, http://www.sha.org/bottle/colors.htm, accessed April 10, 2011. 2011d Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website, http://www.sha.org/bottle/index.htm, accessed April 10, 2011.

41

 

Lockhart, William 2011 The Dating Game http://www.sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/OwensIll_BLockhart.pdf, accessed April 10, 2011. Toulouse, Julian 1969 A Primer on Mold Seams. Electronic document, http://www.sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/moldseams4.jpg>, accessed April 10, 2011. Toulouse, Julian 1971 Bottle Makers and Their Marks. New York: Thomas Nelson, Inc. Whitten, David 2011 Glass Factory Marks on Bottles. Electronic document, http://myinsulators.com/glass-factories/bottlemarks.html, accessed April 10, 2011. Wilson, Bill, and Betty Wilson 1968 Spirits Bottles of the Old West. Wolfe City: Henington Publishing. Young, James Harvey 1967 The Medical Messiahs. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

42

 

Figure 1a. Blowpipe pontil scar produced by a pontil rod during manufacture of a mouth-blown calabash bottle that was produced in a post mold in the 1850s (Source: http://www.sha.org/bottle/pontiledbase).

Figure 1b. In this beer bottle the side mold seam on the neck of the vessel ends before the finish, indicating that it was in part handmade, probably 1905-1915 (Source: http://www.sha.org/bottle/Sidemoldseam.jpg).

43

 

Figure 1c. If the side mold of a bottle runs up and over the rim then the bottle is machine-made (Source: http://www.sha.org/bottle/machineillustration.jpg)

44

 

Figure 1d. The typical features of a bottle, useful in our discussion of the artifacts, are present-ed (Source: http://www.sha.org/bottle/morphology_quality.jpg).

45

 

Figure 1e. The circular valve mark on the base of a bottle is proof that the bottle has been made with a press-and-blow machine (Source: http://www.sha.org/bottle/suctionscar.jpg).

46

 

Figure 2. Unit A presents the highest distribution of artifacts in Levels 3 and 4. Weight and number of objects are usually consistent, and very few artifacts were recovered from Level 7 onward.

Figure 3. Unit B presents a multimodal distribution, with highest artifacts pres-ence at Levels 2, 4/5, and 6. Again weight and number of objects are usually

consistent, and almost no artifacts were found in Level 8. 

47

 

Figure 4. Unit A shows a relatively constant artifact fragmentation, except for level 6, in which the retrieval of whole bottles pushed the ratio above 10g per fragment. The high fragmentation in the first 5 levels, corresponding to the bulk of the glass material, further supports the hypothesis of a construction trash site.

Figure 5. Unit B in average has less fragmentation than unit B, particularly at deeper levels.

48

 

Figure 6. The color analysis of Unit A shows that clear glass dominates the assemblage. How-ever, amber and green glass make up an important portion of the glass retrieved. The consistent color composition throughout the levels, as well as the total lack of colored glass in depth, fur-ther confirms that the Unit was highly disturbed.

49

 

Figure 7. Unit B is more diverse and shows that clear glass was not always the dominant color. Unit B seem thus to be less disturbed than Unit A.

50

 

Figure 8. Artifact class analysis of Unit A shows a prevalence of small fragments throughout the levels. An increase in the share of bigger fragments like rims and necks, or even of whole bottles, is evident after Level 5.

Figure 9. Fewer small fragments are present in Unit B, which sees high prevalence of whole bottles, necks, bases and rims.

51

 

Figure 10. Flat fragments found in Unit A, Level 1. Not enough information was found for an identification of the product or producer, but the applied label means post-1934.

Figure 11. Green marble found in Unit A, Level 2. No writings or marks were found on it.

52

 

Figure 12. Flat fragments with mirrored back found in Unit A, Level 2. The backing seemed to be applied post-processing.

Figure 13. Base fragment of Unit A, Level 4 on the other hand showed part of the script writing “DURAGLAS”, the “proprietary name for a process used by the Owens-Illinois Glass Company.

53

 

Figure 14. This jar retrieved in Unit A, Level 6 once held Vaseline, the main product produced by Mr. Robert Chesebrough. The company merged with Pond in 1955, at which time they changed their name and bottles. Likely dating is 1910-1950, probably 1930s or 40s.

54

 

Figure 15. Glass insulator found in Unit A, Level 6, also probably used in the middle of the 20th century, which reported the writing “CRYSTAL CLEAR 30A 125V.

Figure 16. Bottle of Unit B, Level 2. The mark was identified with Owens-Illinois Glass Company Toledo, OH, with 22 glass factory locations in the US (1929-to date).

55

 

Figure 17. Neck of Unit B, Level 3. The aqua color was of particular interest and presence of large bubbles is of interest, as these characteristics are found in bottles manufactured from the 1890s to the early 1920s.

Figure 18. Bottle of Unit B, Level 5. The whole amber bottle was identified thanks to the maker’s mark, a B in a circle, characteristic of Brockway Machine Bottle Company (1907-1933). The B in a circle mark was first used in 1925.

56

 

Figure 19. Identification scheme for the bottle of figure 18. The whole amber bottle had the code 2 on the left of the circled B (two serifs), which corresponds to Crenshaw, PA.

Figure 20. Base of Unit B, level 6A. The marker that was used for identification – a central, irregular, “L.” corresponds to W.J.Latchford Glass Company, Los Angeles, CA (1925-1938).

57

 

Metal Artifacts

DeAngela Hayes

Introduction

Metal artifacts can play a vital role in helping archaeologists to gain insights into the life-

style of the people who may have inhabited a certain site. Metal artifacts can be, and have been,

used as tools, adornment, practical household items, and much more. Through careful analysis,

these artifacts can provide the analyst with a wealth of information about a certain time period

and those living within them. This is a difficult task, however, because as metal is weathered, it

rusts or becomes discolored. Although analyzing metal artifacts can be difficult, through elec-

trolysis and washing, the analyst can identify the object, and perhaps establish a more concrete

time period for a particular level of the excavation.

Analysis

Large quantities of metal artifacts were found in both Unit A and B. The majority of the-

se artifacts were nails, which were weighed separately. The nails were not analyzed because

there is not much information that can be gathered from them with regards to dating. In Unit A,

Levels 3 and 4 contained the most nails based on weight while Level 1 contained the least

amount of nails by weight (Figure 1). In Unit B, Level 2 contained the most nails by weight

while the Levels 1 and 4 contained no nails (Figure 2). The complete information on weight of

nails can be found in Appendix 1. After weighing the nails, metal from Unit A was analyzed by

level. Within each level, the metal was further divided into determinate (meaning the artifact

had a recognizable form) and indeterminate (meaning the artifact could not be recognized). The

indeterminate metal was further divided by type of metal (iron, copper, gold, etc.) and then into

artifact class (metal fragment flake, flat metal fragment band, or indeterminate). All indetermi-

nate artifacts were simply weighed and counted. The vast majority of metal in all levels was in-

determinate (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Upon completion of weighing, counting, and cataloging

the indeterminate metal, the determinate metal was divided by type of metal and artifact class

according to the YCAP artifact cataloguing system. Their function was determined as best as

possible depending on how corroded the artifact was. Level 4 contained the most metal objects

(Figure 3 and Figure 4), and the majority of objects were iron (Figure 7). The most interesting

artifacts from each level are listed below. To see all others, please refer to Appendix II.

58

 

The metal artifacts in Unit B were analyzed using the same methods as those used to ana-

lyze Unit A. The vast majority of metal in Unit B was also indeterminate (Figure 10 and Figure

11). The majority of artifacts in Unit B were in Level 2 (Figure 8 and Figure 9) and were com-

posed of iron (Figure 12). The most interesting objects are listed below. To see all others,

please refer to Appendix 3.

Artifacts of Interests

There were many artifacts found that, while not providing much information about the

site in particular, are still notable.

Unit A Level 1 (Figure 13)

A metal vial still intact.

Unit A Level 2 (Figure 14)

An aluminum bottle cap with the word turn on it five times and five arrows pointing left indicat-

ing which direction to turn.

An iron spring that is usually seen in mousetraps.

A pull tab ring, perhaps from a soda can.

A pull tab, usually seen on sodas dating from 1962-1975. After 1975, sodas in the United States

had the pull tab ring.

Unit A Level 3 (Figure 15)

A square washer made out of indeterminate metal. It is in great condition.

An iron spring usually used in mouse traps.

An aluminum seal liner, perhaps used in a medicine bottle due to its size.

A screw in great condition. The lined can still be distinguished.

Several large staples of the type that is usually found in staple guns.

A lid to an aluminum can that was still intact (Figure 16).

A penny from 1956. One can still clearly see the embossing. (Figure 17) (Figure 18)

Unit A Level 4

A basket for a bicycle that was whole and in very good condition. (Figure 19)

A tricycle wheel hub. (Figure 20)

Mattress Coils still intact. (Figure 21)

A screw still intact. The lines are still discernible. (Figure 21)

59

 

The bowl of a teaspoon. (Figure 21)

Pieces of an aluminum bag with bits of red paint on it. (Figure 21)

Unit A Level 5 (Figure 22)

More mattress coils.

An aluminum tube, perhaps from ointment or toothpaste based on its shape and size.

Aluminum gum wrapper still discernible.

A spring still connect to a hook. In excellent condition, not corrosion or rust at all.

Unit A Level 7(Figure 23)

A very large round iron stake, almost completely intact.

Unit B Level 2 (Figure 24)

A silver jack that is commonly seen in a children’s jack set.

A pewter key with SPC around the keyhole on one side and 670S around the keyhole on the oth-

er side.

A bullet shell casing with CORAL on it.

A white bottle cap screw sides. It has the words “TURN TO” followed by an arrow pointing to

the right three times.

A door hinge.

A key clip.

Unit B Level 5

A penny. The date could not be determined, but it has “One Cent” on the back. (Figure 25)

A small, flat round piece of indeterminate iron. (Figure 25)

A large round iron stake. (Figure 25)

An intricate piece of brass. The use exact use of the object could not be determined. (Figure 26)

Conclusion

While little can be determined from these non-nail metal artifacts about Freedman’s

Town’s residence, they still provide us with a view of the consumption patterns of the residents

of the household.

