finns pack - web viewword. pathways (completed table) ... west lothian, falkirk, stirling, ... or...

Forth Invasive Non Native Species Programme

Education Pack

September 2013

What are Invasive Non Native Species and why should we worry about them?Non-native species are those that have been introduced - deliberately or accidentally - by humans.

There are many non-native species in Scotland, although only a small number of these cause damage to the environment, the economy, our health and the way we live. These are called Invasive Non Native Species.

By studying the impacts of Invasive Non Native Species and how they affect our world; locally, regionally and nationally, students can work within the Curriculum for Excellence framework across a number of disciplines – sciences, social studies, numeracy and mathematics, technologies and health and wellbeing

Contributing to the four capabilities at the source of the Curriculum for Excellence:- Successful learners- Confident individuals- Effective contributors and- Responsible citizens.

This pack has been prepared by the River Forth Fisheries Trust as part of a programme which it is running until the end of 2014 – Forth Invasive Non Native Species Programme.

This is a programme which aims to raise awareness of INNS within the River Forth District Area and work with communities to provide the skills to survey, monitor and control the target species to establish a more sustainable approach to the problem. The Trusts has an overall strategy of establishing the source of the species and then tackling the issue from the highest incidence on the water course as it has been established that rivers are an effective transporter of the INNS downstream from their source.

This pack has been designed to work within the third level of the Curriculum for Excellence but we have tried to provide further learning opportunities with each activity to stretch the student further.

Ideally we would like to visit your school and provide a presentation to the students which can be combined with a practical external visit or workshop if possible.

Contact: Alison Baker – FINNS Programme Coordinator

Email: [email protected] or tel 07594 332323

Further information on the River Forth Fisheries Trust can be found at www.fishforth.co.uk

Further information on the FINNS Programme can be found at www.fishforth.co.uk/inns

Seen an Invasive? Report a sighting: www.inns.rafts.org.ukSeptember 2013

http://www.inns.rafts.org.uk/

http://www.fishforth.co.uk/inns

http://www.fishforth.co.uk/

mailto:[email protected]

CD

We enclose with this pack a CD with the following information:

Document Format Activity 1 – Debating the

Issues

Activity Two –How species are

spread?

Activity Three –River catchments

Activity Four –The Cost of Invasive Non

Native Species

School Pack Word

An Introduction to Invasive Non Native Species – Bullies in nature

PowerPoint

Case study – Giant Hogweed on the Allan Water

PowerPoint

List of Invasive Species within the Forth District

Word

Pathways (completed table)

Word

River Catchment Map

PowerPoint

River Catchment Key

Word

Spreadsheet for Budget (including completed example)

Excel

Seen an Invasive? Report a sighting: www.inns.rafts.org.uk September 2013


External sources of information:There are many sources of information on the internet on Invasive Non Native Species:

The main site is the GB Non Native Species Secretariat website which provides information on all Invasive Species within the UK. This site also provides in-depth information on each species which the students can use to engage in the activities. – www.nonnativespecies.org

Scottish Government enacts legislation which covers the control of species in Scotland - http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-Habitats/InvasiveSpecies

Scottish Environment Protection Agency is the regulatory body for the Environment as a whole including pollution and waste. It also regulates the use of pesticides near to and within water. - http://www.sepa.org.uk/science_and_research/what_we_do/biodiversity/invasive_non-native_species.aspx

Scottish Natural Heritage ‘manages’ the environment on behalf of the Government including licensing of certain species - http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-species/non-native-species/

Biodiversity Scotland Forum – lots of information about Biodiversity in Scotland - http://www.biodiversityscotland.gov.uk/

Local Authority websites – The Forth District Area includes East Lothian, Midlothian, City of Edinburgh, West Lothian, Falkirk, Stirling, Clackmannanshire and Fife together with the Loch Lomond & Trossachs National Park.

