finalized - compact antenna - london met repositoryrepository.londonmet.ac.uk/789/1/finalized -...

Mohammad AlibakhshiBal S. Virdee

1

Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran2

Azad3

University, Center for Communications Technology, London N78DB,4

Llull,

Abstract ―oncellsetchedmanufacturing techniques

across

bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits aradiationgain4.8highlywavelength

Index Terms ―transmission

Transmissionwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/leftorparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [

proposed that isand bandwidth extensionunitinductorunitshunt inductanceantennausing an appropriate

Fig.


School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, ShahidBahonar University, Kerman, Iran

Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicAzad

Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N78DB,

School of Telecommunication EngineeriLlull,

Abstract ―on compositecellsetchedmanufacturing techniques

across

bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits aradiationgain, bandwidth4.8 dBihighlywavelength


Transmissionwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/leftor metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [

In thisproposed that isand bandwidth extensionunit-inductorunit-shunt inductanceantennausing an appropriate

The configuration of the proposed antennaFig.

Compact AntennaComposite Right/Left Handed



Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicAzad University, Tehran, Iran

Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N78DB, United Kingdom

School of Telecommunication EngineeriLlull, Barcelona, Spain

Abstract ―composite

implementedetchedmanufacturing techniques

across

bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits aradiation

, bandwidthdBi, 23% and

highly compact and itswavelength


Transmissionwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left

metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [

In thisproposed that isand bandwidth extension

-cells that are composed ofinductor

-cell behave asshunt inductanceantennausing an appropriate

The configuration of the proposed antenna1,




Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, IslamicUniversity, Tehran, Iran

Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London MetropolitanUniversity, Center for Communications Technology, London N7

United KingdomSchool of Telecommunication Engineeri

Barcelona, Spain

Abstract ―composite

implementedetched directly on themanufacturing techniques

across 5.8–bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits aradiation efficiency

, bandwidth, 23% andcompact and its

wavelength


Transmissionwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left


In thisproposed that isand bandwidth extension

cells that are composed ofinductor that is grounded using via

cell behave asshunt inductanceantenna’s radiationusing an appropriate

The configuration of the proposed antenna, consists of rectangular radiating patch


Mohammad AlibakhshiBal S. Virdee3, Aurora And





Barcelona, Spain

Thiscomposite right

implementeddirectly on the

manufacturing techniques

–7.3

bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmexhibits a relatively

efficiency, bandwidth

, 23% andcompact and its

is 0.39λ

Index Terms ―transmission-lines

Transmission-lines are essential components inwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left


In this Letter, aproposed that isand bandwidth extension

cells that are composed ofthat is grounded using via

cell behave asshunt inductance

’s radiationusing an appropriate

II.

The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch


Transmission Line

Mohammad AlibakhshiAurora And





Barcelona, Spain

This Letterright

implementeddirectly on the


.3 GHz, which corresponds to

bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmrelatively

efficiency, bandwidth and efficiency

, 23% and 78%, respectively.compact and its

is 0.39λ

Index Terms ― Broadband antenna,lines.

lines are essential components inwireless systemsantennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left


etter, aproposed that is constituted fromand bandwidth extension

cells that are composed ofthat is grounded using via

cell behave asshunt inductance (

’s radiationusing an appropriate

II. THE



Transmission Line

Mohammad AlibakhshiAurora And





Barcelona, Spain

Letterright-left handed (CRLH) transmission

implemented using slotsdirectly on the


GHz, which corresponds to

bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmrelatively

efficiency characteristics.and efficiency78%, respectively.

compact and itsis 0.39λ0 ×

roadband antenna,

lines are essential components inas they are used

antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]composite right/left-


etter, aconstituted from

and bandwidth extensioncells that are composed of

that is grounded using viacell behave as series left

(LL),’s radiation characteristics can be easily modified by

using an appropriate number of

HE M



Transmission Line

Mohammad Alibakhshi-KenariAurora And




School of Telecommunication Engineeri

Letter presents aleft handed (CRLH) transmissionusing slots

directly on themanufacturing techniques


bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmrelatively wide bandwidth

characteristics.and efficiency78%, respectively.

