finaleeee bscience 2

Building Science 2

PROJECT 1: LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION DIAGRAM

Group Members:

Johan Syahriz 0316115

Imran Suhaimi 0311624

Nadzirah Hanis 0311096

Ibrahim Adhnan 0314694

Megat Khairur 0320832

Chang Theng Yong 0310925

Tutor: Mr. Sanjay Raman

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Aims and Objective

1.2 Site Introduction

1.3 Measured Drawings

2.0 Precedent Studies

2.1 Lighting Precedent Study

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Results and Analysis

2.1.3 Analysis & Tables

2.1.4 Conclusion

2.2 Acoustic Precedent Study

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Objective and Problem

2.2.3 Result and Analysis

2.2.4 Data Result

2.2.5 Conclusion

3.0 Lighting

3.1 Methodology of Lighting Analysis

3.1.1 Description of Equipment- measuring devices

3.1.2 Procedure

3.1.3 Data Collection Method

3.1.4 Limitations and constraints

3.2 Identification of Existing Conditions

3.2.1 Existing Lighting

3.2.2 Materials

3.3 Lighting Analysis

3.3.1 Lighting Lux Readings

3.3.1.1 Daytime Lux Readings

3.3.1.2 Night Time Lux Readings

3.3.2 Lux Contour Diagram

3.3.2.1 Daylight Factor Lux Diagram

3.3.2.2 Artificial Light Lux Diagram

3.3.3 Analysis and Calculation

3.3.3.1 Daylight Factor Calculation

3.3.3.2 luminance Level & Number of Light Fittings Required

3.4 Lighting Analysis Evaluation

4.0 Acoustic

4.1 Methodology of Acoustic Analysis

4.1.1 Description of Equipment- Measuring Devices

4.1.2 Procedure


4.1.4 Limitation and Constraint

4.2 Identification of Existing Conditions

4.2.1 External Existing Acoustic (Noise source)

4.2.2 Internal Existing Acoustic (Noise source)

4.2.3 Materials

4.3 Acoustic Analysis

4.3.1 Acoustic Readings

4.3.1.1 Peak Hours

4.3.1.2 Non-Peak Hours

4.4 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram

4.4.1 Zone 1 – Male Toilet

4.4.2 Zone 4 – Lecture Hall 2

4.4.3 Zone 10 – Meeting room 1




4.5 Analysis and Calculation

4.5.1 Sound Pressure Level, SPL Calculation

4.5.2 Reverberation Time, RT Calculation

4.5.3 Sound Reduction, SRI Calculation

5.0 Acoustic Analysis Evaluation

6.0 Conclusion

7.0 References

1.0 Introduction

In Architecture of Building Science both acoustic and lighting design play an important role in

creating a human comfort of environment and also dynamic atmosphere. In order to achieve

such environment and comfort for human needs, we have to study and understand the

requirements needed and the proper standards of lighting and acoustic design for different

spaces.

Acoustics is the science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects. When we hear sound, it is actually our eardrums vibrating due to sound energy in the air. Sound waves can travel through many different types of material, building envelope and also interior and exterior space acoustic. Any sound that is unwanted, or in excess, is referred to as "noise." Acoustic comfort can be achieved and controlled or even eliminate noise and desired sound physically through the design of the space, the choice of surface materials, building envelope and acoustically through the design and placement of loudspeaker systems. Lighting design is a primary element in architecture design and interior architecture.

Architectural lighting design is a field within architecture, interior design and electrical

engineering that is concerned with the design of lighting systems, including natural light,

electric light, or both, to serve human needs. Successful buildings are those in which the lighting

of the building itself and the lighting of the activities it contains together make a unified design

concept.

1.1 Aim & Objective

The aim and main objective of this project are to provide an understanding of the day lighting &

lighting and acoustic characteristics requirement in a suggested space. This project also in needs

to explore and determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting & artificial lighting and

sound & acoustic within the intended space. Students are being able to evaluate and explore the

improvisation by using current material and technology in relevance to present construction

industry and also using certain methods or calculation. Lastly, students need to critically report

and analyze the space after a study and conducted the precedents study.

1.2 Site Introduction

As a group we are conducting a study at our site which is at St Giles the Gardens Grand Hotel,

Midvalley. It is located at 26th floor of the hotel that is very enclosed but the view is exposed to

the construction site, building and also highway. The study area consists of meeting room, pre-

function area as well as kitchen, pantry and toilet. The down level is hotel room and services.

The façade of the meeting room and pre function area mostly are glass wall which allow amount

of natural light enter the spaces and enlighten the interior of the spaces. Besides, it allow a visual

permeability and pleasant view towards the skyscraper, buildings surrounding and also highway

from higher level. Moreover, each of a meeting room has moveable partition wall which can be

closed to give a privacy to the indoor during night time.

However, our site is located in front of open space and being surrounded by building block like residential and Mid Valley Mall beside. , thus noise are not a critical issue to the site.

Figure 1.2.1: Lift Lobby on 26th Floor Figure 1.2.2: Pre Function area

Figure 1.2.4: Pre Function area Figure 1.2.3: Corridor

Figure 1.2.9: Lecture Hall 1

Figure 1.2.8: Male Toilet Figure 1.2.7: Female Toilet

Figure 1.2.6: Pantry Area Figure 1.2.5: Rest Area

Figure 1.2.10: Meeting room

Location Plan

Site Plan

Figure 1.2.11: Site plan of 26th floor at St Gills Garden Hotel

1.3 Measured Drawings

Zoning on Floor Plan

Front Elevation

Longitudinal Section

Cross Section (Zone 10)

Cross section (Zone 13)

Cross Section (Zone 7)

2.0 Precedent Studies

2.1 Lighting Precedent Study

2.1.1 Introduction

Case Study: Offices of a Finnish research unit Place: Finland (Helsinki) Building type: Office building Contact: Eino Tetri (Helsinki University of Technology, Lighting Unit) Place description

Figure 2.1.1.1: Photos of the office rooms.

Offices Plan

Figure 2.1.1.2: Office Plan with the luminaries position

The average installed lighting power density is 13.86 W/m2 • The ceiling height varies between

2.26 m and 2.94 m. The installation height of the luminaires is 2.26 m and height of the work plane

is 0.72 m. Each office room has daylight availability. The rooms are used between 7 am and 5:30

pm except weekends. Cleaning of the rooms is made at noon.

2.1.2 Results and Analysis

Luminary’s description

Types of Control

Measurements The average illuminances on work planes at full power Inside the offices rooms: G435 G436 G437 G438 G439 G440 G441

Eaverage (lx) 588 671 610 728 723 716 806

Uniformity 0.71 0.78 0.64 0.71 0.80 0.69 0.65 Table 2.1.1.3: Illuminances on work planes in the office rooms.

In the Hall: Eaverage = 293 lx, Uniformity= 0.40 In the kitchen: Eaverage = 177 lx, Uniformity= 0.92 In the toilet room: Eaverage = 337 lx, Uniformity= 0.82 Illuminances on the work planes of the three rooms lowered (use of dimming control) by their occupants RoomG436: Eaverage = 545 lx (80%), Uniformity= 0.7 RoomG437: Eaverage = 448 lx (73%), Uniformity= 0.57 RoomG440: Eaverage = 586lx (80%), Uniformity= 0.77

Measured luminance’s: Luminance’s in the field of vision for the different positions in the office rooms reached 20000

cd/m2 • The UGR, depending on the positions, varied between 5.7 and 19.2

In the hall, the maximum luminance in the field of vision was 50 000 cd/m2 •

Ratios of the average luminance’s of work planes, walls, ceilings and, floor to desktop screen luminance’s are given in Table 10.2.

Room Position Work planes Walls Ceiling Floor G436 1 0.4 0.9 1.5 0.35 G436 2 1.3 1.84 3.3 0.77 G437 1 0.54 0.65 1.52 0.36 G437 2 1.1 1.6 3 0.72

Table 10-2. Ratio of the average luminance’s to desktop screen luminance’s. Example of power consumption in the offices during one day

In Figure 10-10, room G435 is user controlled and room G437 is controlled by

occupancy and daylight sensors.

Figure 2.1.1.4: Sample of power consumption in the offices during the

day.

Figure 2.1.1.5: Profile of the total power consumption of the locales during days.

Relationship between illuminance and consumed power in the offices

For all the rooms, the average annual energy consumption was 28kWh/m2year, whereas the average in

Finnish buildings is 3lkWh/m2year.

Figure 2.1.1.6: Relationship between illuminance and

consumed power in the offices.

Interviews

The occupants of the office rooms were interviewed to examine their preferences for the installed lighting system. The occupants were all right-handed people with 56% of them having glasses. About 75% of the occupant's work time was spent working on computer screens. The result of the interview is listed below:

• 19% of the people say they suffer from headache at the end of the workday

• 6% of the occupants are not satisfied with their workspace.

• All appreciate the colour of the artificial light (3000K).

• Nobody is unhappy with the artificial lighting environment.