60

 

Figure 1

Figure 2

61

 

Figure 3

Figure 4

62

 

Figure 5

Figure 6  

63

 

Figure 7

Figure 8

64

 

Figure 9

Figure 10

65

 

Figure 11

Figure 12

66

 

Figure 13: Iron vial

Figure 14: (from top left to right) pull tab ring, pull tab, aluminum bottle cap, iron spring, in-determinate hardware

67

 

Figure 15: (from top left to right) screw, aluminum seal liner, large staple, square washer, spring, indeterminate hardware

Figure 16: Aluminum can lid or bottom.

68

 

Figure 17: Front of penny dated 1956.

Figure 18: Back of the penny dated 1956

69

 

Figure 19: Bicycle basket

Figure 20: Tricycle wheel hub

70

 

Figure 21: (from top left to right) A screw plate with screws still in it, mattress coil, spoon bowl, aluminum bag piece with bits of red paint, screw, spring, top of a small bottle or vial

Figure 22: (top left to right) Mattress coil, a spring still connected to hook, bottle cap, alumi-num gum wrapper, ointment or toothpaste tube.

71

 

Figure 23: Round iron stake

Figure 24: (top left to right) Jack, key, bullet casing, bottle top, hinge, key clip  

72

 

Figure 25: (top left to right) penny, flat indeterminate round piece, round stake.

Figure 26: Intricate brass piece

73

 

Miscellaneous Artifacts and Objects of Personal Adornment

Stephanie Stutts

Introduction

From plastic to diamonds, the inhabitants of 1312 Ruthven Street purchased, utilized and

discarded a wide range of miscellaneous material and objects of personal adornment. Through

the analysis of archaeological data obtained during the 2011 field season and the reports done on

the assemblages of previous field seasons, the material pulled from the ground can be used to

understand consumer choices and the daily lives of members of this community. Perhaps it is for

this purpose—the bringing to life of material long abandoned in the earth—that we study arti-

facts. People not only actively utilize material objects for functional purposes, but material ob-

jects are imbued with a power all their own—a way in which to deal with the challenges of eve-

ryday life. In this regard, the data presented in this chapter, in conjunction with prior and future

assemblages, will help to not only convey consumer trends, but also the ways in which material

can work to build personal and community identities.

Concerns About Stratigraphic Integrity

The stratigraphy of both Units A and B was called into question in light of the discovery

of what appear to be pits in each of these units. In Unit A, the presence of a pit became apparent

when a fragment of a red Solo cup was found in Level 8 (Figure 1). If it is, indeed, a piece of a

red Solo brand cup, it could have been deposited either during or after the 1970s, when Solo first

introduced this product (Company History 2011). The fact that material dating from the mid-

twentieth century is found so close to sterile soil (found 50 centimeters below the point of origin)

suggests that the soil in this unit was mixed, presumably in the act of digging a pit, disrupting the

stratigraphy of previous deposits in the period during or following the first production of this ma-

terial. The eastern profile of Unit B also indicates the presence of a pit, which in turn suggests

that the deposits of Unit B were disturbed as well. Because of the lack of certainty in the strati-

graphic integrity of these units, conclusions about changes in trends over time willbe difficult to

make based on the 2011 field season’s data. However, if the material can be placed in the larger

context of previous seasons’ work and the work of future seasons, conclusions can be drawn

74

 

regarding temporal changes in consumer trends.

Miscellaneous Material

The assemblage of miscellaneous material (Table 1, Figures 2 and 3) is not large and

therefore makes it difficult to draw overarching conclusions about consumer patterns. An almost

insignificant amount (5 pieces weighing less than 2 grams) of burned material was found in Lev-

el 1 and 3 of both units and also in Level 8 of Unit A. Only six pieces of fabric material (one

long string and 5 vinyl fragments) were found in Levels 1 through 4 of Unit A; Unit B only con-

tained one piece of vinyl in Level 4. Foil was only found in Level 1 and 2 of Unit A. Hard plas-

tic material was recovered the most of any other miscellaneous material in both Units A and B,

with a consistent rise in frequency until Level 5, where hard plastic material becomes rare.

There was a significant amount of polystyrene foam (Styrofoam) in Levels 1 and 2 of Unit A, but

this material had no other significant frequency in other Levels. Soft plastics—such as wrappers,

plastic bags and plastic cups—were also found with relatively high frequency in both units, with

the highest frequencies coming primarily from the top four levels. Many wrappers were found in

the 2009 field season, indicating that perhaps some of the clear seemingly unidentifiable frag-

ments of thin plastic are in fact pieces of larger wrappers (Boudreaux 2009: 181). However, only

two pieces of soft plastic had unambiguous evidence of belonging to a commercial wrapper—

barcodes.

As stated before, conclusions of any kind are difficult to draw from such a small assem-

blage of data. When set into a broader context, this material will have the potential to show con-

sumer trends and choices made by the Freedmen’s Town community.

Two Other Identifiable Items of Interest

A large piece of plastic with the letters “ILAT” and “EXHA” painted found in Unit B

Level 1 was concluded to be a part of a ventilation and exhaust unit (Figure 4). It could have

part of a fan or even part of a ventilation system attached to the roof of a house.

A Texaco cigarette lighter was found in Unit A Level 1 on the first day of this season’s

excavation project (Figure 5). Texaco Oil Company was founded in 1901 and merged with

Chevron Corporation in 2001 (Wikipedia, Texaco 2011). During that century of existence, Tex-

aco and its logo have become a part of popular culture. As such, the materiality of this lighter  

75

 

stems from its association with this large oil company. The owner of this lighter not only uti-

lized this object in a purely functional manner, but was at the same time becoming a part of the

global oil industry and its consequences through the use of this lighter. Perhaps the presence of

the logo on the lighter influenced the owner or those using the lighter to buy gasoline from Tex-

aco. Or perhaps, disregarding the logo all together, the owner used this cigarette lighter to iden-

tify himself or herself as a member of the smoking community. In both cases, this object carried

more significance than the fact that it could light things on fire—it placed the individual into a

broader sphere (the global oil industry) and may have also become a means through which the

owner identified himself or herself to a larger community.

Personal Adornment

Items of personal adornment recovered during the 2011 field season include buttons

made of glass1, metal, plastic and shell (Tables 2, 3, and 4), as well as metal grommets and

snaps, a vermeil ring and an earring. A small sample size consisting of only 28 buttons and

snaps of only four different materials, a few metal grommets, one ring and one earring makes

drawing overarching conclusions about consumer button trends difficult and unreliable. Howev-

er, as with the miscellaneous material, when analyzed in conjunction with earlier studies, a great-

er body of data can be accumulated, allowing for future studies to draw more substantial conclu-

sions. Analysis can show that these materials not only served a functional purpose, but also

worked to establish the identity of the wearer as a member of consumer culture and as actively

involved in navigating the changing waters of the fashion world and even daily life.

Distribution of Material by Weight and Number

Unit A Unit B

Weight (g) Number Weight (g) Number

Burned Material 1.6 3 0.3 2

Fabric 3 6 <0.1 1

Foil 0.7 5

Hard Plastic 34.9 44 56.7 39

Soft Plastic 4.9 34 13.9 18

Polystyrene 2.6 25 <0.1 2

Total 47.7 117 70.9 62 Table 1

1 Only one glass button was recovered during the course of this field season (Figure 6). This button was found in Level 4 of Unit B along with the more common plastic and shell buttons.  

76

 

Plastic Buttons

Only four buttons were recovered in Unit A Levels 2, 3 and 4, all of which are plastic

(Figure 7). The largest, found in Level 2, resembles a brown pickle slice with a raised wave pat-

tern; the brown plastic material looks very similar to wood. This button has no holes but rather a

shank on the back. A small white button and a medium sized light brown button were recovered

from Level 3; each of these buttons has two eyes. The light brown button has wavy lines of ir-

regular shapes and sizes carved into it, making it resemble some kind of organic material. Level

4 of Unit A contained a medium black button with uniform, raised squiggly lines radiating from

the middle, and it also has two eyes.

Plastic buttons from Unit B were recovered from Levels 2 through 5 (Figure 8). The but-

ton found in Level 2 is a medium sized button with two eyes and a thick rim, which seems to

have been made to look like mother of pearl. A plain black button with four eyes and an off-

white button with two eyes were found in Level 3. The off-white button has a raised hexagon

surrounding the eyes, which is decorated on each side with straight grooves. Level 4 contained

three plastic buttons—one complete white button with four eyes, one incomplete white button

with four eyes, and one large incomplete salmon button with three eyes. This salmon button has

a convex back, giving the button a distinctive bowl shape. Another off-white button was recov-

ered from Level 5. This button has two eyes and is decorated with diagonal grooves cutting

across the face and horizontal groves cutting through the eyes.

All of these buttons serve a functional purpose. But they serve a symbolic one as well.

None of these buttons are especially fancy; some are even plain. Yet all of them had the poten-

tial at one time to help the wearer form an identity and manage daily life. For instance, the plain

white buttons from Unit B Level 4 could have been chosen to represent simplicity as opposed to

Table of Buttons from Unit A Decorated Undecorated Metal Plastic Metal Plastic Level 2 1 1 Level 3 1 2 1 Level 4 1 Level 5 1 1

Total 1 3 4 1 Table 2

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  Table of Buttons From Unit B

Decorated Undecorated

Glass Metal Plastic Shell Glass Metal Plastic Shell

Level 2 1 1 2 Level 3 1 1 2 Level 4 1 3 1 Level 5 1 1 Level 6 1 1 Level 6a 1 Level 7a 1

Total 2 1 2 5 9

Table 3

Summary of Buttons and Snaps

Unit A Unit B

Glass 1

Metal 5 2

Plastic 4 7

Shell 9

Total 9 19

Table 4

the distinctive salmon button, which could have been selected in order to add individuality to an

outfit—thereby helping to create an identity. Furthermore, it is likely that these buttons were

worn during different social interactions, helping to wearer and those interacting with the wear-

er to identify the situation, whether formal or informal.

Shell Buttons

Shell buttons were only recovered from Unit B Levels 2 through 7a (Figure 9). The lim-

ited shell button assemblage for this field season affects the conclusions that can be drawn,

making it nearly impossible to draw any conclusions. But, as stated previously, the addition of

these buttons to the assemblages of previous and future field seasons can help to further the

kinds of conclusions that can be made.

