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•Hydrocephalus is the excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain.

•CSF is generated in four central cavities at the base of the brain.

•CSF is a clear fluid that acts as a cushion and protection for the brain

•In U.S., there are 150,000 cases.

Introduction

Abstract

Hydrocephalus Administration•This study used four (4) healthy averagely 4 month New Zealand white rabbits, weighing 3 kg..•Sterile kaolin (aluminum silicate) suspension (0.03 ml) was inserted into the cistern magna using a 25 G2 butterfly needle to induce hydrocephalus. •Several angiogram x-rays images were taken using iohexol contrast agent (0.2 - 0.5 ml) to resolve the SAS to give us a clear resolution of SAS. Then angiography image subtraction manually using ImageJ - 484 x 459 and each pixel was coded 8 bit; this single image occupied 217 K.

In-vivo Experimental Set-Up

The rabbits were sacrificed; the brain was removed, fixed and stored in formalin at 40 C. Embedded into an agarose gel. Sliced into the coronal plane. During the gross examination, inflammation of the meninges was found. Figure 3 Brain ex-vivo in coronal plane and whole brain.

Ex-vivo Preparations

References

Abrámoff, M. D. and P. J. Magalháes (2004). “Image Processing with ImageJ.” Biophotonics International.” 11 (7): 36-42Basati, S., B. Desai, A. Alaraj, F. Charbel and A.A. Linninger (2012). “Cerebrospinal fluid volume measurement in hydrocephalic rats.” J Neurosurg Pediatrics 10: 347-354Basati, S., T.J. Harris, and A.A. Linninger (2011). “Dynamic Brain Phantom for Intracranial Volume Measurements.” IEEE Tran. Biomed. Eng., 54 (2): 291-302Hsu, C.Y., I. Venugopal, Tangen, K., and A.A. Linninger (2013). “Image Reconstruction Using MIMICS.” LPPD Project Report. 1-30Linninger, A.A., M. Xenos, D. C. Zhu, M. R. Somayaji, S. Kondaplli, and R.D. Penn, (2007). “Cerebrospinal fluid flow in the normal and hydrocephalic human brain.” IEEE Trans.MIMICS Materialize. Inc., Available at: http://www.materialize.com/mimics. Accessed July 15, 2013.Ozdemir, M. B., I. Akdogan, E. Adiguzel and N. Yonguc (2005). “Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the rat ventricles.” Neuroanatomy 4: 49–51.http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health-fitness/indian-girl-with-swollen-head-needs-miracle-parents/story-fneuzlbd-1226619955744#ixzz2YUeo8X2z

Acknowledgements

Laboratory of Product and Process Design team at UIC•Dr. A.A. Linninger, Director •Dr. Sukhraaj Basati•Kevin Tangen –Mentor Software Applications: Materialize NV for the usage of MIMICS and ImageJ (NIV)Made possible by NSF Grants: EEC 0743068 & EEG 1132694Chicago Public Schools-CMSI : http://www.cmsi.cps.k12.il.us/

The aim of this study is to compare the cerebrospinal fluid spaces of the normal rabbit and hydrocephalus model and to compare the volume changes using image reconstruction software applications.

GOALS•To develop the volume measurement to be utilized for 3-D reconstruction simulation and quantitative applications as a means to quantify the differences of the normal rabbit and a hydrocephalus model.•To generate the basic technical and experimental procedures of the MRI for small animals ex-vivo.•To observe how brain slice preparations are done ex-vivo.•To employ two imaging methods for image reconstruction.

Laboratory for Product and Process Design - RET Mentor: Dr. A. A. LinningerDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago. Chicago Science Teacher Research (CSTR) Program NSF RET 2013

Zenaida Almodovar - RET Fellow 2013 William Penn Nixon Elementary School

Current Treatment

Shunt System To regulate CSF, a shunt system is inserted into the

ventricles.Motivation

Hydrocephalus needs new thinking, new imaging, and new devices.

MIMICS 15.01 (Materialize NV)

Hydrocephalus and Image Reconstruction

Volume Comparison Analysis-ImageJ (NIH)

My aim is to subtract two rabbit images that are obtained before and after contrast media is

administered.•Digital Subtraction Angiography - a way of taking images of the cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system of a rabbit using complex computerized x-ray equipment. •Requires an injection of a special ‘contrast agent’ to highlight the SAS.  ‘Contrast agent’ is a clear liquid which shows on x-rays due to its high density.  •This 'dye' is harmless and will pass out of the rabbit’s body in the urine over the hours following the test. •Background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the SAS.

An image of the angiography set-up. Digital subtracted angiography done manually.

Step 1A sequence of 2-D cross-sectional medical x-ray slices is generated by a

medical scanner. Then they are downloaded on the image reconstruction program: MIMICS

program.

Step 23-D domain is divided in 3D which we can apply a mask.

Thresholding is the first action performed to create a

segmentation mask. One can select a region of

interest. Convert selected mask region into a 3-D

model.

Step 3Export 3-D models to 3-Matics to optimize the

surface and volume meshes for CFD. Segments the 3-D

volumes into a finite number of small triangular or tetrahedral elements

(Linninger, 2007).

Step 4Boolean Operation allows to make different combination

of two masks.

Step 5Compute data into Finite

Element simulation.

Imaging modalities, 3-D angiography and MRI, in conjunction with image reconstruction contribute to the analysis of hydrocephalus study. There are challenges still to be tackled for the tissue preparation and image acquisition of small animal ex-vivo MRI. ImageJ and MIMICS are powerful image processing tools which can be used to analyze and understanding how the brain responds to a hydrocephalic state.

Conclusions

3-D Rotational Angiography Future Works

To reconstruct a rabbit’s brain

image using 3-D rotational

angiography.