• 56% of the occupants never change the settings of the lighting control system whereas 25% of them change it weekly. Room 435-- LON system with dimmer:

• 25% of user asked for improvements in lighting for the reading-writing tasks

• No negative opinions about computer work or other tasks

• Some occupants were not fully satisfied with the lighting control system

Rooms 438-441 -- DIGIDIM System (presence sensors):

• No negative opinion for the reading-writing tasks.

• No negative opinion for computer working or other tasks. • 14% of the occupants were not fully satisfied with the lighting control system

Rooms 436-437-- MIMO-LON system (presence sensors and daylight):

• Great comfort for the reading-writing tasks

• No negative opinion for the screen working or other tasks

• 40% of the occupants were not fully satisfied with the lighting control system

2.2 Precedents Studies (1st Case study of Workplace and Meeting/Conference room)

2.2.1 Introduction

This is a case study done by Charles Salter, Kevin Powell, Durand Begault, Robert Alvarado

Charles M Salter Associates Inc. In this case study, they investigated the level of privacy between

a large conference room and the occupant in an adjacent office. The presence of audio/visual

equipment in the conference/ meeting room suggests that the room supports presentations to

an assembled group. When speaking to a group, a presenter typically uses a “raised” to “loud”

voice level. The initial phase of this case study was dedicated to achieving the specified acoustical

conditions for the conferences. In this case study they present the acoustic specifications that

they would like to achieve for reasonable performances regarding the multiuse desired for the

space. Conference rooms, of course, typically accommodate activities where a louder voice level

is used than occurs in a private office. An adequate acoustical design would also include details

for minimizing sound leaks and the ‘cross talk’ between conference rooms and adjacent spaces

connected by unlined ducts and shared ceiling plenums. Sound absorbing wall treatments and

upgraded ceilings would likely have also been recommended to minimize reverberation and the

build/up.

Objective & Problem

The objective were to identifying employees requiring “confidential” speech privacy and those

requiring “normal” speech privacy. Construction assemblies that could achieve the required

levels of speech privacy would have then have been recommended. These assemblies would

likely have included acoustically upgraded wall construction, and details minimizing the sound

transfer between offices where the wall terminates at the underside of a continuous, suspended

ceiling. It proposed an additional acoustic details to minimize sound leaks at wall penetrations

and floor/ceiling connections, as well as methods to minimize the ‘cross talk’ that occurs from

unlined ducts running between offices would also have been recommended.

Figure 2.2.1.1: Diagram above show a simple plan of meeting room and office are located next to it and

How the sound source from meeting room can be reduce.

Figure 2.2.1.2: Table above showing the predicted and observed results of source factors,

Isolation factors and sound excess.

Findings & Solutions

Contemporary meeting room design emphasizes flexibility. Wall and ceiling constructions that will

provide normal speech privacy in private area are not likely, however, to produce acceptable results

given elevated voice levels and increased privacy requirements of a conference/meeting space. Another

findings is some conference rooms are specifically designed to accommodate teleconferencing and

audiovisual presentations. These spaces must also be designed to provide an appropriate level of

acoustical privacy that allows these rooms to operate without disturbing occupants in adjacent spaces.

Data Result

Figure 2.2.1.3: Table above are showed result of Voice sound level in dBA

Conclusion

The level of background noise in the receive space is critical in masking speech from the adjoining source

space. Based on research summarized by Egan (1998), if intruding speech is on average 10 dB below the

background noise, satisfaction with speech privacy approaches 100%. Conversely, if intruding speech is

on average 5 dB above background noise, dissatisfaction approaches 100%. Although it may seem

counter/intuitive, many contemporary open plan office spaces are too quiet, and require the insertion

of additional noise. This noise is called ‘sound masking’ and represents a ‘controlled quiet’ that sounds

somewhat like ventilation noise. Sound masking differs from ‘pink’ noise (unpleasant, unnatural) and

‘white’ noise (hissy, annoying). Sound masking needs to be specified and installed by a trained

professional, because it is specifically tuned in a given space to offer an optimum sound spectrum. This

is why we choose these case study since St Gill Gardens Hotel have a good analysis on voice source level,

speech privacy and effect of source room.

2.2 Precedents Studies (2nd case study)

(The Multimedia Centre of ESPINHO, CMM)

2.2.1 Introduction

This is a case study done by Ribeiro, Maria Rosa Sá. It was about solutions defined to adjust room acoustics to the aesthetics demands of architecture. The architectural, structural and mechanical projects had already been defined when acoustics was thought of, as being a very important issue, to justify an acoustical adviser. While analyzing the building plans we realized there were several areas needing deep acoustical intervention, from the point of view of sound insulation (airborne and structural), internal acoustics and HVAC system Noise and Vibration Control. The building present predicted and measured values of typical acoustical parameters, for the main purposes of the Hall: Cinema, Conferences and Music. The initial phase of this case study was dedicated to achieving the specified acoustical conditions for the conferences. In this case study they present the acoustic specifications that they would like to achieve for reasonable performances regarding the multiuse desired for the space, the values predicted by computer simulation using a room acoustics prediction software and some measured values of the main parameters, typically used to define acoustical quality of a room, according to ISO 3382(1).

Objective & Problem

The objectives were to assure the necessary sound insulation to prevent noise annoyance; to

assure a “non-responsive” room in order to verify the acoustical conditions for a conference

room, without disregarding speech intelligibility and to adjust room acoustics for music concerts.

GENERAL ACOUSTIC

SPECIFICATIONS In figure 1.1 it presents the values that they have specified, for reverberation times, as a compromise considering the multipurpose and the recommended values by the manufacturer of cinema's sound system. Figure 1.2 presents the “optimum” values for the usual room acoustical parameters, according Arau's theory:

Figure 2.2..1.1: Specified reverberation values for different uses

Figure 2.2.1.2: "Optimum” values for different acoustical parameters a different uses

DATA RESULTS To evaluate the interior acoustical conditions of the auditorium for cinema/conferences they made acoustical measurements using B&K equipment and modelled the room using commercial advanced Room Acoustic Prediction Software (4) to obtain the parameters in accordance with the ISO 3382(1). Table 3 and Figure 2 presents the mean values measured for configuration "A" over five receivers and for three omni directional sound source positions on stage. Table 4 presents the predicted acoustical data for music concerts, using the defined physical elements: Acoustical Shell (H1/AS), Canopy (H2), Lateral Reflectors (H3/LR) and Over Audience Panels (H4/OAP), as well as two sets of data considering two arrangements (H1+H3) and (H1+H3+H4). They used the same software as before but in a more advanced version, considering configuration “C”, an omni directional sound source placed at centre of the stage and four receivers in the seating area. As a starting point of the study, trying to dress the space for music

performances, they present the predicted values considering the two real configurations “B” and “C”, being, in fact, used for Cinema and Music.

Figure 2.2.1.3: Measured and predicted Values for Conferences room

Figure 2.2.1.4: T30 values for configuration “A”

CONCLUSIONS Facing those results makes they realized that the use of the physical elements as defined, the choices they made of materials and absorption coefficients, dimensions and placement of the physical elements seemed not to be the most appropriate. This case study is more towards sound and acoustic source in large space. However, the subjective impression of most the participants were very positive referring a noticeable improvement on the sound quality,

LIGHTING Performance Evaluation & Design

3.1 Methodology of Lighting Analysis 3.1.1 Description of Equipment

a) Digital Lux Meter

FEATURES

► Sensor used the exclusive photo diode & multicolor correction filters, spectrum meet C.I.E standards

►Built in low battery indicator

►Sensor COS correction factor meets standard. ►LSI-circuit use provides high reliability and durability.

►Separate Light Sensor allows user take measurements of an optimum position.

►LCD display provides low power consumption.

►Precise and easy readout, wide range. ►Compact, lightweight and excellent performance.

►High accuracy in measuring ►LCD display can clearly read out even of high ambient light.

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS (23± 5oC)

Range Resolution Accuracy

2000 Lux 1 Lux ± (5% + 2d)

20000 Lux 10 Lux ± (5% + 2d)

50000 Lux 100 Lux ± (5% + 2d)

Notes: Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856K temperature.

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

Display 13mm (0.5") LCD Power Supply DC 9V Battery

Ranges 0-50,000 Lux. 3 Ranges

Zero adjustment Internal Adjustments Power Consumption Approx. DC 2mA

Over-Input Indication of "1"

Dimension Main Instrument: 108x 73x 23mm

Sampling time 0.4 seconds Sensor Probe: 82x 55x 7mm

Sensor Structure The exclusive photo diode and colour correction filter

Weight 160g with batteries

Operating Temp.

0 to 50oC

Accessories Included Instruction Manual Carrying case Operating

Humidity Less than 80% R.H

FIGURE 3.1: LX-101 LUX-METER

b) Measuring Tape The measuring tape is used to measure the height to place the lux meter. It is also used to measure the height of the ceiling and the grid.

Figure 3.2: Stanley Measuring Tape

c) DSLR A digital single-lens reflex camera (digital SLR or DSLR) It is a digital camera combining the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor, as opposed to photographic film. The reflex design scheme is the primary difference between a DSLR and other digital cameras. During the site visit, it was used to capture the image of each components, record the site condition and lighting condition.