Rivers and Fisheries Trusts of Scotland (www.rafts.org.uk) and individual Fisheries Trusts have information on rivers, fish and other works which they undertake including Invasive Non Native Species Control

Scottish Wildlife Trust have groups across the district where volunteers undertake work to preserve the natural environment. - http://scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/

Plantlife is the ‘organisation that is speaking up for our wild flowers, plants and fungi. From the open spaces of our nature reserves to the corridors of government, we’re here to raise their profile, to celebrate their beauty, and to protect their future’ - http://www.plantlife.org.uk/

Beekeepers Association works on behalf of their industry to promote bees and the environment that they require. - http://www.bbka.org.uk/

Also see the news and media websites for different viewpoints, examples below but there are many more:BBC News - http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/22173289Guardian - http://www.theguardian.com/environment/invasive-speciesNational Geographic - http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/invasive-plants/

Seen an Invasive? Report a sighting: www.inns.rafts.org.uk23 September 2013


http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/invasive-plants/

http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/stories/spacescience/invasive-plants/

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/invasive-species

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/22173289

http://www.bbka.org.uk/

http://www.plantlife.org.uk/

http://scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/

http://www.rafts.org.uk/

http://www.biodiversityscotland.gov.uk/

http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-species/non-native-species/

http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-species/non-native-species/

http://www.sepa.org.uk/science_and_research/what_we_do/biodiversity/invasive_non-native_species.aspx

http://www.sepa.org.uk/science_and_research/what_we_do/biodiversity/invasive_non-native_species.aspx

http://www.nonnativespecies.org/

Invasive Non Native Species – Curriculum Links

To aid cross curricular planning below are experience and outcomes of the Curriculum for Excellence linked to the Activities within this Pack to the Third Stage (S1–S3).

Activity Topic ThirdActivity One - Debating the issues

Social Studies

TechnologiesSciencesExpressive ArtsHealth & WellbeingEnglish & Literacy

3.01a, 3.02a, 3.03a, 3.08a, 3.10a, 3.15a3.07a3.01a, 3.20a, 3.20b3.01a. 3.01b, 3.03a2.23a3.02a, 3.06a, 3.07a, 3.08a, 3.09a, 3.15a, 3.18a, 3.24a, 3.27a, 3.28a, 3,29a

Activity Two - How species are spread?

Social StudiesSciencesEnglish & Literacy

3.01a, 3.02a, 3.07a, 3.08a, 3.10a3.01a, 3.05a, 3.20a, 3.20b3.06b

Activity Three - River catchments

Social StudiesTechnologiesSciencesExpressive ArtsNumeracy & MathematicsEnglish & Literacy

3.01a, 3.02a, 3.07a, 3.08a, 3.14a3.07b, 3.15a3.01a2.04a3.17b3.09a, 3.15a

Activity Four - The Cost of Invasive Non Native Species

Social StudiesTechnologiesSciencesHealth & WellbeingNumeracy & MathematicsEnglish & Literacy

3.16a, 3.20a, 3.21a3.07a, 3.15a3,01a, 3.20b3.23a3.09a, 3.09b3.18a



Why are invasive non-native species a threat?The problems caused by invasive non-native speciesInvasive non-native species are one of the biggest threats to native plants and animals. They threaten some of Scotland's most iconic species such as the red squirrel and sensitive habitats such as Scotland's Atlantic oakwoods.

It can also be very expensive both to control and to mitigate their negative impacts such as flooding or the damage they can cause to forestry or crops. In fact, it has been estimated that invasive non-native species may cost up to £2 billion pounds each year in Great Britain - that might be as much as £200 million for Scotland alone.

Invasive non-native species can also have a negative impact on the way we live. For example, some species such as Giant hogweed can directly affect people's health. Others can prevent people doing things they enjoy, an example being North American signal crayfish or aquatic plants which can interfere with angling and boating.

How do invasive non-native species cause problems?As travel, trade, and tourism have increased, humans have facilitated the movement of plants and animals around the world, beyond natural barriers (such as oceans, mountain ranges and deserts) that they would not otherwise have been able to cross.

If these plants and animals are native to areas which have similar environmental conditions to the country they are introduced to, they have the potential to become established. As introduced species, they often arrive without their usual predators, pests and diseases; they may be advantaged over native species and can become invasive.

Importance of preventionIt is not possible to predict with certainty what species will become invasive.

There is a rule for invasive non-native plants called the 'Tens rule' which states that of imported non-native plant species, 10 per cent establish, and of these, 10 per cent become invasive.

However, matters are complicated for invasive non-native plants because they commonly display a lag effect, where they can be present for many years before 'taking off' and causing problems. This 'lag phase' can last for decades and sometimes over a 100 years.

For animals, the percentage that have success at each stage of establishment and invasiveness is likely to be over 50 per cent. For mammals introduced to islands, invasiveness is thought to be closer to 100 per cent, they almost always have invasive impacts of some kind.