compact and its physical size in terms of the free0.13λ

roadband antenna,

I. I


antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]

-handed transmissionmetamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novel

paradigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [

etter, a novelconstituted from

and bandwidth extensioncells that are composed of

that is grounded using viaseries left), respectively

characteristics can be easily modified bynumber of

METAMATERIAL



Transmission Line

KenariAurora Andujar





presents aleft handed (CRLH) transmissionusing slots

directly on the dielectric substratemanufacturing techniques. The antenna


bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmide bandwidth

characteristics.and efficiency78%, respectively.

physical size in terms of the free0.13λ0 ×

roadband antenna,

I. INTRODUCTION



anded transmissionmetamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novel


novelconstituted from

and bandwidth extension hacells that are composed of

that is grounded using viaseries left

respectivelycharacteristics can be easily modified bynumber of

ETAMATERIAL



Transmission Line

Kenari1, Mohammad Naserujar4, and Jaume Anguera


Faculty of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic



presents aleft handed (CRLH) transmissionusing slots and spiral

dielectric substrateThe antenna



characteristics.and efficiency of the antenna78%, respectively.

physical size in terms of the free× 0.015λ

roadband antenna,

NTRODUCTION





novelconstituted from

havecells that are composed of

that is grounded using viaseries left-

respectivelycharacteristics can be easily modified bynumber of

ETAMATERIAL



Transmission Line

Mohammad Naserand Jaume Anguera

School of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Shahid




presents a novelleft handed (CRLH) transmission

and spiraldielectric substrateThe antenna



characteristics.of the antenna

78%, respectively.physical size in terms of the free

0.015λ

roadband antenna,

NTRODUCTION


antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elementsin oscillators and filters [1]-[



novel compactconstituted from CRLH

realized usingcells that are composed of

that is grounded using via-handed capacitance

respectivelycharacteristics can be easily modified bynumber of CRLH

ETAMATERIAL


Compact Antenna based onComposite Right/Left Handed

Transmission Line





School of Telecommunication Engineering, Universitat Ramon

novelleft handed (CRLH) transmission

and spiraldielectric substrateThe antenna



characteristics. Theof the antenna

78%, respectively. The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free

0.015λ0.

roadband antenna, composite right

NTRODUCTION

lines are essential components inas they are used, for example

antennas to transmitters and receivers, for impedancematching in mixers and amplifiers, or as resonant elements

[5].anded transmission


compactCRLH

realized usingcells that are composed of U-shaped slot

that is grounded using via-handed capacitance

respectively [10characteristics can be easily modified by

CRLH

ETAMATERIAL A


based onComposite Right/Left Handed

Transmission Line





ng, Universitat Ramon

novel antennaleft handed (CRLH) transmission

and spiraldielectric substrateThe antenna is designed to operate


bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmide bandwidth, high

Theof the antenna

The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free

composite right

NTRODUCTION

lines are essential components infor example


. More randed transmission

metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwavedevices with unprecedented properties [6]

compactCRLH-TLs

realized usingshaped slot-holes.

handed capacitance10]-[12]

characteristics can be easily modified byCRLH-TL

ANTENNA



Transmission Line






antennaleft handed (CRLH) transmission

inductorsdielectric substrate

is designed to operate


bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmhigh

The measured radiationof the antenna


composite right



More randed transmission-line (CRLH

metamaterials (MTMs) have been developed as a novelparadigm in electromagnetics engineering and have beenshown to possess a rich potential for novel microwave

]-[9]compact planar

TLsrealized using

shaped slotholes.

handed capacitance[12]

characteristics can be easily modified byTL unit

NTENNA



Transmission Line

Mohammad Naser-Moghadasiand Jaume Anguera





antennaleft handed (CRLH) transmission

inductorsdielectric substrate



bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirmhigh gain and highmeasured radiation

of the antenna at 6.6The fabricated antenna is

physical size in terms of the free

composite right



More recently, theline (CRLH


[9].planarTLs. Size reduction

realized using theshaped slotholes. The CRLH

handed capacitance[12]. It is shown the

characteristics can be easily modified byunit-cells

NTENNA

The configuration of the proposed antennaconsists of rectangular radiating patch that