Figure 3.3: DSLR Camera

3.1.2 Procedures 1. Once floor plan is obtained, a grid line of 1.5 x 1.5m is drawn on a tracing paper for data

collecting positions. 2. Indicate all the spaces on the floor plan and divide the spaces into zones. 3. Obtain data with lux meter by placing the device at the designated positions at height=

1metres/ 1.5metres. 4. Wait until stable surrounding, and data will be jotted down on the tracing paper on top of the

floor plan. Each spaces were recorded and notes were written down (such as variables that affect the readings)

5. Repeat the steps for day and night, considering that there might be different lightning conditions.

6. Tabulate and calculate collected data and determine light quality according to MS 1525.


Measurements of the lighting by using lux meter are taken 2nd of October 2015 during daytime (4pm) and night time (8pm) one with natural daylight and another without. The lux meter was placed at the fixed height from the floor at every point in order to acquire the accurate readings. This standard was being used as it enables the reading of the meter to be more accurate. Each recording was done by facing the similar direction to synchronize the results. Grid line were set and traced on a floor plan. The floor plan was divided into various zones. All the readings were plotted on the grid.

FIGURE 3.4 : FLOOR PLAN WITH ZONING

3.1.4 Limitation and Errors

External Causes

Haze is causing the external sunlight to be dimmer thus affecting our data. Weather condition affects the readings on the lux meter collected. For example, the weather and the lux readings may be different during the period of time when the measuring was ongoing. To avoid this, we try to get all the readings accurately as fast as possible.

Human Error

For the person who was holding the lux-meter, his or her shadow might be casted on the meter during data collection. The casted shadow can affect the lux reading significantly. Furthermore, the person who operate the device might not hold the device at a constant height throughout the process.

Device Error

The Lux Meter usually takes a few seconds to stabilize the reading and large movement must be avoided because the sensor is very sensitive to slight differences. Readings only can be taken after the reading has stabilized. The person who record the data should also check whether the reading is logic and why there is a huge gap between readings. This is to prevent false collected data.

3.2 Identification of Existing Condition 3.2.1 Existing Lighting

Lighting Fixes Type Philips Fluorescent lamps (Recessed cove fixture)

Philips Compact Non-Integrated (Recessed fixture)

Philips Classictone Candle (Direct fixture)

Location Throughout the floor Throughout the floor

Pre-function spaces (Foyer)

Light Brand Phillips MASTER TL5 High Efficiency ECO

Philips MASTER PL-R Eco

Philips Classictone Candle

Luminous Flux 2900 lm 1500lm 210lm

Rated Colour Temperature

3000K 3000K -

Colour Rendering Index

85 Ra 82Ra -

Wattage 25W 17W 25W

Bulb Finish Warm white Warm White Clear

Placement Ceiling Ceiling Ceiling

Daylight Certain areas of the floor have sufficient daylight but most of the spaces are using artificial lighting even during daytime. Another reason why this hotel prefers to use artificial lighting in this floor rather than natural sunlight is because the main function of this floor is meeting room. Instead of installing glass for natural sunlight, they have to install acoustic panels covering most of the wall area. Mostly common areas like washroom and resting lounge have sufficient windows allowing natural sunlight to penetrate. There are also some windows in the meeting room but those windows can be covered with a sliding partition to dim the room.

Artificial Light

FIGURE 3.2.1.2 The foyer also has large glass panels to lit up the room.

Nevertheless, it still doesn't stop the management to keep the lights on

FIGURE 3.2.1.1.: Glass Panels in the restroom allow most of the natural light

to illuminate the space

FIGURE 3.2.1.3: The resting lounge at the end of the floor has a double

volume and glass panels from floor to ceiling. Maximum natural lights

enter the space and only in this section the artificial lights were not on

FIGURE 3.2.1.4: The meeting rooms also have large windows installed

at an angle to increase surface area of window therefore letting in

more light. There are also partitions to close the windows to dim the

room and the artificial lights will be used.

The inner spaces such as the corridor and lift lobby are mostly lit up using artificial lights because of their longer distance from the windows. The Phillips MASTER TL5 High Efficiency ECO are mostly being used in these two spaces with a recessed cove fixture.

FIGURE 3.2.1.5: The lift lobby brightly lit with the Phillips MASTER

TL5 High Efficiency ECO lights arranged in a rectangle form

with the help of the curved upper ceiling to help reflect the

light in the surroundings. Furthermore, the glossy floor finish

also helps reflecting light further illuminates the space.

FIGURE 3.2.1.6: Throughout the corridors are fitted with the same

light and same fixture. However, the brightness in these space is less

than the lift lobby mainly due to the different materials in the space

which are mostly non-reflective.

3.2.2 Materials

Categories Material Texture Color Reflection Factor

Location

Wall

Fabric

Smooth

Beige

40-45%

Corridor

Brick Plaster wall

Brick and

plaster

Rough

White

70-80%

Store Room

Marble Tile Wall

Marble

Glossy

White

60-75%

Toilet

Fabric Wrapped Acoustical Sliding and

Fixed wall acoustical panel

Mosaic Wall Tiles

Mosaic

Glossy

Brown orange yellow

60-75%

Toilet

Wooden Wall Panel

Wood

Smooth

Wooden

Brown

15-20%

Meeting room

Floor

Marble Floor Tile

Marble

Glossy

White

60-75%

Toilet

Carpet

Carpet

Smooth

Blue, yellow, range, white

40-45%

All spaces excluding services room, washroom and storage room.

