finding faults with lidar in the puget lowland ralph haugerud, craig weaver u. s. geological survey...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
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![Page 1: Finding faults with LIDAR in the Puget Lowland Ralph Haugerud, Craig Weaver U. S. Geological Survey Jerry Harless Puget Sound Regional Council and thanks](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649d4b5503460f94a28eea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Finding faults with LIDAR in the Puget Lowland
Ralph Haugerud, Craig WeaverU. S. Geological Survey
Jerry HarlessPuget Sound Regional Council
and thanks to TerraPoint LLC, Houston TX
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• Why LIDAR?
• What is LIDAR?
• How are we doing LIDAR?• What are we finding?
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30 km
In some places, it
is easy to see where
the active faults
are.
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In other places,
it is not.
30 km
Seattle
Tacoma
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What are the salient differences?
SF Bay
area
Puget
Lowland
slip rate3 cm/yr
strike slip4 mm/yr
shortening
average tree height
? 10 ft ? 100 ft
age of landscape
~106 years
18,000 years
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18,000 yr 1 mm/yr = 18 m106 yr 1 mm/yr = 1 km
In the Puget Lowland, to see a fault with the same slip rate as in the SF Bay area, we have to look more closely.
age slip rate = feature size
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LIght Detection And Ranging• Airborne scanning laser
rangefinder• Differential GPS• Inertial Navigation System
30,000 points per second at ~15 cm accuracy
• $400–$1000/mi2, 106 points/mi2, or 0.04–0.1 cents/point
Extensive filtering to remove tree canopy (virtual defor-estation)
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10-meter DEM from contours
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12-ft DEM from LIDAR
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Picture: Oblique view of S end Rockaway Beach
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High-resolution LIDAR topography
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• Fly in winter, when leaves are off
• Near-infrared laser; doesn’t penetrate clouds, rain
• Errors
Largest are in angles—up to 1 m x-y error
Ranging error = ~15 cm z error!
• 2/3 of surveyed points on trees and buildings; remove with automatic geometric filtering
• Multiple reflections from one laser pulse = better filtering
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• Optimum working distance circa 1 km– Adequate reflection brightness– Keep laser eye-safe
• Spot diameter: decimeters to meters• Spot spacing: 1 to 5 meters• Multiple passes
– multiple look angles– higher point density– internal consistency check
• $400 - $1,000 / mi2
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Why is LIDAR better than photogrammetry?(It’s the trees)
Suppose timber allows 1 of 3 arbitrary rays to reach ground; 1/3 of ground can be surveyed by LIDAR
Photogrammetry requires 2 separate views of a point; only 1/9 of ground will be locatable
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Bainbridge Island,KPUD
1996-1997
Snoqualmie,USGS-NMD1998-2001?
Seattle
Tacoma
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Puget Sound LIDAR Consortium
Participants Expertise
•Kitsap County•Kitsap PUD•City of Seattle•Puget Sound Regional Council•NASA •USGS
(exclusive of USGS) –Contracting
–Surveyor
–prior LIDAR experience
–Geologist
–GIS
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Puget Sound LIDAR Consortium
• No formal structure• One agenda• One contract• Separate payments• Share data• Release all data to public domain
(www.GetItYourselfBob, to be hosted by UW library)
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PSLC
Tacoma
Seattle
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Tacoma
Seattle
LIDAR already flown
to be flown this
Winter ~$3.3M
~$3M
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Toe Jam Hill fault scarp
Waterman Point scarp
beach uplifted during 900 AD
earthquake
15 km west of Seattle
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landslides
southern Bainbridge Island
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Uses for high-resolution topography
• Finding faults (earthquake frequency, kinematics)
• Geologic mapping• Landslide hazards• Flood hazards, groundwater infiltration,
runoff modelling• Fish habitat? Precision forestry? Noise propagation