Moghadasiand Jaume Anguera5





antenna that isleft handed (CRLH) transmission-

inductorsby standard


a fractional

bandwidth of 23%. Measured results confirm the antennagain and high

measured radiationat 6.6


composite right-left handed

lines are essential components infor example, to


ecently, theline (CRLH


planar antennaize reduction

the CRLHshaped slot and spiral

The CRLHhanded capacitance

. It is shown thecharacteristics can be easily modified by

cells

The configuration of the proposed antenna, shown inthat

based on aComposite Right/Left Handed

Moghadasi





that is-line

inductors that areby standard


a fractional

the antennagain and high

measured radiationat 6.6 GHz are


left handed

lines are essential components in modernto connect


ecently, theline (CRLH


antennaize reduction

CRLHand spiral

The CRLHhanded capacitance (CL


cells.

shown inthat includes

aComposite Right/Left Handed

Moghadasi2





that is basedline unitthat are

by standardis designed to operate

a fractional


measured radiationGHz are

The fabricated antenna isphysical size in terms of the free-space

left handed

modernconnect


ecently, theline (CRLH-TL)


antennaize reduction

CRLH-TLand spiral

The CRLH-TL

L) and. It is shown the

characteristics can be easily modified by

shown inincludes

2,




basedunit-

that areby standard


a fractional


measured radiationGHz are

The fabricated antenna isspace

left handed

modernconnect


ecently, theTL)


isize reduction

TLand spiral

TL) and


shown inincludes

modernconnect


ecently, theTL)


isize reduction

TL

TL) and


shown inincludes

sixfromtheslot and(Cproposed metamaterialRO4003of 0.8

unitdimensioncharacteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unitSix unit1.75 GHz for a reflectionsix unit

Fig. 2.function of

rectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U

six CRLHfromthe groundslot andCL) and shunt

proposed metamaterialRO4003of 0.8

Fig.

The criterunit-cellsdimensioncharacteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unitSix unit1.75 GHz for a reflectionsix unit

Fig. 2.function of

The proposed antenna, shown inrectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U

CRLHfrom a U

groundslot and

) and shuntproposed metamaterialRO4003of 0.8 mm and

Fig. 1. Fabricated prototype of the

The critercells

dimensioncharacteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unitSix unit-1.75 GHz for a reflectionsix unit-cells were used here in the antenna design.

Fig. 2. Reflectionfunction of


CRLHU-shaped slot and spiral inductor

ground-plane throughslot and spiral act like

) and shuntproposed metamaterialRO4003 substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness

mm and

1. Fabricated prototype of the

The critercells depend

dimensions,characteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit

-cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection

cells were used here in the antenna design.

Reflectionfunction of number of cells


CRLH unitshaped slot and spiral inductor

plane throughspiral act like

) and shuntproposed metamaterial

substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thicknessmm and t


The criteriadepend,

characteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patternthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit

cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection


Reflection-coefficient (Snumber of cells


unit-cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor


) and shunt (proposed metamaterial

substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thicknesstanδ


ia useddepends, impedance

characteristics. Theimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidthradiation patterns. The number ofthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit



coefficient (Snumber of cells


cells, where each unitshaped slot and spiral inductor


(LHproposed metamaterial

substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thicknessanδ =


used to determines on a

impedancecharacteristics. The overallimplement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidth

. The number ofthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit



coefficient (Snumber of cells.



plane throughspiral act like series left

LH) inductanceproposed metamaterial antenna

substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness0.0022.


to determineon a

impedanceoverall

implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidth




coefficient (S.



plane through a metallic viaseries leftinductanceantenna



to determineon a tradeoff between the

impedanceoverall



cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of1.75 GHz for a reflection-coefficient of


coefficient (S11) response of the proposed antenna as a



metallic viaseries leftinductanceantenna


1. Fabricated prototype of the proposed metamaterial

to determinetradeoff between the

impedance bandwidth and radiationoverall goal



cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofcoefficient of


) response of the proposed antenna as a



metallic viaseries left-handed (LH) capacitanceinductanceantenna was

substrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness

proposed metamaterial

to determine the number oftradeoff between the

bandwidth and radiationgoal here was to design and

implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmand exhibited a wide bandwidth with