Windows and Doors

Wooden Door

Wood

Smooth

Brown

15-20%

All rooms

Fixed Windows

Glass

Smooth

Transparent

6-8%

Common area and meeting

room

Ceiling

Plaster Board Ceiling

Plaster gypsum

Matte

White

70-80%

Common area and meeting

room

Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

A

B 165 171 300 319 290 151

C 286 214 215 307 297 224

D 247 247 283 437 346 247

E 166 188 241 280 253 164

F 174 170 208 296 230 188

G 105 155 166 201 133 109

H 135 126 148 162 149 152 155 137 192 165 187 168 134 152 124 148 136 143 132 128 135

I 100 75 99 85 113 149 153 118 136 315 336 154 130 107 135 132 138 164 207

J 126 101 88 88 126 110 339 340 236 297 330 631

K 480 200 100 119 82 336 321 285 303 475 585

L 667 538 198 111 118 102 349 335 302 273 313 784

M 700 573 178 121 120 142 357 348 256 238 370 818

N 173 139 129 126 373 350 172 159 715 932

O 318 317 151 123

P 234 275 248

Q 13 24 29 23 165 159 177 174 198 158 238 222

R 19 35 41 30 25 24 12 188 232 234 205 225 126 169 350

S 17 26 42 43 39 35 31 20 213 258 309 242 183 156 129 183

T 15 28 42 38 39 35 41 25 232 332 420 314 202 194 118 194

U 11 22 38 27 32 33 29 20 225 292 339 263 210 190 184

V 10 22 27 16 24 23 20 329 420 483 466 458 511

Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

A

B 177 183 312 331 302 163

C 298 226 227 319 309 236

D 259 259 295 449 358 259

E 178 200 253 292 265 176

F 186 182 220 308 242 200

G 117 167 178 213 145 121

H 147 144 160 172 162 164 169 157 204 185 199 180 149 164 136 163 146 155 145 140 146

I 170 95 121 106 125 162 165 138 148 327 348 154 142 112 147 144 150 176 217

J 165 120 111 90 157 110 351 352 248 309 432 643

K 496 220 120 156 102 348 333 297 313 486 596

L 679 559 219 137 138 112 361 347 313 283 325 796

M 712 593 190 131 140 168 369 360 268 250 382 829

N 196 154 141 170 385 362 183 170 721 945

O 330 329 161 138

P 246 275 250

Q 23 47 67 40 177 171 190 184 212 168 250 234

R 28 46 70 57 45 48 24 200 242 246 217 237 138 180 361

S 27 38 54 55 51 47 43 32 225 268 322 252 194 168 141 195

T 30 40 54 50 51 47 53 37 244 344 432 325 214 204 130 200

U 22 34 50 39 44 45 41 32 237 302 351 275 221 202 195

V 21 35 39 28 36 35 32 339 444 495 479 472 523

3.3 Lighting Analysis

3.3.1 Light Lux Readings

3.3.1.1 Daytime Lux Readings

Date: 2/10/2015 Time: 4pm (daytime) Height: 1m

Date: 2/10/2015 Time: 4pm (daytime) Height: 1.5m

Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

A

B 116 114 136 148 148 117

C 168 170 251 310 206 168

D 242 231 303 442 326 224

E 177 187 248 289 241 190

F 182 175 236 283 260 193

G 180 167 179 210 175 155

H 135 126 148 162 116 147 183 201 132 104 121 104 127 121 141 116 104 123 113 110 105

I 78 147 132 143 121 143 147 154 133 309 295 116 111 118 112 109 115 69 57

J 108 84 94 91 139 114 339 343 69 88 88 12

K 89 88 66 69 76 327 331 133 75 77 16

L 42 86 85 59 53 94 332 325 136 92 63 14

M 53 81 107 79 71 122 333 332 134 56 65 22

N 128 120 120 116 350 332 82 49 36 29

O 291 278 97 29

P 211 275 262

Q 111 194 195 156 139 177 157 161 152 163 192 199

R 203 205 350 164 183 164 116 163 200 211 197 197 127 162 144

S 121 268 273 402 301 274 222 160 173 213 244 206 201 159 171 139

T 113 218 364 346 345 293 333 209 179 296 387 305 194 149 90 194

U 75 116 293 195 245 229 242 148 120 174 213 181 151 111 160

V 20 20 192 57 187 160 65 96 120 125 126 112 86

Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

A

B 128 126 151 162 161 132

C 181 186 264 323 218 182

D 254 245 317 456 340 236

E 191 201 262 301 253 204

F 197 191 249 295 272 206

G 194 179 195 224 181 171

H 143 135 160 183 134 164 195 213 144 129 134 131 153 135 155 131 116 139 128 123 119

I 85 164 151 152 137 156 159 170 143 321 307 130 125 131 123 121 129 81 71

J 122 98 108 125 155 126 351 355 81 100 103 26

K 90 93 79 72 87 339 343 133 87 89 31

L 54 95 91 72 64 121 344 339 136 104 75 26

M 65 97 119 91 84 140 345 346 134 68 79 27

N 140 135 135 130 364 346 82 61 48 43

O 303 290 97 41

P 227 289 274

Q 123 206 207 168 151 189 169 173 164 175 205 211

R 215 217 362 176 195 176 128 175 213 223 209 207 139 177 156

S 133 280 285 414 313 286 234 172 185 225 256 218 213 171 187 151

T 125 230 376 358 357 305 345 221 191 308 398 317 206 161 103 206

U 87 128 305 207 257 241 254 160 132 186 225 138 163 123 175

V 32 32 204 69 199 172 77 108 132 137 138 124 97

Date: 2/10/2015 Time: 8pm (Night time) Height: 1m

Date: 2/10/2015 Time: 8pm (Night Time) Height: 1.5m

The tables above show the lux levels of the executive lounge on the 29th floor of the Gardens Hotel at 4pm. Generally natural light enters the floor through the large window panels at point L1, M1, K2, M2, B18 to B23, V18 to V23, J35, J36, K36, L36, M36, and N36. At points V10 to V16 also has natural daylight coming through the windows but mostly blocked by the partition with sliding doors to control the amount of daylight into the space (meeting hall). Similar for points P34, Q34, R34, S34 and T34 (male restroom) that has window panels for the whole facade but internally, there are walls that block the light from penetrating 100% into the space. Towards the centre of the floor, natural light reduces significantly hence the use of artificia lighting is more compared to the area closer to the windows. Significantly hence the use of artificial lighting is more compared to the area closer to the windows.

The tables above show the lux levels of the executive lounge on the 29th floor of the Gardens Hotel at 8pm. As shown there is a big difference between the left (empty area) and the right end(resting/ relax area) of the floor. The left end has lesser light fittings compared to the right end. Nevertheless the right end is a double volume and in addition to that, the ceiling lights were off but still receive more light from the fluorescent lights. The region in red (meeting room) appears to have higher lux level compared during daytime because at 8pm all the lights inside the room were switched on. The two foyers (in purple) reduces slightly but the lux level at the lift lobby (in green) remains around the same level for both times.

3.3.2 Lux Contour Diagram

3.3.2.1 Daylight Factor Lux Diagram

Figure 3.3.2.1.1: Lux Contour of Natural Daylight

From the diagram above, natural light reaches almost throughout the floor. In the presence of the building's components such as walls and columns, the light decreases. At the edge of the zones, it shows a very high lux level. The floor has quite a uniform daylight distribution probably due to the orientation of the building and the shape of the windows with higher surface area allowing more light to enter. Furthermore, the whole floor is covered with carpet hence making the zones not very reflective (excluding the lift lobby at the center) and thus making the direct light softer. Despite having a good natural light distribution, there are still artificial lights being installed to further brighten up the spaces depending on their functions.

3.3.2.2 Artificial Light Lux Diagram

Figure 3.3.2.1.2: Lux Contour of Artificial Light

Based on the artificial light diagram, the center of the floor is mainly illuminated by artificial lightings but for zones at the end of the floor, there is less because there is not much activities going on. The big blue part within the center is dark because there was no data collected. For the meeting room (bottom left) it is underexposed due to the usage of projector screens. The corridor has a fair amount of illumination and slowly decreasing towards the ends whereas the foyers receive a lot of light because it is the place where most people gather before entering the meeting rooms.

3.3.3 Analysis and Calculation

3.3.3.1 Daylight Factor Calculation

Zone 1 (Male restroom)

Figure 3.3.3.1.1: Zone 1 (Male Restroom)

Figure 3.3.3.1.2: Sectional diagram showing direction of light entering.

Zone 1 covers grid P-U, 32-34 where the toilet is very well lit by natural daylight. This space has a different type of installation for the artificial lights. The room has a motion sensor therefore when someone enters the toilet, the recessed fittings outside the cubicles will be automatically turned on. When there is no motion or someone staying still in the space the lights will be turned off within 2 minutes. It receives most of the sunlight during daytime but during night time, artificial lights take place and with the help of the glossy materials and mirrors in the space, the room is brightly lit.

Time Weather Illuminance at 1m (lx) Range

Average at 1m (lx)

Illuminance at 1.5m (lx) Range

Average at 1.5m (lx)

4.00pm Hazy/Cloudy 118-350 212.0 130- 361 221.4

8.00pm Dark 90- 275 183.3 103- 289 196.8

Average Lux Readings 4.00pm 8.00pm

1m 212.0 183.3

1.5m 221.4 196.8

Total Average lux 216.7 190.1

Illuminance Condition

120, 000 lux Brightest sunlight

110, 000 lux Bright sunlight

20, 000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday

1,000- 2,000 lux Typical overcast day, midday

<200 lux Extreme darkness of storm clouds, midday

400 lux Sunrise/ Sunset on a clear day (ambient light)

40 lux Fully overcast. Sunset/ sunrise

<1 lux Extreme darkness of storm clouds. Sunset/ sunrise

E external= 5000 lux (due to thick haze)

Table 3.3.3.1.1: Range of data collected at 1 and 1.5m respectively at grid P- U, 32-34

Table 3.3.3.1.2: Total average lux for both times at grid P- U, 32-34

Table 3.3.3.1.3: Daylight intensity in different conditions

DF= 𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑥 100%

= 216.7

5000 𝑥 100%

= 4.3%

The total average lux for 4pm is 216.7 lx. The general need for light in restroom is around 100 lx therefore the average lux value is 54% higher. The main source of light for zone 1 is the natural daylight during the day.

According to the table above, the daylight factor, DF, of 4.3% is categorised as good. This zone needs to be bright making the space appear large and clean hence friendly to use.

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very bright > 6 Very large with thermal and glare problems.

Bright 3- 6 Good

Average 1- 3 Fair

Dark 0- 1 Poor

Distribution table acquired from MS1525: 2007

Zone 7 (Pre-function/ foyer - South facing)

Zone 7 covers grid Q- V, 18- 23 and usually brightly lit in the evening. This space has concentric arrangement in the fittings. The artificial lights are basically on throughout the day. However during the daytime the space receives plenty of daylight due to the huge surface area of window panels. During night time, the space appears to be dimmer and warmer from the result of using warm white lights.

Figure 3.3.3.1.3: Zone 7 (foyer)

Figure 3.3.3.1.4: Section diagram showing the direction of the light into zone 7

Furthermore, we can see from the image below that there is no fittings near the window which indicates that only the inner part of the floor is more dependent towards artificial lighting.


Average at 1m (lx)



4.00pm Hazy/Cloudy 126- 483 264.2 138- 523 275.2

8.00pm Dark 86- 387 176.8 97- 398 187.2


1m 264.2 176.8

1.5m 275.2 187.2














Figure 3.3.3.1.5: Image of part of the floor plan showing the arrangement of luminaires in zone 7

Table 3.3.3.1.4: Range of data collected at 1 and 1.5m respectively at grid Q- V, 18 -23

Table 3.3.3.1.5: Total average lux for both times at grid Q- V, 18- 23


= 269.7

5000 𝑥 100%

= 4.3%

The total average lux for 4pm is 269.7 lx. The general need for light in restroom is around 100 lx therefore the average lux value is more than 50% higher. The main source of light for zone 7 is mainly from the artificial light although there is sufficient light during daytime.

According to the table above, the daylight factor, DF, of 5.4% is categorised as good. This zone just function as a transition space into the meeting rooms as well as a meeting point for users.