Because of these issues, and the practical difficulties and costs associated with controlling species once they are causing problems, prevention is given the highest priority. This is the approach advocated though the Convention on Biological Diversity and promoted through



the Non-Native Species Framework Strategy for Great Britain as well as other bodies more regionally or locally such as the River Forth Fisheries Trust.

How will climate change impact on non-native species?Whilst the impact is uncertain, climate change is likely to increase the range of some invasive non-native species and result in more non-native species that are currently benign becoming invasive.

Legislation relating to non-native speciesWildlife and Countryside Act 1981This Act is the principal domestic legislation concerning non-native species. It was amended by the Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011. These amendments will enable Scotland to adopt the internationally recognised 3-stage approach to dealing with invasive non-native species and aim to:

prevent the release and spread of non-native animal and plant species into areas where they can cause damage to native species and habitats and to economic interests;

ensure a rapid response to new populations can be undertaken; and ensure effective control and eradication measures can be carried out when problem

situations arise.

The Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011 changed the release offences in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and added new sections on keeping, notification and control. Information on the non-native species offences contained in the Act is provided below.

ReleaseNew releases offences are based on a 'general no-release approach' which is considered to be a much more effective way in which to prevent the release or growing of potentially harmful animals or plants. It will be an offence to:

release or allow to escape from captivity any animal to a place outwith its native range;

release or allow to escape from captivity any other animal specified in an order made by the Scottish Ministers;

cause any animal outwith the control of any person to be at a place outwith its native range; and

plant or otherwise cause to grow any plant in the wild outwith its native range.Native range is defined in section 14P(2) as "… the locality to which the animal or plant of that type is indigenous, and does not refer to any locality to which that type of animal or plant has been imported (whether intentionally or otherwise) by any person."

Keeping



Scottish Ministers have powers to prohibit by order the keeping of invasive animals and plants; this can either be an absolute prohibition, or allowed only under licence.

NotificationScottish Ministers have powers to require by order the notification of specified invasive animals and plants. This will ensure that reports of plants and animals that are considered a significant risk to Scotland are reported to the appropriate authority, so that they can be investigated at an early stage, and control or eradication measures considered as necessary.

SaleScottish Ministers have the powers to prohibit by order the sale of invasive animals or plants; this can either be an absolute prohibition, or allowed only under licence, e.g. Signal Crayfish

ControlThe 2011 Act introduced a new regime of Species Control Orders into the 1981 Act. This will enable relevant bodies (Scottish Ministers, Scottish Natural Heritage, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and the Forestry Commission Scotland) to make a Species Control Order setting out measures that must be taken to control or eradicate an invasive non-native animal or plant.



Activity One - Debating the issues

There are a number of issues with Invasive Non Native Species (INNS) and what can be done to control them. Whilst some have high profiles and there is consensus that they should be controlled, there are others where benefits are perceived by some members of the public and other stakeholders.

Suggested session:The ‘Introduction to Invasive Non Native Species – Bullies in nature’ PowerPoint can be shown to the group to give them an understanding of what an Invasive Non Native Species is and the problems they can cause.

The students can then work in groups or in pairs to research the argument that all Invasive Non Native Species are bullies.

Their argument can then be presented to the class and ‘judge’ whether the INNS should be controlled or allowed to live unrestricted.

We would suggest that the group choose a species from the list and find out the following information to guide their decision making process:

How the species was introduced? How the INNS is spread? How large an area is affected by the species? Does the species have any health risks to humans or other animals? People’s reaction to the species? How difficult is it to get rid of it?

There a lot of stakeholders involved in Invasive Non Native Species control and they all have a view on the above issues:

Within the FINNS Programme there are a large number of stakeholders: Councils (11) Large landowners such as Forestry Commission, Scottish Water Farmers Industrial Plants Angling Clubs and Associations Walkers and ramblers Local environment Groups and local communities. Homeowners Infrastructure: Railways, Motorways etc

Other methods of presentation:



Poster competition to show the different viewsBalloon debate with students representing different species.

Resources:To enable the students to give convincing arguments they will need to research widely the pros and cons of the species chosen. Because of the diversity of species there will be a wide range of material available – some very subjective.

We would recommend that in the first place that the students use the GB Non Native Species Secretariat website to find out the facts before they start researching in other areas.

A bit of Fun - Top Trumps:

We have produced a version of Top Trumps which the students can also use to inform their decision making.



Activity Two - How species are spread?

All Invasive Non Native Species (INNS) have been transported into the area from somewhere else, sometimes this is accidental other times it has been deliberate to provide for some requirement, such as material for manufacture (e.g. Mink), or to enhance a garden or landscape (e.g. Giant Hogweed)

The distances may be large or small and can be regional, national and international.