. The number of unitthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit






metallic viahanded (LH) capacitance

(Lwas fabricated



the number oftradeoff between the

bandwidth and radiationhere was to design and

implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmwithunit

through optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit





cells, where each unit-cell is constructedshaped slot and spiral inductor that

metallic via-holehanded (LH) capacitance

LL),fabricated





implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmwith good unidirectionalunit-cells was determined

through optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit




The proposed antenna, shown in Fig.rectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U

cell is constructedthathole. The U

handed (LH) capacitance), respectively

fabricatedsubstrate with dielectric constant of 3.38, thickness




implement an antenna that had a maximum length of 20 mmgood unidirectional

cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflectionthe antenna with increasing number of unit-

cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofcoefficient of -10 dB.



Fig. 1rectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U

cell is constructedthat is connected to

. The Uhanded (LH) capacitance

respectivelyfabricated on a






cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency SimulatorStructure (HFSS). Fig. 2 shows the reflection-coefficient of

-cells from 1cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of

10 dB.cells were used here in the antenna design.


1, consists of arectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U

cell is constructedconnected to

. The Uhanded (LH) capacitance

respectivelyon a


proposed metamaterial antenna.

the number of CRLHtradeoff between the



cells was determinedthrough optimization using High Frequency Simulator

coefficient ofcells from 1

cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth of10 dB. Therefore



, consists of arectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U


. The U-shapedhanded (LH) capacitance

respectively.on a Rogers


antenna.

CRLHtradeoff between the antenna




coefficient ofcells from 1

cells provide the widest impedance bandwidth ofTherefore




shapedhanded (LH) capacitance

. TheRogers


antenna.

CRLH-TLantenna




coefficient ofcells from 1-





shapedhanded (LH) capacitance

TheRogers


TLantenna




coefficient of-6.



, consists of arectangular radiating patch which is embedded with six U-

Prof

Vird

ee

shaped slots andtheon the right hand sideSMD1206through a via

(RH) effectcapacitanceantennabetween the metalequivalent circuit model of thein Fig. 3.LRwhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated withCRLHsimulationpF4.2

width,show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength fromfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in68%.were determined from these results to bemm, respectively.six2.7×6.8wavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ

the antenna arebandwidthsDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M

shaped slots andthe groundon the right hand sideSMD1206through a via

The(RH) effectcapacitanceantennabetween the metalequivalent circuit model of thein Fig. 3.LL, LRR andwhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated withCRLHsimulationpF, L4.2 Ω

Thewidth,show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength fromfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in68%.were determined from these results to bemm, respectively.six CRLH2.7×6.8wavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ

Thethe antenna arebandwidthsDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M

shaped slots andground

on the right hand sideSMD1206through a via

The(RH) effectcapacitanceantennabetween the metalequivalent circuit model of thein Fig. 3.

LR andand

which account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated withCRLH-TLsimulation

, LR =Ω.

Thewidth, are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength fromfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in68%. Thewere determined from these results to bemm, respectively.

CRLH2.7×6.8wavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ

Thethe antenna arebandwidthsDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M

shaped slots andground-

on the right hand sideSMD1206. The load is terminated to thethrough a via

The antenna structure generates(RH) effectcapacitanceantenna metallizationbetween the metalequivalent circuit model of thein Fig. 3. In addition

andand GR

which account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with

TLsimulation, and these are:

= 3.44

Fig.

The results of theare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.

show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength fromfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in

The optimized lewere determined from these results to bemm, respectively.

CRLH-2.7×6.8 mmwavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ

The simulated and measuredthe antenna arebandwidthsDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M

shaped slots and-plane using

on the right hand side. The load is terminated to the

through a via-holeantenna structure generates

(RH) effect from thecapacitance (C

metallizationbetween the metalequivalent circuit model of the

In additionCR) are included right

R, andwhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with

TL unit, and these are:

3.44 nH

Fig. 3. Equivalent c

results of theare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.

show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reductionlength from 2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in

optimized lewere determined from these results to bemm, respectively.