Bright 3- 6 Good

Average 1- 3 Fair

Dark 0- 1 Poor


Zone 8 (Pre-function/ foyer - North facing)

Figure 3.3.3.1.6: Zone 8 (foyer 2)


Zone 8 covers grid B- G, 18- 23 and also brightly lit but not as much as zone 7 during the evening . However it is well lit during morning periods due to the orientation of the building. This space has concentric arrangement in the fittings similar to zone 7.


Average at 1m (lx)



4.00pm Hazy/Cloudy 105- 437 227.0 117- 449 239.0

8.00pm Dark 114- 442 209.6 156- 456 223.0


1m 227.0 209.6

1.5m 239.0 223.0











Table 3.3.3.1.7: Range of data collected at 1 and 1.5m respectively at grid B- G, 18 -23

Table 3.3.3.1.8: Total average lux for both times at grid B- G, 18- 23





= 233.0

5000 𝑥 100%

= 4.7%

The total average lux for 4pm is 233.0 lx. The main source of light for zone 8 is similar to that of zone 7. In the lux reading table, it shows that the centre of the foyer has the highest lux reading mainly due to the higher number of luminaires. The results are almost similar to zone 7 in this situation.

According to the table above, the daylight factor, DF, of 4.7% where the space if bright and having a good distribution of light.

Zone 9 (Lift lobby)



Bright 3- 6 Good

Average 1- 3 Fair

Dark 0- 1 Poor


Figure 3.3.3.1.8: Zone 9 (lift lobby)

Zone 9 covers grid I-O, 20-21, very brightly lit with artificial lights. Despite being the centre of the floor and furthers point from any window, it has a high lux reading and remained fairly around the same level throughout the day. The reflective floor and lift doors also help in making the space bright. The florescent tubes are arranged in a rectangular layout having a recessed cove fixture hence the light emitted is reflected down by the white and slightly curved ceiling into the space.


Average at 1m (lx)



4.00pm Hazy/Cloudy 315- 373 338.1 327- 385 350.1

8.00pm Dark 278- 350 315.6 290- 364 335.2


1m 338.1 315.6

1.5m 350.1 335.2













Table 3.3.3.1.10: Range of data collected at 1 and 1.5m respectively at grid I-O, 20-21

Table 3.3.3.1.11: Total average lux for both times at grid I-O, 20-21




= 344.1

5000 𝑥 100%

= 6.9%

The total average lux for 4pm is 344.1 lx. As we can observe, the lift lobby area if very bright compared to other spaces. In fact, it is the brightest zone in the floor.

According to the table above, the daylight factor, DF, is 6.9% which is categorised as very bright and can have glaring problems within the zone. The zone probably receives too much light and causes problems when users exit the lift car due to the sudden change of brightness.

Zone 10 (Meeting Hall)



Bright 3- 6 Good

Average 1- 3 Fair

Dark 0- 1 Poor


Figure 3.3.3.1.10: Zone 10 (meeting hall)


Zone 10 covers grid Q-V, 10- 17, and also rely on artificial lights. The windows are placed at an angle facing the direction of the sun to enable natural light in as well. There is also a partition before the window where there is a sliding door and user have the option to close the window to dim the room especially during meetings where projector is used.


Average at 1m (lx)



4.00pm Hazy/Cloudy 10- 42 27.3 21- 70 41.4

8.00pm Dark 20- 402 196.6 32- 414 215.0


1m 27.3 196.6

1.5m 41.4 215.0












Table 3.3.3.1.13: Range of data collected at 1 and 1.5m respectively at grid Q-V, 10-17

Table 3.3.3.1.14: Total average lux for both times at grid Q-V, 10-17




= 68.7

5000 𝑥 100%

= 1.4%

The total average lux for 4pm is 68.7 lx. There is a significant change in lux level from day time to night time and this is because during the day the artificial lights were off and natural light was allow to enter. However, the unreflective materials inside the room obstruct the light from bouncing off the walls and further brighten up the room. According to the table above, the daylight factor, DF, is 1.4% where the room only receive a fair amount of light during daytime. This is suitable for a meeting room when projector is being used for presentation.

Zone 18 (Empty area)



Bright 3- 6 Good

Average 1- 3 Fair

Dark 0- 1 Poor


Figure 3.3.3.1.10: Zone 18 (empty area)

Figure 3.3.3.1.11: Section diagram showing the direction of the light into zone 18 mainly through the big windows.

Zone 18 covers grid I-N, 1-6, and during the day it is very well lit by natural daylight. Despite facing the west, it still can get as much light during the morning period from diffused and reflected light from the cloudy and hazy sky. This zone basically has not much activity or none at all hence has less luminaires installed. Most of the time during the day the lights in this section is off and only when it's dark it will turn on.


Average at 1m (lx)



4.00pm Hazy/Cloudy 82- 700 221.2 102- 712 244.0

8.00pm Dark 42- 128 86.8 54- 140 98.7


1m 221.2 86.8

1.5m 244.0 98.7












Table 3.3.3.1.13: Range of data collected at 1 and 1.5m respectively at grid I-N, 1-6.

Table 3.3.3.1.14: Total average lux for both times at grid I-N, 1-6.




= 232.6

5000 𝑥 100%

= 4.7%

The total average lux for 4pm is 232.6 lx. Despite the area for being unoccupied most of the time it still receive a good amount of light. According to the table above, the daylight factor,4.7 % indicates the room is brightly lit mainly from natural daylighting.



Bright 3- 6 Good

Average 1- 3 Fair

Dark 0- 1 Poor


Zone 19 (Resting Area)

Zone 19 covers grid I-O, 33-36, and during the day it is very well lit by natural daylight similar to zone 18. The lux level in this zone is very much higher compared to zone 18 mainly because it is a double volume hence more amount of light enter the space and an addition to that the area is quite reflective, with the

Figure 3.3.3.1.12: Zone 19 (resting area)

Figure 3.3.3.1.13: Section diagram showing the direction of the light into zone 19 mainly through the big windows.

white gypsum ceiling and full glass panels. Since it is very much bright during the day there are not many fittings. At night, sometimes the lights are still off but it is still quite well lit acquiring light from both floors.


Average at 1m (lx)



4.00pm Hazy/Cloudy 123- 932 378.0 138- 845 395.0

8.00pm Dark 12- 136 66.2 26- 136 76.0


1m 378.0 66.2

1.5m 395.0 76.0














Table 3.3.3.1.13: Range of data collected at 1 and 1.5m respectively at grid I-N, 1-6.

Table 3.3.3.1.14: Total average lux for both times at grid I-N, 1-6.


= 386.5

5000 𝑥 100%

= 7.7%

The total average lux for 4pm is 386.5 lx. According to the table above, 7.7% DF is a very high value for a resting place. They will be glaring and especially thermal comfort.

Zone 21 (Corridor)

Zone 21 covers the longest stretch on the grid, H-J, 7-32. This space rely mostly from artificial light. The reason is because it is further away from the closest windows which is in zone 7 and 8. Therefore the



Bright 3- 6 Good

Average 1- 3 Fair

Dark 0- 1 Poor


Figure 3.3.3.1.8: Zone 21 (corridor)

Figure 3.3.3.1.9: Section diagram showing the direction of the light from windows from zone 7 and 8

space receive less natural light throughout the day. Furthermore, based on the floor plan, both ends of the corridor has high lux value because of large window panels at zone 19 and 18. The lux level within the corridor itself is not consistent along the stretch because some grid points fell directly beneath the recessed ceiling lights.


Average at 1m (lx)



4.00pm Hazy/Cloudy 75- 192 135.7 90- 204 149.0

8.00pm Dark 91- 201 128.5 119- 213 143.7


1m 135.7 128.5

1.5m 149.0 143.7











Table 3.3.3.1.10: Range of data collected at 1 and 1.5m respectively at grid H-J, 7-32

Table 3.3.3.1.11: Total average lux for both times at grid H-J, 7-32





= 142.4

5000 𝑥 100%

= 2.8%

The total average lux for 4pm is 142.4 lx. The main source of light for zone 21 is mostly from artificial lighting. The corridor is not very bright compared to the other zones because: 1) further away from window. 2) very less reflective materials.

According to the table above, the daylight factor, DF, of 2.8%, having the average fair light distribution. Therefore, the corridor has warmer coloration evoking feelings of happiness, optimism and energy.



Bright 3- 6 Good

Average 1- 3 Fair

Dark 0- 1 Poor


ACOUSTIC Performance Evaluation & Design

6.2 Research Methodology for Acoustic Analysis

6.2.1 Measuring Devices

1. Sound Level Meter

Standard References IEC 804 and IEC 651

Grade Accuracy

Quantities Displayed Lp, Lp Max, Leq

Display: LCD Display Resolution

1dB

Frequency Weighting: A/ time weighting

Fast

Microphones

Hold Button

Display

REC button Power button

Range Button

Fast / Slow button A/C Button

Peak Hold Button

Time Integration Free or user defined

Measuring Range 30-120 dB / Range: 30-90 & 60-120

Linearity +- 1.5dB

Overload From (+- 105dB maximum) 93dB and 123 dB Peak

Dimension / Weight 160x64x22 mm / 150g without battery

Battery / Battery life Alkaline (6LR61) / min 30hr (20oC)

Environment: Relative Humidity Storage < 95% / Measurement <9%

Temperature Storage < 55oC / 0oC< Measurement <50oC

CE Marking Comply with: EN 50061 -1 and EN 50062-1

2. Camera

Used to capture the source of noise.