From Level 2, half of a shell button with two eyes and a shell button of the fisheye style

were recovered. Fisheye buttons were also found in Level 3 and Level 6a. Three incomplete

buttons were found in Level 3, as well as an English rim style button with two eyes (Wise 2009:

78

 

145). Levels 4 and 7a also contained one English rim button with two eyes. From Level 6, a

shell button was found with no eyes but rather a shank of indeterminable style.

As is the case of the other buttons, the potential to demonstrate the way that individuals

participate in their world is present in these shell buttons. The different styles of these buttons—

fisheye, English rim and the range in the number of eyes—all show the consumer choices made

by the inhabitants of 1312 Ruthven Street. However, trends cannot be concluded from such a

small sample size.

Metallic Objects of Personal Adornment

Buttons and Snaps: The metal buttons and snaps found ranged in size, degree of decora-

tion and shank style (Figure 10). Unit A Level 2 contained a button that appears to be from a

work pant or overall. The robust nature and size and lack of decoration of this button indicate a

possible desire for durability and strength. The report from the 2009 field season also shows that

work buttons were found in two units, though in lower units (Wise 2009: 155). This indicates

that this button is not one of a kind in the Yates Community, and it is not too problematic to

draw conclusions about consumer choices based on the presence of this kind of button in more

than one context.

Level 5 of Unit A contained an octagonal button, with a raised red center and concentric

ovals bordered by a gold rim. This button appears to have been stamped from one piece of thin

(approximately 1 millimeter in width), presumably, copper alloy and seems to have had an alpha

shank (the only metallic button to have an identifiable shank) (Aultman 2003: 4-7). This button

is in marked contrast with the last button due to its degree of decoration and elegance. Instead of

durability, embellishment was selected. Again, the 2009 report also discusses “showy” buttons,

objects thought to be a way for individuals to express themselves as opposed for a function rely-

ing on strength and durability (Wise 2009: 155). A small (less than 0.2 grams) round two-piece,

semi-domed button with a missing shank was recovered from Unit B Level 2 (Aultman 2003: 5-

7). This button, too, was likely not chosen for strength. Unit B Level 6 contained a round two-

piece button, which was neither particularly strong nor delicate (Figure 11).

Levels 3 and 5 of Unit A contained one and two metallic snaps, respectively (none were

present in Unit B). Additionally, neither the 2008 report nor the 2009 report gave any accounts of

snaps. The rarity of snaps thus makes it difficult to draw conclusions about consumer choices

79

 

and trends.

Each button and snap was probably not selected to perform in the same way as the oth-

ers. However, function is not the only reason that consumers make choices. The objects them-

selves can illustrate the ways in which the consumer coped with daily life. Demonstrated by the

range in strength of each button and snap, the owners of these objects experienced life with the

same, if not greater, range of difference. From the rough and tumble to the chic, these buttons

and snaps demonstrate how consumer choices are affected not only by desired function, but also

as a way to manage life.

Clothing Eyes: The category of metallic clothing eyes includes both grommets and eyelets.

Clothing eyes were recovered come from Levels 3 and 5 of Unit A, with Level 3 containing one

grommet and Level 5 containing two grommets and two eyelets (Figure 12). Both grommets

from Level 5 have writing, however in both cases, the writing is illegible. But taken in conjunc-

tion with the branding analysis done on the work buttons in the 2009 report, this writing could

indicate that the quality signified by name brands was important to the inhabitants of 1312 Ruth-

ven Street (Wise 2009: 156-157).

Jewelry: One earring and a partial vermeil ring were recovered in Level 3 of both Unit A and

Unit B, respectively (Figures 13 and 14). The earring from Level 3 of Unit B appears to be made

of copper. On top of a small disk decorated with a swirl pattern surrounding an empty setting, a

glass rhinestone placed inside a copper setting issoldered. The partial ring is adorned with two

stones of either diamond or cubic zirconia. A 2.7 millimeter stone is set into a raised setting in

the middle of the ring, with a smaller (approximately 2 millimeter) stone set into the band to the

side of the raised setting (if the stones are diamond, the larger diamond would be 0.07 carats, and

the smaller stone would be 0.03 carats) (Ajediam 2011). The stones appear to be cut stones ra-

ther than chips because the facets are not jagged but flat (Jewelry Secrets 2011). On the inside of

the band, an engraving, of which only “Bri…crest” was discernable, is found (the “…” signify-

ing the letters that are rubbed away).

The vermeil ring was most likely chosen, in part, due to economic reasons. The size of

the diamonds or cubic zirconia attests to this idea. It is also possible that ring was an engage-

ment ring; although the only evidence used to support this statement is the presence of the

80

 

diamond(-like) stones, which do not appear only on engagement rings. If it is a ring of this type,

then it is a symbol—a symbol of a contract made between two people. This ring could have

symbolized the marital status of the wearer, identifying her as one party to a committed relation-

ship. Its purpose was not only to adorn a finger, but also to help create the identity of the wearer.

Regardless of the price or quality of the material, the ideas that it represents convey the wearer’s

identity.

Concluding Remarks

While the size of this assemblage makes it difficult to draw and support conclusions

about consumer trends through time, when placed in a broader context of past and future assem-

blages, conclusions of this nature will be possible to make. What can be done currently is to rec-

ognize that the choices made by the members of the Freedmen’s Town community most likely

played a role in forming identities and helped the owners navigate the changing, and sometimes

murky, waters of daily life. Through the materials they discarded, a narrative of the everyday

life of conscientious shoppers will begin to be formed which will provide an account of life rich-

er and more nuanced than once would imagine could result from bits of old plastic and clay cov-

ered buttons.

References Ajediam 2011 Diamond carat size chart. How big are carat, karat size diamonds on scale, Electronic document. http://www.ajediam.com/Sizes-of-Diamonds.html, accessed April 19, 2011. Aultman, Jennifer, and Grillo, Kate 2003 Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery (DAACS) Cataloging Manual: Buttons. Electronic document, http://www.daacs.org/aboutDatabase/pdf/cataloging/Buttons.pdf, accessed April 19, 2011. Boudreaux, Nadine 2009 Miscellaneous Artifacts and Building Materials. In Final Report on the 2009 Excava tions at the Rutherford B. H. Yates House Site. Jeffrey Fleisher, ed. Pp 181-206.

81

 

Jewelry Secrets 2011 What are Diamond Chips, Electronic document, http://www.jewelry-secrets.com/Diamonds/Diamond-Chip/What-Is-A- Diamond-Chip.html, accessed April 19, 2011.

Solo Cup Company 2005-2011 Company History, Electronic document, http://www.solocup.com/soloabout/aboutHistory.html, accessed April 4, 2011. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 2011 Texaco, Electronic document, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco, accessed April 4, 2011 Wise, Brittany. 2009 The Things They Wore: A Study of Personal Adornment at the R. B. H. Yates House. In Final Report on the 2009 Excavations at the Rutherford B. H. Yates House Site. Jeffrey Fleisher, ed. Pp 141-180.

82

 

Figure 1: Fragment from a red Solo cup found in Unit

Figure 2: Distribution of miscellaneous material artifacts by number in Unit A, including whole pieces and fragments. 

83

 

Figure 3: Distribution of miscellaneous material artifacts by number in Unit B, including fragments and whole pieces.

Figure 4: Artifact from Unit B Level 1, “VENTILATION” and “EXHAUST.”

84

 

Figure 5: Texaco lighter found in Unit A Level 1

Figure 6: Glass button found in Unit B Level 4

85

 

Figure 7: Buttons from Unit A; Level 2, Level 3, Level 3, Level 4. All plastic

Figure 8: Plastic Buttons from Unit B. Top Row: Level 2, Level 3, Level 3.

Bottom row: Level 4, Level 4, Level 4, Level 5.

86

 

Figure 9: Shell buttons from Unit B. Top row: Level 2 (fisheye), Level 2, Level 3, Level 3. Second row: Level 3 (fisheye), Level 3, Level 3, Level 4 (English rim) Third row: Level 5, Level 6, Level 6a (fisheye), Level 7a (English rim)

87

 

Figure 10: Metal buttons and snaps from Unit A. Top Row: Level 2 (button), Level 3 (snap), Level 3 (snap). Second Row: Level 5 (button), Level 5 (snap).

88

 

Figure 11: Metal buttons from Unit B: Level 2 and Level 6

Figure 12: Metal clothing eyes. Top row: Level 3, Level 3 Second row: Level 3, Level 3, Level 5

89

 

Figure 13: Earring from Unit A Level 3.

Figure 14: Ring from Unit B Level 3.

 90

 

Faunal Remains

Yvana Rivera

Introduction

Analysis of the faunal remains from Units A and B was undertaken to enhance our under-

standing of the culture of the African Americans of Houston’s Fourth Ward by reconstructing

meat consumption trends. Categorizing and identifying these remains uncovers what their diets

may have consisted of, their food consumption preferences, and other species either naturally or

purposefully present for reasons other than consumption. Animal bones with butchery marks

(from a saw or cleaver) give information on meat cuts that were consumed, and patterns of con-

sumption provide clues to the socioeconomic statuses of the residents. Modifications such as

burning may indicate cooking methods (roasting or grilling) or the use of back yard “burn pits”

for trash. Therefore, the analysis of faunal remains can provide insights into the everyday lives of

the African Americans residing in Houston’s Freedman’s Town.

Methodology

All of the faunal remains were bagged by level, unit, and lot number at the field site. The

assemblage composed bone and shell. Because shell may have been used in construction or for

other non-food purposes, it is considered separately. Shell fragments were weighed for each level

and classified by material, sub-material, and class according to the YCAP cataloguing system.

Where possible, species was identified. Animal bones were also weighed and recorded in the

YCAP system, and divided into: non-diagnostic and diagnostic elements. Non-diagnostic bones

were those that lacked identifying attributes due to fragmentation; no taxon more specific than

“bird” or “mammal” could be assigned. They were weighed separately from the diagnostic

bones. Diagnostic bones were those that could be identified based upon attributes such as articu-

lar surfaces, shape and size. Each diagnostic bone was weighed individually and identified as to

species and type of bone. Modifications of bone—including burning, holes, butchery marks, and

bleaching—were recorded. For bone identification, the HAS comparative collection in the Ar-

chaeology Laboratory at Rice University was consulted. I also took butchered bone to the B & W

Meat Company to see if professional butchers could help me identify them and the type of meat

cut they represented.