-TLmm2 or 0.052λ

wavelength atheight of the antenna are 0.39λand 0.015λ0 (0.8

simulated and measuredthe antenna arebandwidths areDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M

shaped slots andplane using


holeantenna structure generates

from theCR)

metallizationbetween the metalequivalent circuit model of the

In addition) are included right

and leftwhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with

unit-cell, and these are:

nH, G

Equivalent c


show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction

2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5mm results in an increase of the

optimized lewere determined from these results to bemm, respectively.

TL unior 0.052λ

wavelength at fheight of the antenna are 0.39λ

(0.8 mm), respectively.simulated and measured

the antenna are shown inare 29%, 26.8% and 26.6%

Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M

shaped slots and includesplane using


hole.antenna structure generates

from the) resulting from

metallizationbetween the metallization and theequivalent circuit model of the

In addition) are included right

left-which account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with

cell, and these are:

, GL

Equivalent c



2.9 mm to 2.5 mmfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5

an increase of theoptimized le

were determined from these results to bemm, respectively. The

unit-cells, each of which occupiesor 0.052λ

= 5.8height of the antenna are 0.39λ

mm), respectively.simulated and measured

shown in29%, 26.8% and 26.6%

Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST M

includesplane using via


antenna structure generatesfrom the series inductance

resulting frommetallization, and the

lization and theequivalent circuit model of the

In addition to the) are included right

-handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with

cell parameters, and these are:

L = 5.6

Equivalent circuit model

results of the parametric studare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.



an increase of theoptimized length and width

were determined from these results to beThe proposed antenna is constructed

cells, each of which occupiesor 0.052λ0

5.8height of the antenna are 0.39λ


shown in29%, 26.8% and 26.6%

Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) and CST MWS, respectively.

includes six spiral inductors terminated tovia-

on the right hand side to. The load is terminated to the

antenna structure generatesseries inductance

resulting from, and the


to the) are included right

handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with

parameters, and these are: C

5.6 S

ircuit model

parametric studare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.



an increase of thength and width

were determined from these results to beproposed antenna is constructed

cells, each of which occupies

0 × 0.13λGHz. The

height of the antenna are 0.39λmm), respectively.

simulated and measuredshown in Fig.29%, 26.8% and 26.6%

Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorWS, respectively.

six spiral inductors terminated to-holes. The antenna is terminateda matched

. The load is terminated to the


resulting from, and the


to the four reactive) are included right

handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with

parametersCL =S, G

ircuit model






cells, each of which occupies0.13λ

GHz. Theheight of the antenna are 0.39λ0


Fig.29%, 26.8% and 26.6%


six spiral inductors terminated toholes. The antenna is terminated

matched. The load is terminated to the


resulting from, and the voltage gradient develop

lization and theequivalent circuit model of the CRLH

four reactive) are included right-

handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated withthe ohmic loss associated with L

parameters3.2

, GR =

ircuit model of the






cells, each of which occupies0.13λ0

GHz. The

0 (20.mm), respectively.

simulated and measured6.

29%, 26.8% and 26.6%Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator

WS, respectively.


matched. The load is terminated to the


resulting from current flowingvoltage gradient develop

lization and theCRLH

four reactive-handed

handed lossy componentswhich account for the dielectric loss associated with

LL. Theparameters were determined from

3.2 pF= 3.2

of the



2.9 mm to 2.5 mm increases the bandwfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5

an increase of the impedance bandwidth byngth and width


cells, each of which occupiesin terms of

GHz. The total20.4

mm), respectively.simulated and measured reflection

The simulated29%, 26.8% and 26.6%



matched load of. The load is terminated to the

antenna structure generates parasitic rightseries inductance

current flowingvoltage gradient develop

lization and the groundCRLH-TL

four reactivehanded


Thewere determined frompF, LL

3.2 S,

of the antenna

parametric study, i.e.are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.


increases the bandwfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflectiondB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5

impedance bandwidth byngth and width of the U



total4 mm), 0.13λ

reflectionThe simulated

29%, 26.8% and 26.6%Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator

WS, respectively.


