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Finland-based Circular Ecosystem
of Battery Metals (BATCircle)
Kokkola Material Week, 14 November 2019
Dr. Pertti Kauranen, Aalto University (Finland)
Outline
• Raw Material Needs for Li-ion Batteries
• Battery Minerals in Finland
• BATCircle: Consortium and Work Plan
• Aalto University and Battery Recycling
• European Activities
• Raw Materials and Recycling Workshops
• Acknowledgements
Raw Material Needs for Li-ion Batteries
What is needed for a Gigafactory* (30 GWh/500.000 BEVs)
3800 t Li
6400 t Co
19 000 t Ni
Gigafactory % of current annual
production
4.5%
4.4%
0.9%
EU Demand 2028: 400 GWh
~10-20 factories
38 000-76 000 t Li
64 000-128 000 t Co
190 000 – 380 000 t Ni
*Assuming NMC 622 chemistry. Data from Joule 1, 229–243, October 11, 2017
Battery Minerals in Finland
Battery Minerals inFinland / MiningTerrafame Sotkamo
• 62.000 Tons Zn and 27.000 Tons Ni in 2018
• Cu and Co
Boliden Kevitsa and Kylylahti
• Ni-Co-Cu mining
Keliber (Planned)
• 9000 Ton Li2CO3 in 2021
• Enough for 200.000 BEV/year
Cobalt, nickel and graphite exploration
• Mawson, Suhanko, Latitude 66, FinnCobalt for Co and Ni
• Beowulff / Fennoscandian Resources for graphite
Battery Metals inFinland / RefiningCobalt
• Freeport Cobalt, Terrafame, Umicore,BASF
• 13.000 Tons Co, 11 % of the global capacity, 66 % of European supply, 1 million BEVs
Nickel
• Norilsk Nickel, Boliden, Mondo, Terrafame, BASF?
• 93.000 Tons Ni, 4 % of global capacity and 16 % of the European supply, 2.5 million BEVs
Copper
• Boliden, Luvata, Aurubis, Cupori, Norilsk
• 157.000 Tons Cu, no battery applications
Zinc
• Boliden
BATCircleConsortium andWork Plan
BATCircle ConsortiumJoint industry-academia project
• 8 large companies
• 14 SMEs
• 2 cities
• 4 universities
• 2 research centers (GTK,VTT)
• 22 M€ budget
Key topics
• Sustainable primary resources
• Value addition in metal refining
• Battery recycling
• Precursors and active materials
• Circular business ecosystems
HARJAVALTA
SME
Research Organizations
BIG
SUHANKO
ARCTIC
PLATINUM
MINE ON-LINE SERVICES
BATCircle Advisory BoardNational Stakeholders
• Valmet Automotive, Kemira, Kuusakoski
• SITRA, CLIC Innovation Oy, Yrityssalo
• Akkukierrätys Pb Oy, representing recyclers
• Metallinjalostajat ry, Association of Finnish Metal Refiners
• National Emergency Supply Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment
International Partners
• Northvolt, Nikkelverk, BASF
• Varta Microbattery, Hitachi High-Technologies Europe
• EIT InnoEnergy, EIT Raw Materials
Open Research - WPs
Sustainable primary resourcesWP1
Value addition in metals productionWP2
Recycling of batteriesWP3
Tailored precursors and active electrode materialsWP4
Regional Stakeholders
Busin
ess p
ote
ntia
l
Pro
ject m
anagem
ent
Euro
pean n
etw
ork
Aalto University and Battery Recycling
Focus on industrial battery waste as raw material
Raw materials
• Crushed batteries
• Black mass
• Industrial PLS
Characteristics
• Inhomogeneous feed
• Li-ion or mixed Li-ion+NiMH waste
• Impurities, eg. traces from NiCd, plastics, fluorides
Processing
• Mechanical
• Hydrometallurgy
• Pyrometallurgy
Black mass (retrieved from
spectrum.ieee.org on August 2019)
Case 1: Recovery of battery grade chemicalsObjective
• Direct recovery of battery grade lithium
• Recovery of Co, Ni and Mn for NMC precursor
Approach
• Comparison of different roasting and leaching processes
Fupeng Liu; Aalto University; [email protected]
EoL LIB
Pretreatment
Roasting
Water leaching
Acid leaching
Purification
Mixed “NMC”
salt
Impurities
Li2CO3/LiOH
Ni, Co, Mn sulfate
solution
Case 2: NiMH waste as a feed to primary Ni processing
• Leaching and precipitation of REE
• Solvent extraction of Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, Cd
• Co and Ni feed to primary Ni process
Vivek Agarwal, Aalto University ([email protected])
Recent Publications Real Battery Waste #Aalto
Lanthanide-alkali double sulfate precipitation from strong
sulfuric acid NiMH battery waste leachatePorvali, A., Wilson, B. P., Lundström, M.
2018 in WASTE MANAGEMENT (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD)ISSN: 0956-053X
Selective reductive leaching of cobalt and lithium from
industrially crushed waste Li-ion batteries in sulfuric acid
system.Peng C., Hamuyuni J., Wilson B.P., Lundström M.
2018 in WASTE MANAGEMENT (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD)ISSN: 0956-053X
Distributions of lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride battery
elements in copper convertingTirronen, T., Sukhomlinov, D., O'Brien, H., Taskinen, P. & Lundström, M.
2017 in Journal of Cleaner Production. 168.
Challenging the concept of electrochemical discharge using salt
solutions for lithium-ion batteries recyclingOjanen, S., Lundström, M., Santasalo-Aarnio, A., Serna Guerrero, R.,
2018 in WASTE MANAGEMENT (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD)ISSN:
Mechanical and hydrometallurgical processes in HCl media for
the recycling of valuable metals from Li-ion battery wastePorvali, A., Aaltonen, M., Ojanen, S., Velazquez-Martinez, O., Eronen, E., Liu, F., Wilson, B. P., Serna,
R., Lundström, M.