 91

 

Shell Weights

Shell remains were identified to be oyster shell and white mollusk shell remains. In Unit

A, oyster shell dominated the faunal assemblage (Figure 1), which could indicate that oyster

shell was either consumed or used for construction purposes. However, because some shell was

found in context with butchered bones in Levels A4-A6, it is hard to conclusively determine that

the oyster shell was either exclusively used for construction purposes or consumption. There

were only two whole oyster shells from Unit A Levels 1 and 2. Three whole white mollusk shells

were recovered, two from Unit A Levels 2 and 4 and one from Unit B Level 1. Whole shell may

have been food, but the rest of the crushed shell probably was not. According to previous schol-

ars who conducted studies of faunal remains at Houston’s Freedman’s Town, Rachel Feit states

that throughout the 19th and 20th centuries in America, urban oyster houses were popular, and

that in Houston oysters were also popularly consumed because the residents were so close to the

Gulf of Mexico, which was a rich resource of oysters. Oysters were also “used to pave alley-

ways, driveways, and roads” (Feit 2007: 170). It is likely that white mollusk shell was used for

construction purposes because one was found with concrete plastered onto it. It is therefore dif-

ficult to make any conclusions about the shell as either “consumed remains or landscape re-

mains” in Unit A as the unit itself may have also been disturbed by a trash pit (Feit 2007: 170).

Bone

Figures 1, 2, 5 and 6 reveal few conclusive overall trends except that bone was recovered

from both Units A and B (perhaps indicating a trash pit area), and there was much more shell in

Unit A than in Unit B.

Species Identification of Bone

The species identified are presented in Tables 1 and 2 by level.

Table 1: Unit A identified species of bone in each level

Level Chicken Cow Pig Sheep Probable Rat

3 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 1

6 0 1? 1? 0 0

 92

 

Not surprisingly, almost all are domestic species (Figure 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). In both Unit A

and B, the limited sample size of diagnostic bones makes it difficult to draw conclusions about

meat preferences. Chicken was not found to be heavily consumed at the site. The probable crow,

bird, and rat remains are most likely from natural deaths rather than consumption as food.

Analysis of Modified Bone

Modified bone is summarized in Figures 15 and 16. From the small sample size, it is dif-

ficult to discern meaningful patterns. The largest number of modified bones (9 non-diagnostic

burnt bone) is in Unit A Level 3. All that may be inferred from the burnt, bleached, and butch-

ered bone in both units is that roasting or grilling of meat or trash pit burning may have occurred.

Some bone fragments were also left exposed to the sun, which caused the sun to bleach them.

One bone fragment in Unit B Level 4 had a cut mark, but this is not surprising due to the fact that

meat from some of the bones was consumed. Across levels it is difficult to conclude anything;

however, in Unit A there were more burnt bone fragments. Butchered bone was found more in

Unit B than in Unit A, but this could be because of the larger amount of bone present in Unit B

overall. More bleached bone was found in Unit A than in Unit B. Therefore, more burning and

bleaching occurred in Unit A than in Unit B.

Analysis of Butchered Bone

Table 3 illustrates all of the butchered bones that were identified in both units. With this

limited amount of data, one can only suggest that beef and pork were more frequently consumed

from the rib, leg, and shoulder parts (Figures 17, 18). All of the cut marks except one chopped

cut mark, are professional saw marks indicating that the residents most likely bought profession-

ally cut beef, pork, or mutton. Generally speaking, rib meat is tender and can be more expensive.

Level Chicken Cow Pig Sheep Unidentified

Bird Probable

Crow Unidentified

Ungulate 2 1 4 0 0 2 1 2 3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1? 0 0 1?

Table 2: Unit B identified species of bone in each level

 93

 

Ribs were present in the assemblage but could not be identified as to species. Shank leg cuts are

often more tough and used in stews. The seven-bone steak cut is a more economical beef cut

(Mullenix 2006: 1). Therefore, what can be concluded is that the residents did in fact consume

economical cuts of meat, but also consumed ribs and intermediate cuts such as chuck roast.

Unit A

Level Species Element Cut of Meat Mark type Grams (g)

4 Bos taurus Shoulder Seven bone steak cut

Saw 3

5 Ovis Humerus Unknown Chopped 16

6 Bos taurus/ sus scrofa?

vertebrae Unknown Saw 4

Unit B

Level Species Element Cut of Meat Mark type Grams (g)

2 Bos taurus Tibia Steak cut Saw 12

2 Bos taurus Unknown Chuck roast Saw 2

2 Bos taurus? Rib Unkown Saw 13

2 Bos taurus Leg Shank leg cut Saw 4

3 Sus scrofa Unknown Pork roast Saw 26

4 Probable ungulate Shoulder/

Arm? Unknown Saw 4

6 Probable ungulate

(Ovis?) radius Unknown Saw 12

Table 3: Classification of Butchered Bones

Conclusion

Evidence of socioeconomic status is difficult to conclusively infer from the data because

of the large amount of fragmented unidentifiable bones and the limited sample size of identifia-

ble bones. What is known is that the diet included mutton, beef, pork, and chicken and possibly

oysters. A more rigorous lab analysis and a larger comparative collection are necessary to infer

additional information about the residents of Houston’s Freeman’s Town. However, it is hoped

that the results from this faunal analysis can help provide more insight into the daily lives of the

residents and be used as a “springboard” for future studies at Freedman’s Town (Feit 2007:

184).

 94

 

References Feit, Rachel 2007 Assessment of Research Design with Final Research Goals. Cultural Resources: HISD Freedman’s Town: 157-196. Mullenix, Troy 2006 http://www.inlandmeats.com/BeefCuts.html. Figure 17, Beef cuts http://www.90meat.com/beefDiagram.gif Figure 18, Pork cuts http://www.90meat.com/porkDiagram.gif

 95

 

Figure 1: Unit A shell weight by level 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

We

ight

(g)

Level

Unit A Shell Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7A

Wei

ght

(g)

Level

Unit B Shell Weight

Figure 2: Unit B shell weight by level  

 96

 

Figure 3: Oyster shell  

Figure 4: White mollusk shell  

 97

 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Weight (g)

Level

Unit A Animal Bone

Diagnostic Bone

Nonどdiagnostic Bone

Figure 5: Unit A bone weight by level

0

50

100

150

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7A

We

ight

(g

)

Level

Unit B Animal Bone

Diagnostic Bone

NonどdiagnosticBone

Figure 6: Unit B bone weight by level

 98

 

Figure 7: Bos Taurus bone fragments  Figure 8: Butchered Bos Taurus bone fragments

Figure 9: Sheep bone fragments 

Figure 10: Sus scrofa bone fragment 

Figure 11: Sus scrofa bone fragments

 99

 

15%

21%

15%

48%

1%

Percentages of Species in Unit A

Probable chicken

Cow

Pig

Sheep

Probable rat

Figure 12: Weight percentages of species in Unit A

3%

39%

37%

9%

0%0%

12%

Percentages of Species in Unit B

Probable chicken

Cow

Pig

Sheep

Unidentified Bird

Probable crow

Probable unidentifiedungulate

Figure 13: Weight percentages of species in Unit B

 100

 

Figure 14: Probable crow (left) and rat (right) 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

3 4 5 6 7

Num

ber

of F

ragm

ents

Level

Modified Bone Unit A

Diagnostic Butchered Bone

Non-diagnostic Burnt Bone

Non-diagnostic BleachedBone

Non-diagnostic ButcheredBone

Figure 15: Number of modified bones per level in Unit A.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7A

Num

ber

of F

rag

men

ts

Level

Modified Bone Unit B

Non-diagnostic Modified Bone(Cut Mark)

Diagnostic Butchered Bone

Non-diagnostic Burnt Bone

Non-diagnostic Bleached Bone

Non-diagnostic ButcheredBone

Figure 16: Number of modified bones per level in Unit B.

 101

 

Figure 17: Beef Cuts  

Figure 18: Pork cuts 

!

! 102

YCAP Artifact catalogue form - 1312RV

Recorded By: Karen Martindale Date: March 2011

Unit Subunit Level Lot

#

Material Sub-

Material

Art.

Class

Quantity Wt

(gr)

Comments

A 3 1538 I CA 1003 1 0.3 curved, light green on one side

A 3 1538 I CB 1001 2 3.1 rim

A 3 1538 I CB 1001 2 0.4

A 3 1538 I CC 1001 1 13.5 base

A 3 1538 I CC 1001 1 5.7 rim

A 3 1538 I CC 1034 1 1 undecorated, unfinished

A 3 1538 I CF 1001 2 111.8 white, curved; toilet fragments

A 3 1538 I CF 1001 1 4.3 rim

A 3 1538 I CF 1001 8 10

A 3 1538 I CF 1001 6 6 one-sided fragments

A 3 1538 I CF 1001 1 3 base

A 3 1538 I CF 1001 1 3 rim

A 3 1538 I CF 1001 2 4 base

A 3 1538 I CF 1001 1 0.4 curved, light blue

A 3 1538 I CF 1003 1 0.7 shiny dark green

A 4 1539 I CA 1001 1 1

A 4 1539 I CA 1003 3 0.4 yellow, slight curve

A 4 1539 I CA 1003 1 0.2 off-white, recessed line

A 4 1539 I CB 1001 1 4 rim

A 4 1539 I CC 1001 1 12 slightly curved

A 4 1539 I CC 1001 1 5 rim

A 4 1539 I CC 1003 1 0.1 amber gloss over both sides, white gloss over one side's amber

A 4 1539 I CC 1003 1 19 base, circular lines

A 4 1539 I CC 1034 3 45 pattern of uniform straight lines cut in

A 4 1539 I CC 1034 1 6 very straight, all angles perpendicular

A 4 1539 I CF 1001 5 7

A 4 1539 I CF 1001 1 2 base

A 4 1539 I CF 1001 1 0.3 rim

!