load of. The load is terminated to the

parasitic rightseries inductance (LR


groundTL unit

four reactive componentshanded lossy


The magnitude of thewere determined from

L = 4.5RL

ntenna

, i.e.are shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.


increases the bandwfrom 1 GHz to 1.75 GHz for reflection-coefficient ofdB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5

impedance bandwidth byof the U

were determined from these results to be 2.proposed antenna is constructed


length, width andmm), 0.13λ

reflectionThe simulated

29%, 26.8% and 26.6% usingDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator

WS, respectively.


load of. The load is terminated to the ground

parasitic right

R) andcurrent flowing

voltage gradient developground

unit-cell is showncomponents

lossyhanded lossy components

which account for the dielectric loss associated withmagnitude of the

were determined from4.5= 6

ntenna unit

, i.e. slot length andare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.


increases the bandwcoefficient of

dB. The slot width has the same effect on the impedancebandwidth, i.e. a reduction of slot width from 0.7 mm to 0.5

impedance bandwidth byof the U

2.5proposed antenna is constructed

cells, each of which occupiesin terms of the free

length, width andmm), 0.13λ

reflection-coefficientsThe simulated

usingDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator

WS, respectively. The measured


load of 20ground

parasitic rightand the


ground-planecell is shown

componentslossy components

handed lossy components GL

which account for the dielectric loss associated withmagnitude of the

were determined fromnH, C

6 Ω,

unit-cell

slot length andare shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. The results

show a shorter slot length enhances the impedancebandwidth of the antenna. In fact a reduction of the slot



impedance bandwidth byof the U-shaped slot

mmproposed antenna is constructed

cells, each of which occupies athe free

length, width andmm), 0.13λ0

coefficientsThe simulated impedance

using AdvancedDesign System (ADS), High Frequency Structure Simulator

The measured


Ω ground-

parasitic right-handedthe

current flowing over thevoltage gradient develop

plane. Thecell is shown

componentscomponents

L andwhich account for the dielectric loss associated with C

magnitude of thewere determined from

nH, CR

, and R

cell.

slot length andThe results

show a shorter slot length enhances the impedanceof the slot



impedance bandwidth byshaped slot

mm andproposed antenna is constructed

a space ofthe free-

length, width and(6.8

coefficientsimpedanceAdvanced

Design System (ADS), High Frequency Structure SimulatorThe measured


Ω using-plane

handedshunt

over thevoltage gradient develop

. Thecell is shown

components (Ccomponents

and RCL and


R = 1.5and RR



increases the bandwidthcoefficient of -



and 0.5proposed antenna is constructed using

space of-space

length, width and(6.8 mm)

coefficientsimpedanceAdvanced



usingplane

handedshunt

over thevoltage gradient developed

. Thecell is shown

CL,components

RL,and


1.5

R =



idth-10



0.5using

space ofspace

length, width andmm)

ofimpedanceAdvanced



usingplane

handedshunt

over theed

. Thecell is shown

components,

and

were determined from



idth10



0.5using

space ofspace

length, width andmm)

ofimpedanceAdvanced


impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz to 7.3which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.

Fig.the slot

Fig.the slot

Fig.antenna


Fig. 4.the slot

Fig. 5.the slot

Fig. 6.antenna


4. Reflectionthe slot length. The

. Reflectionthe slot width

. Measured and simulated rantenna.


Reflectionlength. The

Reflectionwidth. The

Measured and simulated r

impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz

which corresponds to 2between the averaged simulation and measurement results.

Reflection-coefficient (Slength. The

Reflection-coefficient (S. The


impedance bandwidth of the antenna isGHz for a


coefficient (Slength. The slot

coefficient (S. The slot


impedance bandwidth of the antenna isfor a


coefficient (Sslot width

coefficient (Sslot length was fixed at


impedance bandwidth of the antenna isfor a re

which corresponds to 23.7between the averaged simulation and measurement results.

coefficient (Swidth was

coefficient (Slength was fixed at


impedance bandwidth of the antenna isreflection3.7%

between the averaged simulation and measurement results.

coefficient (S11) response ofwas kept

coefficient (S11) response of thelength was fixed at

Measured and simulated reflection

impedance bandwidth of the antenna isflection

%. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.