3. Measuring Tape

Used to measure the grid (1.5mx1.5m) and height of the position of the sound level

meter (1.5m)

6.2.2 Procedure

1. Identify the grid line 1.5m x 1.5m in the selected floor plan for data collecting

positions

2. Measure and obtain data using sound level meter, from the designated positions

(1.5m above floor)

3. Wait for stable surrounding and record the reading from sound level meter

4. Specify the variables (noise source) that might affect the readings.

5. Repeat the steps for peak and non-peak hours, considering acoustic conditions at

these two times are different

6. Tabulate and calculate the data collected and then determine the acoustic quality

according to Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)


To obtain accurate reading, the sound level meter was placed at the same height from floor

level (1.5m) for all data collection grid points. The person measuring and recording the

readings should not make any kind of noise in order to obtain accurate reading from the

surrounding. Sound level meter is kept at the same orientation to obtain a more accurate

set of data. Floor plan with the 1.5m x 1.5m grid line is used as a guideline to measure the

data collection points. The process is repeated for different zones at peak and non-peak

hour.

6.2.4 Limitations and Constraints

Human Limitations:

The sound level meter has very high sensitivity with approximately 0.2-0.3 of

stabilization. Hence, the data recorded is based on the time at hold button is pressed.

When operating the sound level meter, the device might be disoriented from the sound

source, which may result in slight inaccuracy of data collected.

Sound Source Stability:

Sudden fluctuations in sound sources are caused during data collection due to human

movement and surrounding activities.

6.2.5 Acoustical Analysis Calculation

Step 1: Reverberation Time (RT)

Reverberation time is the primary descriptor of an acoustic environment which

calculate the reverberation time on an enclosed space. Equation:

RT = 0.16 x V

A Where V, volume of space

Step 2: Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

The sound pressure level is the average is a sound level at a space.

SPL = 10 log 10 1

1 ref Where, 1 ref = 1x 10 12

Step 3: Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

To calculate transmission loss on materials, using the formula below:

SRI = TL 10 log 10 1

T av Where, T av = Average transmission coefficient of

Materials

4.2 Existing Condition External Noise Source

4.2.1 External Noise Source

1) Site Context

St Gilles Garden Hotel is located at the Gardens Mall KL just right beside The Mid valley Mall. Our site study is located at 26th floor of the St Gilles Garden hotel. The Gardens Mall Kl is strategically situated between Kuala Lumpur’s Central Business District and Petaling Jaya, Mid Valley megamall is accessible via networks of roads and highway that link the Megamall. Those major road and highway include Lebuhraya Persekutuan, Pusat Bandar Express way (NPE) and also Jalan Klang Lama (Old Klang Road). Besides, the Gardens Mall Kl that also known as “Mid Valley City” is connected to Jalan Maarof and Jalan Syed Putra (Federal route) as shown in Figure 6.6.1 (a).

Figure 4.2.1.1: The map of St Gilles Gardens Hotel in (Mid Valley City) and the surrounding major

road and highways.

2) Vehicular

Mid Valley City and Gardens are packed with thousands of visitors and workers daily since it has a good accessibility. The major road and highways form the backbone for vehicular movement in an out of the city. Hence, the city is buckling with heavy traffic congestion especially during peak hour. The reason of the heavy traffic is because Lingkaran Syed Putra functions as primary interchange and receives substantial amounts of traffic overflow from major roads including Lebuhraya Persekutuan, Jalan Klang Lama, Pusat Bandar Express way (NPE) and Jalan Maarof. During peak hous the Lingkaran Syed Putra (Mid Valley rings) accommodate consistent standstill traffic with the adjoin main road from such as Jalan Syed Putra and Federal highway will be congested until late hours from 9pm to 10pmThe congestion normally from 5pm until 8 pm weekdays. Even though our site study at 26th floor, but the traffic are still noticeable and can be heard. However, our site is located in front of open space and being surrounded by building block beside like residential and Mid Valley Mall beside, thus noise are not a critical issue to the site.

Figure 4.2.1.2: Accessibility towards Mid Valley City

Figure 4.2.1.3: Front view of St Gills Gardens Hotel facing Jalan Maarof.

3) Construction Area

The construction noise at the site is very soft even though the construction is just

opposite the hotel. It is because our site located at higher level and quite rear from site.

Therefore, the construction noise produces the rear part of the hotel which does not have

many effects on the hotel.

Construction sit Figure 4.2.1.4: View of construction site from 26th

Level

St Gills Gardens Hotel

4.2.2 Internal Noise Source

The device used is to obtain the noise and the activities on 26th Floor of St Giills Gardens

hotel. The main internal source of noise are come from the speaker in meeting room, conference

room and also lecture room. Two speakers are being placed at Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone 6

and Zone 7. The reasons why two speakers are provided are to deliver clearest sound to the

participant so that everyone can heard and be heard even more than one person talks at a time.

Moreover, the room are just located next to each other, so the probability the sound would be

heard are high. Using microphone and speakers are one of the equipment to distract the noise.

Diagram 4.2.2.1: Indication of speakers

Zone 1 – Male Toilet

Zone 4 – Lecture Hall 2

Zone 10 – Meeting room 1




- Speakers

Figure 4.2.2.2: Two speakers are provided in meeting rooms

Activities

The noise produce when the waiter setting up and serves food at pantry area. The noise

transfer from the pantry area to meeting room. The noise are more obvious to be heard when

the waiter sort out the plates, are cleaning up pantry area and wash the dishes in kitchen.

OBJECT SPECIFICATIONS

5030B STUDIO MONITOR

Frequency range : 58Hz-20kHz (±2 dB)

Total Power Capacity : 80W

Maximum peak SPL

108dB

Crossover frequency 3.0kHz

Drivers : Bass – 130 mm ( 5 in) cone Treble – 19 mm ¾ in metal dome Both drivers magnetically shielded

Maximum Long term RMS 1m > 97 dB SPL

Maximum peak acoustic output :

> 108 dB

Location Speaker mounted on wall at Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone 6 and Zone 7

Air Conditioner

Air diffuser can be heard in meeting room and along the corridor. The noise are located

at every room and also corridor and lobby. The noise can be heard clearly when the

room is really quite.

Figure 4.2.2.3: The pantry area besides the meeting room

Figure 4.2.2.4: Zone 13, Zone

14, Zone 10 and Zone 11 are

closed to the pantry area.

Object Specifications

Nailor RNR Series Round Ceiling Diffuser

Throw values : 0.70 fpm

Total pressure : 0.56 fpm

Noise Criteria (NC) value : 54 dB room absorption

Velocity pressure : 0.23

Sound pressure level : 0.45 dB

4.2.3 Materials

Categories Material Colour Surface Texture

Location

Absorption Coefficient 500 Hz 2000

Hz 40000Hz

Wall

Fabric Wrapped Acoustical Sliding and Fixed Wall Panels

Fabric

Nude

Smooth

Corridor

0.50

0.85

0.80

Brick Plaster Wall

Brick

White

Rough

Storage room in meeting

room

0.02

0.02

0.03

Wood Wall Panel

Wood

Brown

Smooth

Meeting Room

0.19

0.08

0.05

Mosaic Wall Tile

Mosaic

Brown Orange Yellow

Glossy

Female’s & Male’s

Toilet

0.01

0.02

0.02

Marble Wall Tile

Marble

White

Glossy

Female’s

& Male’s Toilet

0.01

0.02

0.02

Glass ¼” plate, large pane

Glass

Transparent

Smooth

Meeting’s room

0.04

0.02

0.02

Ceiling

Plaster Board Ceiling

White

Smooth

Meeting room

0.04

0.07

0.08

Doors and Windows

Wood Door panel

Brown

Smooth

All type of door are the same

0.05

0.04

0.04

Fixed Window* in toilets too

Steel Framing

Silver

Smooth

Meeting Room

0.44

0.54

0.57

Flooring

Carpet

Blue, Yellow, Orange, White

Smooth

All room/ Space are

fully carpet

0.06

0.25

0.45

Marble Tile

White

Glossy

Female’s

& Male’s Toilet

0.01

0.02

0.02

Furniture

Chair

Fabric and

Steel

Gold, Black

Smooth

Meeting’s Room

0.8

0.82

0.7

Absorption coefficients of common building materials and finishes

Floor

materials 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1 kHz 2 kHz 4 kHz

Carpet 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.25 0.45

Concrete

(unpainted,

rough finish)

0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Concrete

(sealed or

painted)

0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Marble or

glazed tile 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Vinyl tile or

linoleum on

concrete

0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

Wood

flooring on

joists

0.15 0.11 0.1 0.07 0.06 0.07

Reflective wall

materials 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1 kHz 2 kHz 4 kHz

Brick (natural) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07

Brick (painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03

Concrete

block (coarse) 0.36 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.25

Concrete

block (painted) 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08

Concrete

(poured, rough

finish,

unpainted)