! 103

A 4 1539 I CF 1001 22 17

A 4 1539 I CF 1001 2 3 bases

A 4 1539 I CF 1001 1 1 rim

A 4 1539 I CF 1001 1 31 rim and base

A 4 1539 I CF 1003 1 3 rim; band of blue with floral horizontal pattern inside symmetrical bands fo

mustard yellow; gold line around rim

A 4 1539 I CF 1003 1 9 Maker's mark ("PARIS WHITE", "JH BAUM" inside ribbon)

A 4 1539 I CF 1003 1 2 Green maker's mark/pattern; looks like egg with feathers

A 4 1539 I CL 1012 1 0.3 rust orange

A 5 1540 I CA 1001 1 0.5

A 5 1540 I CA 1001 1 0.6 unfinished

A 5 1540 I CF 1001 1 4.4 base

A 5 1540 I CF 1001 1 4.4 off-white, curved

A 5 1540 I CF 1001 1 3.5 white, may be part of base

A 5 1540 I CF 1001 4 6.2 white, somewhat thin, curved

A 5 1540 I CF 1001 2 3.7 thin rims

A 5 1540 I CF 1001 1 4.8 thick rim

A 5 1540 I CF 1001 1 0.5 some raised pieces--part of a pattern?

A 5 1540 I CF 1001 1 1.5 dark amber glaze

A 6 1543 I CF 1001 3 7.6 flat

A 6 1543 I CF 1001 2 8 bases

A 6 1543 I CF 1001 1 3 curved

A 6 1543 I CF 1003 1 4.6 base, brown wheat pattern

A 6 1543 I CF 1003 1 2.1 curved, small pink flower with pink curlicues, small blue petals on edge;

transferware

A 6 1543 I CF 1003 1 1.4 flow blue curlicues

A 7 1544 I CF 1001 1 1.2

A 7 1544 I CF 1001 1 1.9 rim

A 8 1546 I CA 1001 1 3 base and part of rim; white; glazed only on outside; part of glaze pooled on

inside

A 8 1546 I CF 1001 1 2.2

A 9 1548 I CF 1001 1 3 slightly curved

B 1 1541 I CA 1001 1 0.4

B 1 1541 I CC 1003 1 51.5 Gray, raised linear sections on inside

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! 104

B 1 1541 I CE 1003 3 4 rough dark backing

B 1 1541 I CF 1001 1 1.8 base

B 1 1541 I CF 1001 1 1.4 tan

B 1 1541 I CF 1001 1 1.3 curved

B 2 1542 I CA 1001 4 1.8

B 2 1542 I CA 1003 1 1 rim, s-shape pattern

B 2 1542 I CB 1001 1 1.3

B 2 1542 I CC 1035 1 3.1 utility pipe; brown glaze with blue polka dots

B 2 1542 I CC 1003 1 10.5 curved, white with green blotches

B 2 1542 I CC 1034 1 31.1 light orange on one side, gray/cement-like on the other; smooth both sides

B 2 1542 I CE 1003 5 2.8 rough dark backing, 2 mm thick

B 2 1542 I CE 1003 7 7.3 rough dark backing, 3 mm thick

B 2 1542 I CE 1003 7 9.5 rough dark backing, 4 mm thick

B 2 1542 I CF 1001 4 3.3

B 2 1542 I CF 1001 1 7.3

B 2 1542 I CF 1003 1 6.1 rim, traces of pink flower and green decoration

B 2 1542 I 1003 1 0.5 light blue one side, slightly curved

B 2 1542 I 1003 1 9.5 Green glaze on inside, other side rough with long h-shaped embossing

B 3 1545 I CA 1001 1 0.3

B 3 1545 I CA 1003 1 0.3 blue transferware, curved/petals

B 3 1545 I CC 1001 1 31.8 perpendicular

B 3 1545 I CC 1035 2 71 utility pipe; brown glaze with blue polka dots

B 3 1545 I CF 1001 2 3.7

B 3 1545 I CF 1001 5 17.2

B 3 1545 I CF 1001 2 1.8 rims

B 3 1545 I CF 1001 1 1 perpendicular base

B 3 1545 I CF 1003 1 2.4 curved with embossed dot

B 3 1545 I CF 1003 1 1.9 green transferware, leafy

B 3 1545 I CF 1003 3 1.7 blue transferware

B 4 1547 I CA 1001 2 4.7

B 4 1547 I CA 1001 1 2

B 4 1547 I CA 1003 3 8.9 rim, embossed curlicues, curved lines going out to rim; rim wavy

B 4 1547 I CA 1003 1 1.7 rim, two wavy lines, like "S"s

B 4 1547 I CA 1003 1 4.1 curved with large embossed lines

!

! 105

B 4 1547 I CA 1003 1 1.5 base, with "Made in Germany" inside two concentric circles

B 4 1547 I CA 1003 1 1.2 base and rim, paint faded out on inside; flower-like pattern remains; small,

like a doll saucer or something

B 4 1547 I CB 1001 1 1.4 stoneware, rim

B 4 1547 I CC 1003 1 1.9 brown glaze

B 4 1547 I CC 1034 3 15.5

B 4 1547 I CE 1001 1 1.5

B 4 1547 I CF 1001 3 21.3 base

B 4 1547 I CF 1001 1 17.6 rim, embossed square-ish pattern, brownish inclusions

B 4 1547 I CF 1001 7 21.6

B 4 1547 I CF 1001 1 0.2 unfinished

B 4 1547 I CF 1002 22 19.6

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 1 0.8 base; white outside, green inside

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 1 0.7 rim; white inside, green to tan outside

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 3 4.4 rim, dots on outside

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 3 2.3 rim

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 1 0.8 rim, blue lines on rim

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 1 1.5 rim, indeterminate embossed pattern

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 1 3.9 rim, blue transferware with flowers and cow(?)/other animal

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 1 0.6 rim, green transferware with flower and leaves

B 4 1547 I CF 1003 2 1.9 Flow blue, indeterminate image

B 5 1549 I CA 1001 7 4

B 5 1549 I CA 1001 3 3

B 5 1549 I CA 1001 1 2 rim

B 5 1549 I CA 1001 1 2 base

B 5 1549 I CA 1001 1 2 base, with concentric circles

B 5 1549 I CA 1001 3 7 base

B 5 1549 I CA 1001 1 0.7

B 5 1549 I CA 1003 2 19 base and rim; curlicues, line of dots, flower, wavy rim

B 5 1549 I CA 1003 1 1 embossed curlicue

B 5 1549 I CA 1003 1 0.9 rim, wavy, line of dots

B 5 1549 I CA 1003 1 0.3 base with gold around inside dip

B 5 1549 I CA 1003 1 1.1 rim, wavy, line of dots

B 5 1549 I CA 1003 1 0.6 rim, embossed curlicues

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! 106

B 5 1549 I CB 1001 2 4 base

B 5 1549 I CC 1035 1 318 utility pipe; brown glaze both sides with blue polka dots; rim

B 5 1549 I CC 1034 10 44

B 5 1549 I CC 1034 1 12

B 5 1549 I CF 1001 5 6

B 5 1549 I CF 1001 1 2 rim

B 5 1549 I CF 1001 1 4 base, perpendicular

B 5 1549 I CF 1001 12 11 thin, curved

B 5 1549 I CF 1001 6 17 bases

B 5 1549 I CF 1001 1 6 rim

B 5 1549 I CF 1001 4 24 thicker, flat

B 5 1549 I CF 1003 1 3 wavy rim, arrows pointing to rim

B 5 1549 I CF 1003 1 2.3 curved, embossed indeterminate pattern

B 5 1549 I CF 1003 1 0.4 flow blue leaf

B 5 1549 I CF 1003 1 10 teacup handle and part of rim; gold around handle

B 5 1549 I CF 1003 1 2.8 flow blue, flowers and leaves, white on other side

B 5 1549 I CF 1003 1 1.5 transferware blue, floral

B 6 1550 I CA 1001 1 4.5 rim and base

B 6 1550 I CA 1001 1 0.3

B 6 1550 I CA 1003 1 8.9 base and rim, rim wavy; curlicue/leafy pattern

B 6 1550 I CB 1001 1 4.9 base

B 6 1550 I CC 1035 2 153.3 Curved, brown glaze with blue polka dots

B 6 1550 I CC 1035 2 52.6 utility pipe; rim, brown glaze with blue polka dots

B 6 1550 I CC 1034 1 46.2 terra cotta, rim

B 6 1550 I CC 1034 1 3.3 2 tiers

B 6 1550 I CE 1010 1 4.1

B 6 1550 I CF 1001 5 10.1

B 6 1550 I CF 1001 2 4.4 rims

B 6 1550 I CF 1001 1 0.9 base

B 6 1550 I CF 1001 1 0.5 yellowed

B 6 1550 I CF 1003 1 3.6 rim, flow blue, embossed dots toward rim

B 8 1555 I CF 1003 1 1.8 possible maker's mark (blue "IOI…" or "…IOI" inside of long rectangle)

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! 107

Glass Artifact Catalogue: RV 1312

UNIT LEVEL Lot

#

Material Sub-

Material

Art.

Class

Quantity Wt

(gr)

Comments

A 1 1536 Glass GA 2001 26 24 Some with blue tinge

A 1 1536 Glass GA 2002 1 0.4 Yellow pigment on surface

A 1 1536 Glass GA 2005 12 15 Pink tinge

A 1 1536 Glass GA 2006 2 3 Black surface on glass, with yellow "bottled by: S.A.D."

A 1 1536 Glass GA 2008 2 21 Two styles (some bottle necks present)

A 1 1536 Glass GA 2009 1 5

A 1 1536 Glass GA 2010 2 11 Two styles

A 1 1536 Glass GE 2001 1 0.6 Same type as of GE2005/2006

A 1 1536 Glass GE 2005 4 6 Same type as of GE2001/2006

A 1 1536 Glass GE 2006 1 3 Same type as of GE 2001/2005. ".. P.O.S. .." writing

A 2 1537 Glass GA 2001 64 60

A 2 1537 Glass GA 2003 5 3 Mirrored back, silver on surface

A 2 1537 Glass GA 2005 97 73 Green tinge

A 2 1537 Glass GA 2006 5 18 Blue tinge: ".. BE ..". One very soiky, reguar. One round.

Snake pattern, also a ".. 1 .."

A 2 1537 Glass GA 2008 3 4 Same large rings of level A

A 2 1537 Glass GA 2009 6 27 Round and square bottle fragments

A 2 1537 Glass GA 2010 1 4

A 2 1537 Glass GA 2043 5 9 Granular feel, some burned fragments

A 2 1537 Glass GB 2001 1 0.1 Small fragment with piece sticking out

A 2 1537 Glass GC 2005 12 14 Different shades of green

A 2 1537 Glass GD 2006 1 0.1

A 2 1537 Glass GH 2005 3 5

A 2 1537 Glass GG 2001 1 2 Black flat piece

A 2 1537 Glass GK 2009 1 3 Pink tinge

A 2 1537 Glass GE 2001 5 8 Maybe ".. SOX000 .."