) response ofkept

response of thelength was fixed at

eflection

impedance bandwidth of the antenna isflection-coefficient

. There is 13.7% differentialbetween the averaged simulation and measurement results.

) response offixed at

response of thelength was fixed at 2.5 mm.

eflection-coefficients

impedance bandwidth of the antenna iscoefficient


) response of the antennafixed at 0.5

response of the2.5 mm.

coefficients

impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 1.5coefficient


the antenna0.5 mm

response of the antenna2.5 mm.

coefficients

1.5coefficient


the antennamm.

antenna

coefficients

GHz


the antenna as a function of

antenna as a function of

of the proposed

GHz from 5.8<


as a function of

as a function of

of the proposed

from 5.8<-10


as a function of

as a function of

of the proposed

from 5.810 dB


as a function of

as a function of

of the proposed

from 5.8dB,


as a function of

as a function of

of the proposed

Prof

Vird

ee

Besides the requirement of compact size and widebandwidth, the antenna needed to possess good radiationcharacteristics such as gain and efficiency. It’s well knownthe extension of the effective aperture of the antennaimproves it gain and efficiency performance.Conventionally this can be achieved by increasing theeffective cross-sectional area of antenna. The proposedantenna’s effective aperture was increased by simplyincreasing the number of CRLH-TL unit-cells, which isconfirmed in Fig. 7, without increasing its physical size.Antenna with four unit-cells provides a gain and efficiencyof 4.94 dBi and 74%, respectively, at 7 GHz. Increasing theunit-cells from four to six results in gain and efficiencyimprovement to 6.1 dBi and 85%, respectively.

The optimized dimensions of the antenna parameters andequivalent electrical circuit are given in Table I.

Fig. 7. Gain and efficiency performance as a function of number of CRLH-TL unit-cells.

Table I – Dimensions of Antenna and Parameter values

Number of Unit Cells 6

Length of Cavities ( ) 2.50 mm

Width of Cavities ( ) 0.50 mm

Distances between Slits 0.60 mm

Width of Spirals 0.25 mm

Spacing of Spirals 0.25 mm

Turns of Spirals 2

Height of Via Hole 0.80 mm

Length of SMD1206 4.20 mm

Amount of SMD1206 20 Ω

CL 3.2 pF

LL 4.5 nH

CR 1.5 pF

LR 3.4 nH

GL 5.6 S

GR 3.2 S

RL 6.0 Ω

RR 4.2 Ω

Three simulation tools, i.e. ADS, HFSS and CST MWS,were used to compare the performance of the antenna. Theantenna’s performance was measured to validate the design.The simulated averaged gain and averaged efficiency of theantenna using HFSS, CST MWS and ADS are 4.5 dBi and76%, respectively, at 5.8 GHz; 4.9 dBi and 80%,respectively, at 6.6 GHz; and 4.65 dBi and 78%,respectively, at 7.3 GHz. The measured gain and efficiencyresponse are plotted in Fig. 8. The measured gain andefficiency are 4.3 dBi and 74%, respectively, at 5.8 GHz;4.8 dBi and 78%, respectively, at 6.6 GHz; and 4.6 dBi and76%, respectively, at 7.3 GHz.

Fig. 8. The measured gain and efficiency performance.

The measured E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns atspot frequencies of 5.8 GHz, 6.6 GHz and 7.3 GHz areplotted in Fig. 9. The antenna radiates unidirectionally with3 dB angular beamwidth of 90 degrees.

Fig. 9. E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns at 5.8, 6.6 and 7.3 GHz.

Prof

Vird

ee

The surface current distribution over the proposedantenna at various frequencies is shown in Fig. 10. The U-shaped slots affect the current flow over the antenna togenerate the radiation patterns shown in Fig. 9 that arestable across its operating frequency range of 5.8 GHz to 7.3GHz.

