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TRANSCRIPT
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AUTOMATIC INDIVIDUAL LOAD
SHEDDING USING GSM ON BASIS OF
UNITS CONSUMED
Project Advisor
Engr. Munawar Sultan
Project Title
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What is Load Shedding?
When supplying company receives more demand for electrical power than its
generation or installed capacity , the company has to resort to manage the available
electricity to its customers. This act is called Load Shedding.
Load shedding which often occurs in places where the total electrical power
load which can be taken by consumers greatly exceeds the available amount of
energy which can be generated by the local power station or national network of
power stations. This is a situation which is common in many developing countries.
As soon as total power demanded exceeds a certain percentage - usually 98% - of
the maximum possible power that can be generated, parts of the distribution
network have to be disconnected. Such disconnections are known as "load
shedding".
If load shedding was not done the generating equipment's overload breakers
would automatically shut down the whole power station to protect its alternators
(electrical generators) from very severe damage. Such damage would be extremely
expensive to repair and would take a lot of time to do.
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Forced outage due to breakdowns.
Planned outages for routine maintenance
Restrictions of usage of water (Hydro Generation).
Restrictions of availability of Gas (Gas Turbine).
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Theme of Project
This is a Microcontroller based Project on Automatic Load Shedding using
GSM. The aim of the project is to design and develop an embedded system
to perform the AC LOAD shedding using GSM technology. Individual
consumers load is shed by this system using GSM modules.
Energy meter at user end is digitalized and number of units consumed is
stored in memory.
Limit of Units is specified by the server. Server sends a message to the user
end and user end sends back units consumed. If these units exceed the limit
specified by the server then command is generated that cuts off the power of
that user.
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Theme of Project
The purpose of this project is to remote monitoring and control of the Domestic Energy meter. This
system enables the Electricity Department to read the meter readings regularly without the
person visiting each house. This can be achieved by the use of microcontroller unit that
continuously monitors and records the Energy Meter readings in its permanent (non-volatile)
memory location. This system also makes use of a GSM modem for remote monitoring and
control ofEnergy Meter.
The Microcontroller based system continuously records the readings and the live meter reading can
be sent to the Electricity department on request. This system also can be used to disconnect the power
supply to the house in case of non-payment of electricity bills. A dedicated GSM modem with SIM
card is required for each energy meter.
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Block Diagram
Serial
MUX
GSM
Unit
MicrocontrollerControl unit for
MUX
PC
Analog
Energy
Meter
Pulse
Reader
GSM
Unit
MicrocontrollerDISC
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Components
Electrical Energy Meter
I isc Beam ea er
Electromagnetic elay
AT89C52Microcontroller AT 8051
Multiplexer
e-multiplexer
GSM Modules
GUI tool
Serial toolMATLAB
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ElectricalEnergy Meter
The energy meter is an electricalmeasuring device, which is usedto record Electrical Energy
consumed over a specified periodof time in terms of units. Electricmeters are typically calibrated inbilling units, the most common
one being the kilowatt hour.Periodic readings of electricmeters establishes billing cyclesand energy used during a cycle.
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CONSTRUCTION OF ENERGY METER
Where, CC = Current Coil ( Series Magnet )
VC = Voltage Coil ( Shunt Magnet )
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CONSTRUCTION OF ENERGY METER
The watt meter has two laminated electrometers, one of which is excited by the
current in the main circuit its exciting winding being jointed in series with the
circuit, hence it is also called a series magnet. Current, which is proportional to
the voltage of the circuit, excites the other, its exciting coil is jointed in parallel
with the circuit hence, and this magnet is sometimes tested as short magnet.
Aluminum disc is so mounted that its cuts fluxes of both magnets, hence two
eddy currents are produced due to interaction of these eddy current and the
inducting fluxes. The deflection tongue is produced due to interaction of these
eddy currents and the inducting fluxes.
Current up to 100A can be handled by such wattmeter directly but for current
greater than this value they are used in conjunction with current transformers.
The pressure coil as much as inductive as that the flux through it should lag
behind voltage by 900.
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IR Disc Beam Reader
IR disc beam reader is used to detect the IR
rays. In our project it is used to digitalize the
analog meter reading by sensing cut in the
aluminium disc.
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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
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A s aller c ter.
-chi RAM, R M, I/ rts...
E a leMotorolas 6 , I tels 5 , Zilogs Z a I 6X
A si gle chip
(Microcontroller)
Microcontroller:
CPU RAM ROM
I/O Port Timer
Serial
COM Port
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Block Diagram
Counter
Inputs
CPU
On-chip
AM
On-chip
OM for
program
code
4 I/O Ports
Timer 0
Serial
PortOSC
Interrupt
Control
External interrupts
Timer 1
Timer/Counter
Bus
Control
TxD xDP0 P1 P2 P3
Address/Data
Counter
Inputs
CPU
On-chip
AM
On-chip
OM for
program
code
4 I/O Ports
Timer 0
Serial
PortOSC
Interrupt
Control
External interrupts
Timer 1
Timer/Counter
Bus
Control
TxD xDP0 P1 P2 P3
Address/Data
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RAM 128 Bytes (Datamemory)
ROM 4Kbytes (ROMsignify the on chip
program space)
Serial Port UsingUART makes it simplerto interface for serial
communication.
Two 16 bit Timer/Counter
Input/output Pins 4Ports of 8 bits each on a
single chip.
6 Interrupt Sources 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic
Logic Unit)
Harvard MemoryArchitecture It has 16bit Address bus (eachof RAM and ROM) and
8 bit Data Bus.
8051 can execute 1million one-cycle
instructions per secondwith a clock frequency
of12MHz.
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Pin Description of the 8051
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Pin No Function Name
1-8 8 bit input/output port (P1) pins P1.0-P1.7
9 eset pin; Active high Reset
10 Input (receiver) for serial communication RxD
8 bit input/output
port (P3) pins
P3.0
11Output (transmitter) for serial
communication TxDP
3
.1
P3.212 External interrupt 1 Int0
13 External interrupt 2 Int1 P3.3
14 Timer1 external input T0 P3.4
1 Timer2 external input T1 P3.
1 Write to external data memory Write P3.
17 Read from external data memory Read P3.7
18Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz)
Crystal 2
19 Crystal 1
20 Ground (0V) Ground
21-28
8 bit input/output port (P2) pins/
High-order address bits when interfacing with external memory P2.0/ A8- P2.7/ A1
29 Program store enable; Read from external program memory PSEN
30Address LatchEnable ALE
Program pulse input during Flash programming Prog
31External Access Enable; Vcc for internal program executions EA
Programming enable voltage; 12V (during Flash programming) Vpp
32-39
8 bit input/output port (P0) pins/
Low-order address bits when interfacing with external memory P0.7/ AD7- P0.0/ AD0
40 Supply voltage; V (up to . V) Vcc
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A multiplexer can use addressing bits to select one of
several input bits to be the output.
Enable two or more transmission sources to share a
common circuit.
A selector chooses a single data input and passes
it to the MUX output
It has one output selected at a time.
Multiplexer (MUX)
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A de-multiplexer (or de-mux) is a device taking a single input
signal and selecting one of many data-output-lines, which is
connected to the single input.A multiplexer is often used with a complementary de-
multiplexer on the receiving end.
De-Multiplexer (DEMUX)
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Multiplexers & De-multiplexers
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MA 232
The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels toRS232 logic levels during serial communication of microcontrollerswith PC. The controller operates at TTL logic level (0-5V) whereasthe serial communication in PC works onRS232 standards (-25 V to+ 25V). This makes it difficult to establish a direct link between themto communicate with each other.