A 2 1537 Glass GE 2002 4 4

! 108

A 2 1537 Glass GE 2005 10 12

A 2 1537 Glass GE 2006 4 6 Same patterns of GE2002

A 2 1537 Glass GE 2008 1 6 Cap closure

A 2 1537 Glass GE 2010 1 16 "CL", a "2" and a "0", a square

A 3 1538 Glass GA 2001 118 116

A 3 1538 Glass GA 2002 2 6 One is ondulated, ne has "B" and orange print

A 3 1538 Glass GA 2003 6 32 Similar to previous level

A 3 1538 Glass GA 2005 172 228 Some fragments with writings/numbers

A 3 1538 Glass GA 2006 4 12

A 3 1538 Glass GA 2008 5 16

A 3 1538 Glass GA 2009 3 26

A 3 1538 Glass GA 2010 5 40 Numbers and letters, and some writings

A 3 1538 Glass GC 2005 11 12 Slightly different tinge

A 3 1538 Glass GC 2036 1 4

A 3 1538 Glass GD 2005 6 10

A 3 1538 Glass GD 2007 1 0.8 These 2 GD are probably from same bottle

A 3 1538 Glass GE 2005 32 40

A 3 1538 Glass GE 2006 4 6 Small, linear, raised dots and "0"

A 3 1538 Glass GH 2007 2 4 Mason Ball? Writing

A 4 1539 Glass GA 2001 54 102

A 4 1539 Glass GA 2005 95 202

A 4 1539 Glass GA 2006 48 180

A 4 1539 Glass GA 2007 5 48

A 4 1539 Glass GA 2042 1 44 Molded bottle, 2 lines plus base

A 4 1539 Glass GB 2005 1 <0.1

A 4 1539 Glass GC 2005 10 32 "Sale bottle"

A 4 1539 Glass GC 2006 2 6 "Dur, 3I"

A 4 1539 Glass GC 2010 1 16

A 4 1539 Glass GD 2005 2 1.3

A 4 1539 Glass GE 2005 19 52 Probably from same style, if not bottle

A 4 1539 Glass GE 2006 7 36 Writings/numbers: 6:I or "Bott..RE-U.."

! 109

A 4 1539 Glass GH 2005 4 8

A 4 1539 Glass GH 2009 1 4 These latter 2 are the same style/bottle

A 4 1539 Glass GK 2005 1 2 Pink tinge

A 5 1540 Glass GA 2001 22 40 Different colors and thickness. Some with blue tinge

A 5 1540 Glass GA 2005 31 44 Same as previous entry

A 5 1540 Glass GA 2006 7 16 Writing ("6" a measure), hexagonal and lines pattern

A 5 1540 Glass GA 2008 5 8 3 styles. One wavy, one classical, one maybe not rim

A 5 1540 Glass GE 2007 1 6 Molding line

A 5 1540 Glass GE 2008 1 0.6

A 5 1540 Glass GC 2005 2 16

A 6 1543 Glass GA 2001 6 8

A 6 1543 Glass GA 2005 17 42

A 6 1543 Glass GA 2006 4 36 3 styles. One small, one large, closed by metal cap? 1 bottle

rim, molded, fades on top

A 6 1543 Glass GA 2009 1 6 The center is raised

A 6 1543 Glass GA 2042 1 64 "Chesebrough Monfg. CO. CD. New York" 3-part mold

A 6 1543 Glass GA 2042 1 20 Probably glass insulator ("Royal Crystal 30V-125V") and

stopper of metal and ceramics (total 28g)

A 6 1543 Glass GC 2001 2 6 One piece with dots, a base?

A 6 1543 Glass GC 2005 1 12

A 6 1543 Glass GE 2010 1 8 Small dots, probably decoration

A 6 1543 Glass GH 2001 1 6 Similar to oher levels

A 7 1544 Glass GA 2005 3 6

A 7 1544 Glass GA 2007 1 8 No molding lines/Low quality

A 7 1544 Glass GA 2041 1 2 Decorations, parallelepiped, unusual base, and closing off at

top

A 8 1546 Glass GA 2005 3 1.9

A 9 1548 Glass GA 2001 4 6 All one type except for smallest fragment

A 9 1548 Glass GA 2005 2 4

A 9 1548 Glass GA 2008 1 2.8 Flat top, with concentric rings

B 1 1541 Glass GA 2001 10 12 3 different types/bottles

B 1 1541 Glass GA 2005 45 88 One type has much less transparent glass

! 110

B 1 1541 Glass GA 2006 5 10 At least 2 types. One irregular, one square. Maybe 3

B 1 1541 Glass GA 2008 4 10 One fragment may be a glass for whater

B 1 1541 Glass GA 2010 2 24 "CP-2", "41", concentric rims.

B 1 1541 Glass GC 2001 4 12 Two types

B 1 1541 Glass GC 2005 15 56 One single vessel

B 1 1541 Glass GC 2010 1 16 Pattern on the side and on the bottom

B 1 1541 Glass GE 2005 4 10

B 1 1541 Glass GE 2009 1 4

B 2 1542 Glass GA 2001 53 46

B 2 1542 Glass GA 2005 90 110

B 2 1542 Glass GA 2008 5 16 4 fragments prabably from same vessel

B 2 1542 Glass GA 2010 9 46 5 fragments probably from same vessel

B 2 1542 Glass GA 2042 1 106 Decorated neck, unusual molding pattern

B 2 1542 Glass GA 2046 1 16 Short neck

B 2 1542 Glass GB 2005 1 1.3

B 2 1542 Glass GC 2005 7 30 Same vessel

B 2 1542 Glass GC 2008 1 12 Molding line present

B 2 1542 Glass GD 2005 1 0.4

B 2 1542 Glass GE 2005 7 14 Same vessel

B 2 1542 Glass GE 2042 1 24 3-molded. Small "13"

B 2 1542 Glass GG 2001 1 0.2

B 2 1542 Glass GH 2005 2 1.8

B 3 1545 Glass GA 2001 20 16

B 3 1545 Glass GA 2005 17 20 This and previous entry have seemingly two types

B 3 1545 Glass GA 2006 2 6 One line vertically on one

B 3 1545 Glass GA 2007 2 18 One has full neck, seems not molded.

B 3 1545 Glass GA 2008 2 2 Two different rings patterns

B 3 1545 Glass GC 2005 1 1.6

B 3 1545 Glass GD 2005 1 2.2

B 3 1545 Glass GE 2005 3 2.7

B 3 1545 Glass GE 2010 2 10 Small dots and lines for friction

! 111

B 3 1545 Glass GH 2005 1 2.8

B 4 1547 Glass GA 2001 18 26

B 4 1547 Glass GA 2005 52 62

B 4 1547 Glass GA 2008 7 68 Two intact with neck. Part of previous level fragment maybe

B 4 1547 Glass GA 2009 3 52

B 4 1547 Glass GA 2041 1 6 Unusual morphology

B 4 1547 Glass GC 2005 6 24 Very light color. 2(8g) very dark green

B 4 1547 Glass GC 2041 1 4 "CO" writing. Might be square

B 4 1547 Glass GD 2008 1 6 Neck made by multiple rings

B 4 1547 Glass GE 2005 2 4

B 4 1547 Glass GI 2001 2 0.5

B 4 1547 Glass GK 2005 4 12 Slight pink tinge. Seems like to previous bottle neck.

B 5 1549 Glass GA 2001 11 22

B 5 1549 Glass GA 2005 33 34 Similar type

B 5 1549 Glass GA 2008 7 42

B 5 1549 Glass GA 2009 2 24

B 5 1549 Glass GC 2005 6 14

B 5 1549 Glass GC 2009 1 46 Base extremely raised at the center

B 5 1549 Glass GE 2005 4 10 Same type

B 5 1549 Glass GE 2009 1 4 It was broken/fragmented

B 5 1549 Glass GE 2042 1 88 "2 B 1072 1(1/2)" 3 molds

B 5 1549 Glass GE 2046 1 12 Lines where bottle increases diameter

B 5 1549 Glass GI 2010 2 44 Very light color. Arch pattern around the glass.

B 6A 1549 Glass GA 2001 5 2

B 6A 1549 Glass GA 2005 3 4

B 6A 1549 Glass GA 2006 5 36 Small octagons, like before. 4 pieces very complicated, but

from same vessel

B 6 1549 Glass GA 2005 23 44

B 6 1549 Glass GA 2008 2 18 One has pink tinge

B 6 1549 Glass GA 2010 2 78 "L". One has orbitals-style décor

B 6 1549 Glass GC 2005 1 32

B 6 1549 Glass GD 2005 2 36

! 112

B 6 1549 Glass GD 2006 1 18 Same of other blue styles. "..EXAS", "ON"

B 6 1549 Glass GD 2010 2 66 "00". Seemingly same type

B 6 1549 Glass GE 2006 2 4 Small dots on border

B 6 1549 Glass GE 2045 1 10

B 7A 1554 Glass GA 2002 3 17 Same octagons of previous levels

B 7A 1554 Glass GA 2005 1 19

B 7A 1554 Glass GA 2008 1 18

B 7A 1554 Glass GA 2041 1 4 Two parts raised, connected by one at the bottom

B 7A 1554 Glass GC 2005 2 1.3

B 7A 1554 Glass GI 2002 2 22

B 8 1555 Glass GA 2005 1 0.5

!

113

Metal Artifact Catalogue: 1312 RV

Appendix I: Catalogue of Nail Artifacts Unit A and Unit B

Unit Level Lot Material Sub-mat Art.

Class Quantity Wt (gr)

A 1 Metal MA 3008 10.8

A 2 1537 Metal MA 3008 50.9

A 3 1538 Metal MA 3008 280

A 4 1539 Metal MA 3008 280

A 5 1540 Metal MA 3008 136.4

A 6 1543 Metal MA 3008 140.9

A 7 1544 Metal MA 3008 68.6

A 8 1546 Metal MA 3008 20.8

A 9 1548 Metal MA 3008 30.8

B 2 1542 Metal MA 3008 470

B 3 1545 Metal MA 3008 240

B 5 1549 Metal MA 3008 200

B 6 1550 Metal MA 3008 169.3

B 6A 1551 Metal MA 3008 12.6

B 7A 1554 Metal MA 3008 91.5

B 8 1555 Metal MA 3008 8.3

B 9 1556 Metal MA 3008 90.3

Appendix II: Catalogue of Non-Nail Metal Artifacts Unit A

Unit Subunit Level Lot Material Sub-mat Art.