0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Doors (solid

wood panels) 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04

Glass (1/4"

plate, large

pane)

0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02

Glass (small

pane) 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02

Plasterboard

(12mm (1/2")

paneling on

studs)

0.29 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Plaster

(gypsum or

lime, on

masonry)

0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster

(gypsum or

lime, on wood

lath)

0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Plywood

(3mm(1/8")

paneling over

31.7mm(1-1/4")

airspace)

0.15 0.25 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.08

Plywood

(3mm(1/8")

paneling over

57.1mm( 2-

1/4") airspace)

0.28 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.08

Plywood

(5mm(3/16")

paneling over

0.38 0.24 0.17 0.1 0.08 0.05

50mm(2")

airspace)

Plywood

(5mm(3/16")

panel,

25mm(1")

fiberglass in

50mm(2")

airspace)

0.42 0.36 0.19 0.1 0.08 0.05

Plywood

(6mm(1/4")

paneling,

airspace, light

bracing)

0.3 0.25 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1

Plywood

(10mm(3/8")

paneling,

airspace, light

bracing)

0.28 0.22 0.17 0.09 0.1 0.11

Plywood

(19mm(3/4")

paneling,

airspace, light

bracing)

0.2 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.1 0.1

Ceiling Maeterial 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1 kHz 2 kHz 4 kHz

Plasterboard

(12mm(1/2") in

suspended ceiling

grid)

0.15 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.08

Underlay in

perforated metal

panels (25mm(1")

batts)

0.51 0.78 0.57 0.77 0.9 0.79

Metal deck

(perforated 0.19 0.69 0.99 0.88 0.52 0.27

channels,25mm(1")

batts)

Metal deck

(perforated

channels, 75mm(3")

batts)

0.73 0.99 0.99 0.89 0.52 0.31

Plaster (gypsum or

lime, on masonary) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster (gypsum or

lime, rough finish or

timber lath)

0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Source: http://www.soundproofyourhome.com/absorption-coefficient-chart

http://www.soundproofyourhome.com/absorption-coefficient-chart

4.3 Acoustic Analysis

4.3.1 Acoustic Data

Zone 13

Zone 10 Zone 14

Zone 4 Zone 11

Zone 1

4.3.1.1 Non-Peak Hour

Date: 2nd October 2015

Grid A B C D E F G H O P Q R S T U

1 42 39 39 39

2 40 39 39 39 38

3 46 39 39 39 39 38 39 39 39 40 42

4 42 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 41

5 42 41 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 38

6 42 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39

7 46 41 39 39 39 39 39 35 39 39 39 42

8 41 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40

9 39 39 39

10 47 45 45 45 39 39 39 40

11 46 45 45 45 43 39 39 39 39 39

12 46 45 45 45 45 39 39 39 39 39

13 48 46 45 45 45 45 39 39 39 39 39 42

14 45 45 45 45 45 44 39 39 39 39 39 39

15 45 45 45 45 45 39 39 39 39 39

16 45 45 45 45 45 40 40 40 39 41 41

17 45 45 44 44 44 40 40 40 39 41 41

24 42 40 39 39 39

25 42 40 40 39 39

26 44 40 40 40 39

27 40 40 40 39 39 38

28 40 41 40 40 39 38

29 45 40 40 40 39 38

30 40 40 40 39 39

31 40 40 39 39 38

32 61 61

33 62 62 62 62 61 61

34 62 61 61 61 61

35 62

Zone 13

Zone 10 Zone 14

Zone 4 Zone 11

Zone 1

4.3.1.2 Peak Hour

Date: 2nd October 2015

Grid A B C D E F G H O P Q R S T U

1 64 64 64 63

2 65 64 64 64 64

3 65 65 64 64 64 62 63 63 63 63 64

4 66 65 65 66 65 64 65 64 65 65 63

5 67 67 68 68 68 65 66 67 66 67 66

6 68 69 69 69 68 67 69 68 68 69 67

7 67 68 70 69 71 70 68 72 69 68 69 67

8 69 69 68 69 68 66 67 67 67 68 66

9 67 65 65

10 67 69 69 69 68 68 69 68

11 69 72 70 71 69 69 72 69 71 69

12 69 69 69 69 68 67 69 69 69 69

13 66 68 68 69 69 69 66 68 68 68 67 64

14 66 68 67 68 68 66 67 67 67 68 67 66

15 65 67 67 66 65 65 66 65 65 65

16 63 66 65 66 65 65 66 66 66 66 64

17 64 65 65 63 66 63 65 66 65 65 64

24 64 64 65 64 64

25 63 64 64 64 64

26 67 66 66 65 65

27 66 67 68 68 67 68

28 68 69 68 69 69 69

29 67 71 69 69 70 67

30 68 68 67 68 67

31 69 68 68 68 66

32 63 63

33 61 62 64 63 63 63

34 63 63 63 64 63

35 63

Zone 13

Zone 10 Zone 14

Zone 4 Zone 11

Zone 1

3.4.2 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagrams

a) Zone 13 (Meeting Room 3)

Sound dissipated from

speaker 1 had recorded

maximum value of 70 dB.

There is more sound

reflected by speaker 1 as it is

located near the glass

windows.




Most of the sound is

absorbed by the fabric walls

panels as seen in the ray

bounce diagram

b) Zone 10 (Meeting Room 1)




There is more sound

reflected by speaker 1 as it

is located near the glass

windows.







bounce diagram

c) Zone 4 (Lecture Hall 2)




There is more sound


is located near the glass

windows.







bounce diagram

d) Zone 14 (Meeting Room 4)







bounce diagram. However

there are more reflected

rays as the space is smaller




There is more sound


highest in this zone as it is

smaller.

e) Zone 11 (Meeting Room 2)




There are more rays

reflected in this zone by

speaker 1 as more rays are

directed towards more

reflective surfaces.




Although the speaker is

nearer to the glass windows

more rays are directed

towards the fabric panels.

Therefore lesser rays are

reflected.

Zone Average dB (nonpeak hour) Average dB (peak hour)

Zone 13 (Meeting 3) 39.7 66.5

Zone 10 (Meeting 1) 45.0 67.3

Zone 4 (Lecture Hall 2) 39.8 70

Zone 1 (Male Toilet) 61.4 63

Zone 14 (Meeting Room 4) 39.2 66.3

Zone 11 (Meeting Room 2) 39.4 66.9

Observations 1. During non-peak hour there is no or barely noticeable noise created by humans 2. Zone 13,4,14 and 11 had comparably lower noise levels at nonpeak hour 3. Although zone 10 is similar to above mentioned zones, the average noise level appeared

to be higher during nonpeak hour. This difference was caused due to an open door during the data collection.

4. Zone 1 had the highest average noise level recorded during nonpeak hour. 5. During Peak hour the noise produced was mainly from the speakers as the activity

carried out in the zones are contained speakers as noise sources. 6. Highest average dB was recorded in zone 4.

3.4.2 Reverberation Time (RT)

Reverberation, in psychoacoustics and acoustics, is the persistence of sound after a sound is produced. A reverberation, or reverb, is created when a sound or signal is reflected causing a large number of reflections to build up and then decay as the sound is absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space – which could include furniture and people, and air. This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but the reflections continue, decreasing in amplitude, until they reach zero amplitude. Reverberation is frequency dependent. The length of the decay, or reverberation time, receives special consideration in the architectural design of spaces which need to have specific reverberation times to achieve optimum performance for their intended activity. In comparison to a distinct echo that is a minimum of 50 to 100ms after the initial sound, reverberation is the occurrence of reflections that arrive in less than approximately 50ms. As time passes, the amplitude of the reflections is reduced until it is reduced to zero.

Figure 3.4.2.1 Standard

Reverberation Times

The Reverberation Time for meeting room at 500Hz and 2000Hz are 0.37s and 0.4 seconds respectively, which is lower than the recommended RT 0.6s – 1s. Therefore, based on this result, the total absorption of the space has to be reduced by a value of around 40 m2sabins in order to achieve the optimum reverberation time.

The Reverberation Time for meeting room at 500Hz and 2000Hz are 0.38s and 0.43s respectively, which is again lower than the recommended RT 0.6s – 1.2s. Therefore, based on this calculation, the total absorption of the space has to be reduced by a value of around 30m2sabins in order to achieve the optimum reverberation time.