The method of movement of the species once they have been brought into the area can also vary depending on the type of species e.g. animal or plant.

These are called ‘pathways’.

To be able to control a species we must know how it has arrived and how it spreads.

Suggested session:

The students can work individually, in pairs or small groups.

Firstly they should choose a species from the list.

Then for that species: Where it has come from. Establish where and when it arrived in UK or Scotland. How has it moved since introduction? How wide spread is that species now How does it propagate/breed/grow/spread? How is it spread now – what is the main conductor?

Produce a map showing where the species has come from and how it has spread. This could be from its original source or from when it arrived in the area.

Resources:The ID sheets on the GB Non Native Species Secretariat website provide all the basic information for each of the species.

Maps can be found at www.google.co.uk/maps or other search engine sites.Free OS maps can be found at https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/shop/os-getamap.html



https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/shop/os-getamap.html

http://www.google.co.uk/maps

Further work:Invasive Non Native Species have been divided up into different types depending on how and why they have been brought into the country. We enclose the tables from ‘Non-Native Species in Great Britain: establishment, detection and reporting to inform effective decision making’ and students could analyse the effectiveness of the pathways together with whether there has been a change of pattern in the introduction of the species over time.

Fill in the table with the likely pathway and date. What is the most ‘popular’ pathway? And has the pattern changed over time?

We also enclose a suggested answer however there will be no definitive right or wrong answer as there may be more than one pathway per species.

The tables below have been extracted from:Non-Native Species in Great Britain: establishment, detection and reporting to inform effective decision making Helen E. Roy, Jim Bacon, Björn Beckmann, Colin A. Harrower, Mark O. Hill, Nick J.B. Isaac, Chris D. Preston, Biren Rathod, Stephanie L. Rorke Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB John H. Marchant, Andy Musgrove, David Noble British Trust for Ornithology Jack Sewell, Becky Seeley, Natalie Sweet, Leoni Adams, John Bishop Marine Biological Association Alison R. Jukes, Kevin J. Walker and David Pearman Botanical Society of the British Isles July 2012

Table 4. Introduction pathways for non-native species including codes used in the species register, terms and notes based on Hill et al. (2005).

Code Term NotesAgr Agriculture Not a contaminant e.g. an intended introduction

such as a crop or feral goatAgrS Agricultural seed contaminant

or pestSuch as corncockle

Aq Aquaculture Such as crayfish but also aquarium plants but not pond plants which are designated as ornamental.

Bio Biocontrol Introduction as a biological control agent or arrival from another region in which it was introduced as a biological control agent

FLG Fur/lab/greenhouse Similar to agriculture but with containment e.g. mink but not ornamental plant trade which is Orn

For Forestry Not a contaminant e.g. an intended introductionHF Hunting/fishing Such as pheasant, rainbow troutHyb HybridizationL Landscape Planted into landscape such as pheasant cover or

releases of muntjacMed Medicinal Only plants introduced for medicinal reasonsNat Natural Organisms dependent on a non-native species

such as rhododendron leafhopper but also natural



colonisation from a previously invaded range such as harlequin ladybird

Orn Ornamental Garden plant or trade in garden plants, zoo animal, pet

OrnS Ornamental seed contaminant or component

P Produce Such as harlequin ladybird on flowers, vegetables etc

PS Seed produce contaminant or component

Such as bird seed contaminant

RM Raw material Such as Citrus longhorn beetle on timberSA Stowaway – air Mainly animalsSL Stowaway – land Mainly animalsSW Stowaway – water Ballast water and hull fouling – mainly animals

such as killer shrimp but also algaeU Unknown

Table 5. Grouping of specific pathways into broad pathwaysSpecific pathway Broad pathwayAgr – Agriculture AgricultureAgrS – Agricultural seed contaminant or pest ContaminantAq – Aquaculture AquacultureBio – Biocontrol BiocontrolFLG – Fur/lab/greenhouse (but not ornamental plant trade which is Orn)

Animal husbandry

For – Forestry ForestryHF – Hunting/fishing Animal husbandryHyb – Hybridization HybridisationL – Landscape OrnamentalMed – Medicinal AgriculturalNat – Natural (dependent organisms only) Natural – Non-Native DependentOrn – Ornamental, i.e. garden plant or trade in garden plants, zoo animal, pet

Ornamental

OrnS – Ornamental seed contaminant or component

Contaminant

P – Produce ContaminantPS – Seed produce contaminant or component ContaminantRM – Raw material StowawaySA – Stowaway – air StowawaySL – Stowaway – land StowawaySM – Stowaway – marine StowawayU – Unknown Unknown



List of Invasive Non Native Species found in the Forth District Area.