2019 in Resources, Conservation & Recycling
Leaching of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion BatteriesAaltonen, M., Peng, C., Wilson, B.P., & Lundström, M.
2017 in Recycling (MDPI)
Conference Proceedings:Leaching of Crushed NiMH Battery WastePorvali. A, Lundström M., 2017, EMC 2017 Conference Proceedings Vol 1., Leipzig, Germany
Lithium Recovery by Precipitation from Impure Solutions
– Lithium Ion Battery WasteHan, B., Porvali, A., Lundström, M., Louhi-Kultanen, M.
2018 in Chemical Engineering & Technology (WILEY)
Extraction of Li and Co from industrially produced Li-ion
battery waste – Using the reductive power of waste itselfPeng, C., Liu, F., Aji, A., J., Wilson B.P., Lundström M.
2019 in Waste Management, 95 (2019) 604-611
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.048
Circulation of Sodium Sulfate Solution Produced During
NiMH Battery Waste ProcessingPorvali, A., Agarwal, V., Lundström, M.,
2019 in Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration
On the Use of Statistical Entropy Analysis as Assessment
Parameter for the Comparison of Lithium-Ion Battery
Recycling ProcessesPorvali, A., Velazquez-Martinez, O., Porvali, A., van der Boogaart, K.G., Santasalo-Aarnio, A.,
Lundström, M. Reuter, M., Serna, R.,
2019 in Batteries (MDPI)
Recovery of Silver from Dilute Effluents via
Electrodeposition and Redox ReplacementWang, Z., Halli, P., Hannula, P., Liu, F., Wilson, B.P., Yliniemi, K., Lundström, M. 2019 in Journal
of the Electrochemical Society (ECS)
Selective extraction of lithium (Li) and preparation of battery
grade lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) from spent Li-ion batteries
in nitrate systemPeng C., Liu, F., Wang, F., J., Wilson B.P., Lundström M.
2019 in Journal of Power Sources, 415 (2019) 179-188
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.01.072
Recycling of spent NiMH batteries: Integration of battery leach
solution into primary Ni production using solvent extractionAgarwal, V., Khalid, M.K., Porvali, A., Wilson B.P., Lundström M.
2019 in Waste Management, 95 (2019) 604-611
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00121
European Activities“EU-BATCircle”
Relation to other European batterynetworks
TRL 7-9
TRL 4-8
TRL 1-3Battery 2030+ : longterm research
ETIP : short-medium term, industry driven R&I
EBA250: industrial projects
Illustration by Ilka von Dalwigk
KIC-Innoenergy
Business Models & Market Development
Skills & Education
Policy & Regulation
Sustainability & Societal Aspects
Cro
ss-C
utt
ing
Issu
es*
Safety & Standardisation
WG1New & Emerging
BatteryTechnologies
WG2 Raw Materials and
Recycling
WG3AdvancedMaterials
WG5 Application and
Integration-Transport
WG6Application and
Integration-Stationary
V2G
Them
atic
Wo
rkin
gG
rou
ps
Benchmarking
Top
ics
to b
e ad
ress
edin
sm
alle
rsu
bgr
ou
ps/
Tas
k fo
rces
Modelling Platform
Characterisationmethods
Increased Performance
Sustainable Sourcing
Secure Raw Material Supply
Cell chemistry
Advanced materialsCharging Solutions, incl.
Fast Charging*
Pack/ System/ BMS Design
ESS
Modelling
WG4Manufacturing &
Cell Design
Scale-up Issues
To be further developedby WG
To be further developedby WG
To be further developedby WG
To be further developedby WG
Advancedmanufacturing
To be further developedby WG
Design for Recycling-cross topic w WG4
Second Use
Battery 2030
Recycling
To be further developedby WG
National and Regional Representatives Group
Second Use
Design for Recycling
WG No. 2: Raw Materials and Recycling
Kick-off Meeting25th June 2019
Chair : Dr. Ilkka V. Kojo, Outotec supported by prof. Mari Lundström, Aalto University
Co-Chairs: Olli Salmi, EIT Raw materials and Alain Vassart, EBRA
Ilkka Mari Olli Alain
SET Plan IWG Workshop in Espoo in January and Batteries Europe ETIP WG2 Workshop inMilan in June 2019
Participants representing 46 organizations from 12 European countries.
Topics for R&Dneed identification
R&D Topics - Recycling
• Design for Recycling
• Reversed Logistics
• Dismantling of Industrial Batteries
• Metallurgical Recycling Processes
• Circular Economy Business Models
• Sustainability Assessment
• Safety Figure by Akkuser Ltd.
R&D Topics –Primary Raw Materials
• Sustainable Sourcing and Traceability
• Sustainable Processing
• Value Addition in Metal Refining
• LCA
• Securing the Supply
• Industrial Integration with Secondary Raw Materials
• Material Flow Analysis
• Precursors and Active Materials
Figure by Keliber Ltd.
Acknowledgements
Industry partners
Workshop participants
Thank you!Pertti Kauranen
Aalto UniversitySherpa ETIP WG2
PI BATCircle
Dr Pertti Kauranen
[email protected]. Dr. Mari Lundström
Project Manager
BATCircle
Chair ETIP WG2
EU-BATCircle
Dr. Ilkka Kojo Dr. Pyry Hannula
[email protected] Manager
EU-BATCircle
ETIP WG2
https://www.batcircle.fi/batteries-europe-milan
https://www.batcircle.fi/