Class Quantity Wt (gr) Comments

A 1 Metal MI 3090 1 20 Complete Vessel (vial)

114

A 2 1537 Metal MA 3175 1 8 Thick Flat Metal Fragment A 2 1537 Metal MA 3072 1 2 Spring A 2 1537 Metal MA 3173 1 2 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake"

A 2 1537 Metal MH 3172 1 4 Bottle Cap: Screw Sides (has the worrd turn written five times with an arrow pointing left)

A 2 1537 Metal MH 3179 2 0.4 Pull Tab A 2 1537 Metal MH 3179 1 0.4 Pull Ring A 3 1538 Metal MA 3176 9 44 Indeterminate Chunks of Metal A 3 1538 Metal MA 3049 1 42 Hardware: indeterminate A 3 1538 Metal MA 3035 2 0.3 Wire: round (cross section) A 3 1538 Metal MA 3012 1 4 Screw: Found attached to screwplate and washer A 3 1538 Metal MA 3178 1 6 Other: Screw plate (found attached to screw and washer) A 3 1538 Metal MA 3018 1 0.2 Washer (found attahced to screw and screwplate) A 3 1538 Metal MA 3173 54 46 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" A 3 1538 Metal MA 3072 2 8 Spring A 3 1538 Metal MA 3012 3 8 Screw A 3 1538 Metal MA 3012 1 0.7 Screw (hooked) A 3 1538 Metal MA 3018 3 0.3 Washers A 3 1538 Metal MA 3022 1 2.3 Rivet: other (indeterminate) A 3 1538 Metal MA 3035 1 0.8 Wire: round (cross section) A 3 1538 Metal MA 3178 1 0.3 Other: Pencil Ferrule A 3 1538 Metal MB 3178 1 2 Other: Part of bottle cap left on lip to hold cap to bottle A 3 1538 Metal MB 3164 1 3 Coin: Complete (1956 penny) A 3 1538 Metal ME 3178 1 0.2 Other: Pencil Lead A 3 1538 Metal MH 3173 1 6 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" A 3 1538 Metal MH 3178 1 0.1 Other: Aluminum Seal Liner A 3 1538 Metal MH 3101 2 30 Can: round (1 whole top, 1 piece of a top) A 3 1538 Metal MI 3018 1 12 Square Washer A 3 1548 Metal MA 3035 1 12 Wire: round (cross section)

115

A 4 1539 Metal MA 3173 60 52 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" A 4 1539 Metal MA 3176 100 86 Indeterminate A 4 1539 Metal MA 3175 3 172 Thick Flat Metal Fragment A 4 1539 Metal MA 3136 1 6 Tube A 4 1539 Metal MA 3012 1 4 Screw A 4 1539 Metal MA 3178 1 154 Other: Screw plate with 3 screws in it A 4 1539 Metal MA 3178 4 28 Other: Matress Coil A 4 1539 Metal MA 3072 2 1.4 Spring A 4 1539 Metal MA 3035 1 6 Wire: round (cross section) A 4 1539 Metal MA 3127 1 430 Wheel Part: Hub (Training Wheel) A 4 1539 Metal MA 3178 1 988 Other: Bicycle basket A 4 1539 Metal MB 3172 1 2 Bottle Cap: Screw Sides A 4 1539 Metal MB 3174 2 1 Flat Metal Fragment: "Band" A 4 1539 Metal MB 3035 1 0.9 Wire: round (cross section) A 4 1539 Metal MB 3173 1 0.1 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" A 4 1539 Metal ME 3178 1 0.2 Other: Pencil Lead A 4 1539 Metal MH 3178 3 1.4 Other: Aluminum Bag A 4 1539 Metal MH 3093 1 1.6 Utensil: spoon A 4 1539 Metal MH 3015 1 1.1 Bolt A 4 1559 Metal MA 3072 1 2 Spring (Hammer) A 5 1540 Metal MA 3176 10 16.4 Indeterminate A 5 1540 Metal MA 3173 5 4 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" A 5 1540 Metal MA 3174 1 0.5 Flat Metal Fragment: "Band" A 5 1540 Metal MA 3171 4 12 Bottle Cap: Crimped sides A 5 1540 Metal MA 3178 6 36 Other: Matress Coil A 5 1540 Metal MA 3072 1 0.7 Spring A 5 1540 Metal MH 3178 1 0.6 Other: Gum Wrapper A 5 1540 Metal MH 3178 1 0.1 Other: Aluminum Seal Liner A 5 1540 Metal MH 3178 1 2.7 Other: Tootpaste/Ointment Tube

116

A 5 1540 Metal MH 3178 1 1.2 Other: Spring on a hook A 5 1540 Metal MH 3173 1 2 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" A 6 1543 Metal MA 3173 12 9.9 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" A 6 1543 Metal MA 3176 8 15.6 Indeterminate A 6 1543 Metal MA 3035 1 7.3 Wire: round (cross section) A 6 1543 Metal MB 3178 1 2.4 Other: Clip A 6 1543 Metal MB 3035 1 0.5 Wire: round (cross section) A 7 1544 Metal MA 3173 19 17 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" A 7 1544 Metal MA 3176 6 10.2 Indeterminate A 7 1544 Metal MA 3007 1 152 Round Spike A 8 1546 Metal MA 3176 7 7.8 Indeterminate A 8 1546 Metal MA 3175 1 48 Thick Flat Metal Fragment A 8 1546 Metal MA 3010 1 1.4 Round Tack A 9 1548 Metal MA 3173 9 8.7 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake"

Appendix III: Catalogue of Non-Nail Metal Artifacts Unit B

Unit Subunit Level Lot Material Sub-mat Art.

Class Quantity Wt (gr) Comments

B 1 1541 Metal MA 3173 30 26.8 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" B 1 1541 Metal MA 3072 1 25 Spring B 1 1541 Metal MA 3171 1 2.1 Bottle Cap: crimped sides B 1 1541 Metal MB 3178 1 6.2 Other: a screw, nut, screw plate, and washer stuck together. B 1 1541 Metal MA 3015 1 9.2 Bolt B 1 1541 Metal MA 3012 1 8.7 Screw B 1 1541 Metal MA 3013 1 8.3 Hook B 1 1541 Metal MA 3035 1 4.4 Wire: round (cross section) B 1 1541 Metal MA 3176 1 94.8 Indeterminate piece of wrought iron with "E" on it B 2 1542 Metal MA 3173 95 90 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake"

117

B 2 1542 Metal MA 3176 70 102 Indeterminate B 2 1542 Metal MA 3042 2 160 Hardware: hinge B 2 1542 Metal MA 3043 1 28 Hardware: latch B 2 1542 Metal MA 3178 1 2 Other: bottle retainer ring B 2 1542 Metal MB 3116 1 1.1 Munitions: bullet (shell casing) with CORAL on it

B 2 1542 Metal MH 3172 1 1.3 Bottle Cap: screw sides (has TURN TO with an arrow point to the right 3 times

B 2 1542 Metal MF 3046 1 15.8 Hardware: key (with SPC around hole on one side and 670 S on the other side)

B 2 1542 Metal MB 3019 1 3.7 Nut B 2 1542 Metal MA 3015 1 21.1 Bolt B 2 1542 Metal MD 3106 1 1.6 Toy: jack B 2 1542 Metal MA 3022 1 5.1 Rivet: other B 2 1542 Metal MH 3178 1 0.1 Other: Aluminum foil B 2 1542 Metal MB 3035 2 5 Wire: round (cross section) B 2 1542 Metal MB 3176 4 1.5 Indeterminate B 2 1542 Metal MB 3015 1 0.9 Bolt B 2 1542 Metal MA 3178 1 40 Other: Key Clip B 3 1545 Metal MA 3173 70 66 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" B 3 1545 Metal MA 3176 20 34 Indeterminate B 3 1545 Metal MA 3175 2 18 Thick Metal Fragment B 4 1547 Metal MA 3176 4 10 Indeterminate B 5 1549 Metal MA 3173 16 24 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" B 5 1549 Metal MA 3176 40 60 Indeterminate B 5 1549 Metal MA 3178 1 78 Other: round stake B 5 1549 Metal MA 3178 1 14 Other: square spike B 5 1549 Metal MA 3039 1 4 Ring: Small B 5 1549 Metal MA 3164 1 2 Coin: complete (penny dated indeterminate) B 6 1550 Metal MA 3176 15 20 Indeterminate

118

B 6 1550 Metal MA 3173 1 2.6 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" B 6 1550 Metal MH 3012 1 1.2 Screw B 6 1550 Metal MA 3034 1 20.3 Wire: square (cross section) B 6 1550 Metal MA 3035 1 30.8 Wire: round (cross section) B 6A 1551 Metal MA 3176 3 5.3 Indeterminate B 6A 1551 Metal MA 3173 4 4.9 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" B 6A 1551 Metal MA 3019 1 10.6 Nut B 6A 1551 Metal MA 3035 2 12.2 Wire: round (cross section) B 7A 1554 Metal MA 3173 12 11.5 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" B 7A 1554 Metal MA 3176 15 28.6 Indeterminate B 7A 1554 Metal MA 3178 1 10 Other: Screw with two washers B 7A 1554 Metal MA 3035 2 3 Wire: round (cross section) B 8 1555 Metal MA 3173 4 5 Flat Metal Fragment: "Flake" B 8 1555 Metal MA 3035 1 0.7 Wire: round (cross section)

119

Miscellaneous and Personal Adornment Catalogue: RV 1312

Unit Level Lot # Material Sub-Material Art. Class Quantity

Wt (gr) Comments

A 1 1536 Other 4014 Plastic 9 2 Styrofoam

A 1 1536 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 1 Blue

A 1 1536 Rubber 4011 Indeterm 1 <0.1 A 1 1536 Other 4011 Indeterm 1 0.2 Charred material, maybe fiberous A 1 1536 Other 7005 Fabric 1 0.4 string

A 1 1536 Other 7007 Cig Lighter 1 14.1 Black TexaCo lighter with logo

A 1 1536 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 clear plastic

A 1 1536 Rubber 1 17.2 half rubber ball

A 1 1536 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 6.3 biege, triangular pattern

A 1 1536 Other OG 7001 Bldng Mat 1 2.7 mosiac pattern of misc bldng mat

A 1 1536 Other 1 0.4 foil

A 1 1536 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 10 3.2 plastic bag bits

A 1 1536 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 green, white, blue wrap w. bar code

A 2 1537 Ecology 6010 Button, D 1 3.2 wooden button, pickle slice (large serations)

A 2 1537 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.1 cream colored

A 2 1537 Other 7004 7 1.5 clear, plastic bag

A 2 1537 Metal MB

Copper/Brass 3032 Button, P 1 3 medium size metal button (brass?)