Table II summarizes the antenna performance in termsof dimensions, impedance bandwidth, gain and efficiency.The proposed antenna has advantages of low profile,relatively wide impedance bandwidth, high gain, and highefficiency across 5.8 GHz to 7.3 GHz. The antenna is simpleto design and cost effective to manufacture.

@ 5.8 GHz

@ 6.6 GHz

@ 7.3 GHz

Fig. 10. Surface current density distribution over the antenna.

Table II. Summary of Antenna Performance

DimensionsImpedancebandwidth

Gain (dBi)@ freq.(GHz)

Efficiency @freq. (GHz)

20.4×6.8×0.8 mm3

or0.39λ0×0.13λ0×0.015λ0

@ 5.8 GHz

23%(5.8-7.3 GHz)

4.3 @ 5.84.8 @ 6.64.6 @ 7.3

74% @ 5.878% @ 6.676% @ 7.3

III. CONCLUSION

A compact and low profile antenna design is proposed thatis based on composite right-left handed transmission-lineunit-cells consisting of a U-shaped slot and a spiral inductorthat is short-circuited to ground using via-holes. Therectangular antenna which is embedded with the unit-cellsand the number of unit-cells is shown to determine theantenna’s impedance bandwidth. The antenna’s performance

was validated through measurements. Over the operatingfrequency range of 5.8 GHz to 7.3 GHz it provides anaverage gain of 4.57 dBi and an average efficiency of 76%.Its unidirectional radiation pattern is stable over itsoperating frequency range.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to theIran Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC) with grantnumber of 6987/500/T, the microwave and millimeter wavelaboratory of the Amirkabir University of Technology(Tehran Polytechnic) and the antenna laboratory of the K. N.Toosi University of Technology for supporting this projectand providing the measured results.

REFERENCES

[1] R.E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves, second Ed., Wiley- Inter

science, 1991, chap. 12.

[2] C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

[3] A. Rennings, S. Otto, J. Mosig, C. Caloz and I. Wolff, “Extended

Composite Right/Left-Handed (E-CRLH) Metamaterial and its

Application as a Quadband Quarter Wavelength Transmission Line,”

Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Yokohama, 12-15 Dec. 2006,

pp. 1405-1408.

[4] N. Engheta and R. W. Ziolkowski, “Electromagnetic Metamaterials:

Physics and Engineering Explorations,” Wiley and IEEE Press,

Hoboken, 2006.

[5] S.G. Mao, S.L. Chen, C.W. Huang, “Effective Electromagnetic

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[6] A. Lai, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, “Composite Right/Left Handed

Transmission Line Metamaterials,” IEEE Microwave Mag., Vol. 5,

No. 3, Sept. 2004, pp. 34–50.

[7] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials, Transmission

Line Theory and Microwave Applications, Wiley and IEEE Press,

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[8] C.J. Lee, K.M.K.H. Leong, T. Itoh, “Composite Right/Left-Handed

Transmission Line Based Compact Resonant Antennas for RF

Module Integration,” IEEE Trans Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 54,

No. 8, pp. 2283–2291.

[9] C. Caloz, T. Itoh, and A. Rennings, "CRLH Traveling-Wave and

Resonant Metamaterial Antennas," Antennas Propagat. Magazine,

Vol. 50, No. 5, 2008, pp. 25-39.

[10] M. Alibakhshi-Kenari, “Introducing the New Wide Band Small Plate

Antennas with Engraved Voids to Form New Geometries Based on

CRLH MTM-TLs for Wireless Applications,” Int. Journal of

Microwave and Wireless Technologies, March 2014, pp. 1-9,

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1759078714000099.

[11] M. Alibakhshi-Kenari, “Printed Planar Patch Antennas Based on

Metamaterial” Int. Journal of Electronics Letters, Jan 2014, pp. 37-42,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681724.2013.874042.

[12] M. Alibakhshi-Kenari, M. Movahhedi and H. Naderian, “A New

Miniature Ultra Wide Band Planar Microstrip Antenna Based on the

Metamaterial Transmission Line,” 2012 IEEE Asia-Pacific

Conference on Applied Electromagnetics, Dec. 11-13, 2012, Melaka,

Malaysia.

Prof

Vird

ee

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