Zone 13

Floor Area=94m2

Volume=310m3

Building Element

Material Area (S)

/m2

500Hz 2000Hz

Absorption Coefficient (a)

Sound Absorption (SA) / m2sabins



Wall Fabric 71.3 0.5 35.65 0.85 60.605

Wall Glass 13.2 0.4 5.28 0.2 2.64

Wall Wood panel 39.6 0.19 7.524 0.08 3.168

Floor Carpet 94 0.6 56.4 0.25 23.5

Door Wood 4 0.05 0.2 0.04 0.16

Ceiling Plaster Board 94 0.04 3.76 0.07 6.58

Furniture Fabric and Steel 30 seats 0.8 per unit 24 0.82 per unit 24.6

Human 3 person 0.46 per person 1.38 0.51 per person 1.53

Total Absorption (A)

134.194 Total Absorption (A) 122.783

Reverberation Time

0.369614141 Reverberation Time

0.403964718

Zone 10

Floor Area=92m2

Volume=303m3

Building Element

Material Area (S)

/m2

500Hz 2000Hz





Wall Fabric 62 0.5 31 0.85 52.7

Wall Glass 13.2 0.4 5.28 0.2 2.64

Wall Wood panel 39.6 0.19 7.524 0.08 3.168

Floor Carpet 92 0.6 55.2 0.25 23

Door Wood 7 0.05 0.35 0.04 0.28






Reverberation Time


0.439695986

Zone 1

Floor Area=31.7m2

Volume=105m3

Building Element

Material Area (S)

/m2

500Hz 2000Hz





Wall Marble 79.2 0.01 0.792 0.02 1.584

Wall Glass 14.8 0.4 5.92 0.2 2.96

Floor Marble 31.7 0.01 0.317 0.02 0.634

Door Wood 3.75 0.05 0.1875 0.04 0.15

Ceiling Plaster Board 31.7 0.04 1.268 0.07 2.219




Reverberation Time


1.96101319

The Reverberation Time for meeting room at 500Hz and 2000Hz are 1.79s and 0.43s

respectively, which is at the recommended RT of 0.5s – 2s.

The Reverberation Time for seminar room at 500Hz and 2000Hz are 0.42s and 0.5s respectively, which is slightly lower than recommended RT of 0.5s – 1.2s.

Zone 14

Floor Area=71m2

Volume=234m3

Building Element

Material Area (S)

/m2

500Hz 2000Hz





Wall Fabric 36.3 0.5 18.15 0.85 30.855

Wall Glass 6.6 0.4 2.64 0.2 1.32

Wall Wood panel 26.4 0.19 5.016 0.08 2.112

Floor Carpet 71 0.6 42.6 0.25 17.75

Door Wood 4 0.05 0.2 0.04 0.16



Human 3 person 0.46 per person 1.38

0.51 per person 1.53



Reverberation Time


0.498555202

3.4.3 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) and Sound Level Measurement

Sound pressure level (SPL) or acoustic pressure level is a logarithmic measure of the effective

pressure of a sound relative to a reference value.

Combined SPL = 10log10 (p2/po2)

Where p = pressure (N/m2)

po = reference pressure (2x10−5 N/m2)

The total sound energy emitted by a source. per unit time is the sound power. All share as level the same unit of measure: the decibel (dB). L=10 log (I/Io) Where I = sound power/ Intensity (watts) Io= reference power (1x10-12 watts)

a) Zone 13 – Nonpeak Hour

Highest reading= 46 dB L=10 log (I/Io) 46=10log (I/1x10-12) I=3.98x10-8

Lowest Reading= 38 dB L=10 log (I/Io) 38=10log (I/1x10-12) I=6.31x10-9

Total Intensity = (3.98x10-8) + (6.31x10-9) =4.61x10-8

Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/po

2) =10 log10 [(4.61x10-8) /(1x10-12)] = 46.64 dB

Zone 13 – Peak Hour Highest reading= 71 dB L=10 log (I/Io) 71=10log (I/1x10-12) I=1.26x10-5



Combined SPL = 10 log10 (p2/po2)

=10 log10 [(1.42x10-5) /(1x10-12)] = 71.52 dB

a) Zone 10 – Nonpeak Hour Highest reading= 48 dB L=10 log (I/Io) 48=10log (I/1x10-12) I=6.31x10-8

Lowest Reading= 43 dB L=10 log (I/Io) 43=10log (I/1x10-12) I=2x10-8

Total Intensity = (2x10-8) + (6.31x10-8) =8.3x10-8


2) =10 log10 [(8.3x10-8) / (1x10-12)] = 49.19 dB





2) =10 log10 [(1.42x10-5) /(1x10-12)]

= 72.52 dB

b) Zone 4 – Nonpeak Hour Highest reading= 45 dB L=10 log (I/Io) 45=10log (I/1x10-12) I=3.16x10-8




2) =10 log10 [(3.79x10-8) / (1x10-12)] = 45.79 dB





2) =10 log10 [(1.46x10-5) /(1x10-12)] = 71.64 dB

c) Zone 1 – Nonpeak Hour Highest reading= 62 dB L=10 log (I/Io) 62=10log (I/1x10-12) I=1.58x10-6




2) =10 log10 [(3.79x10-8) / (1x10-12)] = 64.53 dB





2) =10 log10 [(1.46x10-5) /(1x10-12)] = 65.77 dB

d) Zone 14 – Nonpeak Hour





2) =10 log10 [(2.21x10-8) / (1x10-12)] = 43.45 dB `





2) =10 log10 [(1.46x10-5) /(1x10-12)] = 72.50 dB

e) Zone 11 – Nonpeak Hour





2) =10 log10 [(2.37x10-8) / (1x10-12)] = 43.75 dB





2) =10 log10 [(1.46x10-5) /(1x10-12)] = 72.50 dB

Summary

Zone Nonpeak hour Peak hour

Zone 13 (Meeting 3) 46.64 dB 71.52 dB

Zone 10 (Meeting 1) 49.19 dB 72.52 dB

Zone 4 (Lecture Hall 2) 45.79 dB 71.64 dB

Zone 1 (Male Toilet) 64.53 dB 65.77 dB

Zone 14 (Meeting Room 4) 43.45 dB 72.50 dB

Zone 11 (Meeting Room 2) 43.75 dB 72.50 dB

3.4.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

Sound Reduction Index (SRI) or Transmission Loss (TL) of a partition measures the number of

decibels lost when a sound of a given frequency is transmitted through the partition

Where T=Transmission Loss

TL=10log10(1/Tav)

Tav=(S1Tc1 + S2Tc2 + SnTcn)/ Total surface area

Tcn= Transmission Coefficient of Material

Sn= Surface area of Material

Overall SRI= 10log10 (1/T)

Zone 13 (Meeting Room 3) and Zone 10 (Meeting Room 1)

Zone 13 and Zone 10 is separated by a brick wall. A combined SPL of 71.52 dB and 72.52 dB are

recorded in zone 13 and 10 respectively in peak hour with a difference of only 1 dB. This is due

the similar nature of activities carried out in these two spaces. However, SPL level between zone

13 nonpeak hour (46.64 dB) and zone 10 peak hour (72.52 dB) has a difference of 25.88 dB. The

SRI of the brick wall is good enough to insulate this difference. Moreover, the partition created

for storage adjacent to the brick wall from each zone will give more sound insulation. Therefore

the overall sound reduction between zone 13 and zone 10 is considered well insulated.

Building Element

Material Sound

Reduction Index (SRI)

Transmission Coefficient(T)

Area (S)

Wall Brick Work 42 dB 3.31x10-5 28

Zone 4 (Lecture Hall 2) and Zone 1 (Male Toilet)

Zone 4 and zone 1 is also separated by a brick wall. A combined SPL of 71.64 dB and 65.77 dB

are recorded in zone 4 and zone 1 respectively in peak hour with a difference of 5.87 dB. This

may be due to the noise created speakers in zone 4. The SRI of brick wall is capable of insulating

this difference. Moreover, the partition created in zone 4 adjacent to the brick wall will give

more sound insulation.

Building Element

Material Sound



Area (S)


Zone 14 (Meeting room 4) and Zone 11 (Meeting room 2)

Zone 14 and Zone 11 is separated by a brick wall. The combined SPL for these two zones appears

to be equal (72.5 dB) . This is due the similar nature of activities carried out in these two spaces.

However, SPL level between zone 14 nonpeak hour (43.45 dB) and zone 11 peak hour (72.5 dB)

has a difference of 29.05 dB. The SRI of the brick wall is good enough to insulate this difference.

Moreover, the partition created for storage adjacent to the brick wall from each zone will give

more sound insulation. Therefore the overall sound reduction between zone 14 and zone 11 is

considered well insulated.

Building Element

Material Sound



Area (S)


Conclusion

The SPL calculations for peak and nonpeak hours and the SRI calculation shows that the zones

are well insulated and designed. The use of sound insulation fabric panels reduced the

reverberation time of the zones more than required. However due limitations and constraints

the values obtained for calculations may not be accurate enough to compare with optimum

reverberation time for the specific areas. Sound dissipated from the speakers during peak hour

is mostly absorbed the fabric insulation panels.

The orientation of zones (shorter side facing adjacent zone) also helped in achieving desirable

acoustic properties as it reduces the surface area facing the adjacent zones. Moreover, the usage

of service rooms/ storage rooms to separate the zones drastically reduces sound transmitted to

adjacent zone. Since the area selected for this case study is located on the 28th floor, the external

noises had very little effect on the analysis.

References

1) http://www.acoustics.org.nz/journal/pdfs/Salter,_C_NZA2003.pdf

2)

http://www.acoustics.org.nz/journal/pdfs/Salter,_C_NZA2003.pdf

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