A 2 1537 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.1 white, curved

A 2 1537 Metal MH Aluminum 4014 Plastic 4 0.3 foil A 2 1537 Rubber 4014 Plastic 1 0.4 vinyl, bron and black

120

A 2 1537 Other 4014 Plastic 15 0.6 styrofoam

A 2 1537 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 white

A 2 1537 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 6 <0.1 bits of clear plastic

A 3 1538 Rubber 4004 Button, P 1 0.4 white, 2 holes put into rectangle

A 3 1538 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 <0.1 clear, plastic wrap, one has bar code

A 3 1538 Metal MB

Copper/Brass 3027 Clothing Eye 1 2.3 grommet top half is very rusted

A 3 1538 Metal MF Tin Snap 1 0.5 rounded snap

A 3 1538 Metal MH Aluminum 3027 Clothing Eye 1 0.2 eyelet

A 3 1538 Metal MH Aluminum 3027 Clothing Eye 1 0.1 eyelet

A 3 1538 Metal MB Copper 3144 Earring w/ cut glass 1 0.7

rhinestone on top of red/orange disk w/ swirl patterns radiating from center, missing rhinestone or other stone form middle

A 3 1538 Metal MB

Copper/Brass 3178 Other 1 0.7 snap with nub, can't read lettering

A 3 1538 Metal MB

Copper/Brass 3027 Clothing Eye 1 1.2 grommet, can't read lettering

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 3.4 black plastic nut--large

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 1.1 detorirating plastic--same as A4

A 3 1538 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 light blue w/ yellow back--similar to A4?

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 blue paint, white writing

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 bead w/ "G"

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 white, ridges, tapers to point

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 wire cover

121

A 3 1538 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 part of plastic cup

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 1.7 all but prongs of plastic fork

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 1.8 fit together, green and white, thick

A 3 1538 Other OB Cement 7001 Bldng Mat 1 1.4 pink and white, ridge

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 black

A 3 1538 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 <0.1 robbin's egg blue

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.3 grey, pink, brown, curved

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.3 light bulb cover--like 4A

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.5 burned w/ bits of fabric attached

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 <0.1 silver plastic

A 3 1538 Rubber 4014 Plastic 2 0.4 brown and black vinyl--same as A2 A 3 1538 Rubber 4005 Bttn, D 1 0.5 2 holes, squiggles dug in A 3 1538 Other 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 Styrofoam

A 3 1538 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 off-white w/ small waffle texture

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 3.4 white, flat

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 4 0.9 white, curved

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 3.6 green

A 4 1539 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 clear, part of plastic cup

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 1.2 off-white, some kind of texture

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard 4014 Plastic 1 0.6 brown, textured, some black iincrusted on back

122

Plastic

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 brown, textured, string stuck through it

A 4 1539 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 orange, possible part of a cup?

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.4 white, textured, hole surrounded by metal

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.4 brown, rim of something

A 4 1539 Rubber 4005 Bttn, D 1 0.8 black, squiggly texture pattern

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 white, rime of something

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 white, curved, hook/barb near tip

A 4 1539 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.1 yellow

A 4 1539 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 light blue

A 4 1539 Rubber 4013 Shingle 1 0.4 black, pattern on back A 4 1539 Other 7002 Indeterm 1 0.1 white and green A 4 1539 Other 7002 Indeterm 1 0.2 beige, textured

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 4.7 green, transparent, large piece, curved

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.8 black, signs of burning

A 4 1539 Other 1 0.5 black plastic/vinyl w/ fabric inside

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 deteriorating plastic

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.3 part of duck figurine, white

A 4 1539 Rubber 4014 Plastic 1 1.3 white, vinyl w/ white thread

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.4 red

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 light orange

123

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.4 light bulb cover--like 3A

A 4 1539 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 0.4 white/grey recatngular tubes

A 5 1539 Metal MI

Indeterminate 3178 Other 1 1.1 metal snap

A 5 1539 Metal MI

Indeterminate 3027 Clothing Eye 1 2.5 metal grommet

A 5 1539 Metal MB Copper 3033 Button, D 1 1.1 oblong octagon, red w/ gold border, concentric circle pattern

A 5 1540 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.3 green/blue, deteriorating

A 6 1543 Rubber 4014 Plastic 1 0.6 black magnet strip

A 8 1546 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.9 black, melted

A 8 1546 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.3 piece of red plastic cup

A 9 1548 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 transparent red plastic

B 1 1541 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 12.2 off-white, decorative

B 1 1541 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 clear, letters "SW" embossed

B 1 1541 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 16.5 thick, clear, "ILAT" over "EXHA," decorative designs

B 1 1541 Other 7002 Indeterm 1 0.3 burned remains of something

B 1 1541 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 4 2.2 black, lines embossed

B 1 1541 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4015 Plastic 1 2.9 large, yellow disk, 1 hole in center, lines radiate from center

B 1 1541 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.4 lime green, curved

B 1 1541 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 red, looks like a tiddly-wink

B 1 1541 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 0.8 yellow, folded into cylindar shape

124

B 1 1541 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.1 robbin's egg blue

B 1 1541 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 4.8 black, cylinder, pen cap

B 1 1541 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 white, plastic wrap-like

B 1 1541 Other 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 Styrofoam B 2 1542 Ecology 6009 Button 1 0.9 shell button w/ 2 holes B 2 1542 Ecology 6009 Button 0.5 0.2 half a shell button

B 2 1542 Metal MI

Indeterminate 3032 Button, P 1 0.2 small round metal button B 2 1542 Rubber RA 4014 Plastic 9 13.3 robbin's egg blue, various sizes

B 2 1542 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 opaque, soft

B 2 1542 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 clear, very thin

B 2 1542 Rubber 4004 Bttn, P 1 0.6 white, shiny, 2 holes

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 0.8 transparnet orange

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 2 browm/bronze with lip

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 bright orange

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 6.6 bolt cover with metal teip

B 2 1542 Other 1 <0.1 Styrofoam

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 3 0.4 green, might be part of a spoon

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 1.2 yellow, hole in top, arm w/ ball joint, toy piece?

B 2 1542 Rubber 4014 Plastic 2 0.2 blue twist-tie

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 red, small and slender rod

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 2 1.2 robbin's egg blue, hard, deep ridges w/ flat back

125

B 2 1542 Other OF Indeterm 7001 Bldng Mat 1 0.2 black, think it's bldng mat

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.3 seafoam green,lip, texture

B 2 1542 Other OF Indeterm 7002 Indeterm 3 0.1 red paint covers black material B 2 1542 Rubber 4013 Shingle 3 1 shingle bits

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 small bit of green rod

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.1 blue, small piece of handle?

B 2 1542 Rubber 4005 Bttn, D 1 0.2 about a quarter, off-white, ridged rim

B 2 1542 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 clear soft plastic

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.3 red, reverse rhinestone or large gromet

B 2 1542 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.1 black

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.1 white, ridged, rounded

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 light green, cone shape

B 2 1542 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 wire cover

B 2 1542 Other 7001 Bldng Mat 1 98.1 half a large red brick, HOUST stamped in center

B 3 1543 Ecology 6009 Button 2+3 halvs 2 white shell, irregular shape, 2 holes

B 3 1543 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 grey, thin, crinkled

B 3 1543 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.2 dark green, glaze-like, curved

B 3 1543 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 1.5 red cap, goes to tube?

B 3 1543 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 0.8 black cap

B 3 1543 Rubber RD Hard 4014 Plastic 1 1.4 off-white, handle?, ear-shaped curve

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Plastic

B 3 1543 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 red, melted?

B 3 1543 Rubber 4004 Bttn, P 1 1.2 black, 4 holes, rim B 3 1543 Rubber 4005 Bttn, D 1 2 white, brown, 2 holes, raised hexagon w/ lines radiating

B 3 1543 Metal MC Gold 3039 Ring, small 1 0.8

gold ring, small circel diamond in square setting, tiny diamond in band, band is decorated near diamond setting, maybe painted gold over silver colored metal, engraving on back "Bri…crest," larger gem (if diamond) is 0.07 carats and the smaller is 0.03)

B 4 1547 Glass 2019 Buttn P 1 0.7 flat top, drilled eye shank

B 4 1547 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 4 1.9 transparent orange, long, slender--like B2

B 4 1547 Rubber 4004 Bttn, P 1 0.6 white, 4 holes B 4 1547 Rubber 4005 Bttn, D 1 0.3 white, 2 holes, grooves around edge B 4 1547 Rubber 4004 Bttn, P 1 0.4 1/2, white, 4 holes B 4 1547 Rubber 4004 Bttn, P 1 0.3 salmon, large, 4 holes, concave B 4 1547 Rubber 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 beige vinyl sliver B 5 1549 Rubber 4005 Bttn, D 1 1.5 diagnol grooves, 2 holes w/ 3 horizontal grooves through holes B 6 1550 Ecology 6009 Button, P 1 1.6 shell, no holes, attachment on back B 6 1550 Other 7002 Indeterm 1 0.2 might be bone

B 6 1550 Rubber RA Soft Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 green, thin wrap of some kind

B 6 1550 Metal MI

Indeterminate 3032 Button, P 1 0.9 small metal button

B 6 1550 Rubber RD Hard Plastic 4014 Plastic 1 <0.1 white, thin rectangle

B 6A 1551 Ecology 6009 Button, P 1 0.4 2 holes, shell B 7A 1554 Ecology 6009 Button, P 1 0.3 shell, 2 holes

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Appendix E: Unit A Opening/Closing Pictures

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129

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131

132

133

134

135

Appendix F: Unit B Opening/Closing Pictures

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