Invasive Species Specific Pathway of Introduction Code

American Mink (Mustela vison)

American Skunk-cabbage (Lysichiton

americanus)

Bullhead (Cottus gobio)

Canadian Waterweed (Elodea canadensis)

Curly Waterweed (Lagarosiphon major)

Giant Hogweed (Heracleum

mantegazzianum)

Indian Rhubarb (Gunnera species)

Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera)

Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica)

New Zealand Pigmyweed (Crassula helmsii)

Nuttall's Waterweed (Elodea nuttallii)

Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum)

Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)

Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)

Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)

Slipper Limpet (Crepidula fornicata)

Water Fern (Azolla filiculoides)

Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)



Activity Three - River catchments

Rivers, burns and other watercourses are a good conductor/pathway for the distribution of certain species, including Invasive Non Native Species (INNS).

This is due to the way in which many INNS propagate or breed.

By looking at an area based on its river catchment rather than other non-natural, historic, political or economic defined areas, the pattern of the spread of certain species can be plotted and patterns of movement analysed.

Different species require different soils or other habitats to breed/propagate. Some plants for instance can grow in water but other require dry soil to the edge of the river. Some mammalian or invertebrate species of INNS require a particular habitat to make their dens/nests/burrows etc.

Plants in particular are spread in this manner. Rivers change form as they flow from their source to the sea. Usually faster with more rugged terrain at the top end and slower with more bends in the lower end of the catchment. Due to the natural dynamics of water items floating in the river will tend to be deposited in a number of places more readily within a channel. Particularly where:

a river slows down, gets deeper or where there are bends.

Similarly, animals or crustaceans will prefer to live in areas that provide both food (usually in terms of matter and invertebrates flowing down stream) but also where they can make their homes and this is often in more slowly moving water.

It is possible therefore to assess where the INNS are likely to be by the nature of the river and also the use of the land adjacent to the river, taking into consideration the likely pathway of the introduction of the species.

Suggested SessionReview the list of invasive species and using pathway data from Activity 2 assess which species are most likely to be spread by water courses.

Choose a species and establish by what means it propagates or breeds: i.e. seed, root etc.

Using the catchment plan attached identify where the source of the INNS might be. (Hint: the date it came to the country and its pathway give a clue as to what it was brought in for and therefore where it was first ‘used’.)



Mark up the catchment plan with:Areas where INNS might be found and flourish, including the:

Source Pathways Location of the species.

There is no right or wrong answer to this question but the students should bear in mind some simple hydrological truths:

Water flows from the source to the sea. Water always flows downstream. Water flows faster (generally) nearer to the source (does this mean more or less

INNS?) Water deposits sediment and other material more readily as it slows down.

Other resources:The students should start with the ID sheets of the chosen INNS to assess the existing location of the species and how it is spread.

Data of INNS are logged on the RAFTS reporting website and whilst this information is not complete it should give some idea as to how some invasive species spread along rivers. www.inns.rafts.org.uk

Other useful websites:

Environment Agency - http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/publications/103309.aspxBBC News - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-13964184Angling Trust - http://www.anglingtrust.net/page.asp?section=649&sectionTitle=Invasive+Non-Native+Species



http://www.anglingtrust.net/page.asp?section=649&sectionTitle=Invasive+Non-Native+Species

http://www.anglingtrust.net/page.asp?section=649&sectionTitle=Invasive+Non-Native+Species

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-13964184

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/publications/103309.aspx

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/publications/103309.aspx


Key to Symbols on River Catchment plan

Symbol Description

Ard House, built in 1868 by plutocrat Sir Thingymy Ard, who was an industrialist seeking social status. Queen Victoria was invited here to stay. Sir Thingymy’s father had travelled with Sir Joseph Banks.

Redundant quarry which had provided the stone for Ard House. Now the municipal landfill site with 15 waste vehicles arriving and leaving every day from around the area. There is now a recycling facility which caters for paper, card, plastics, glass, garden waste, metals, paint etc.The location of angling clubs which specialise in game fishing such as wild brown trout, sea trout and salmon. Anglers may only fly fish.Monteith Gardens, an outstation of the Royal Horticulture Association in Scotland. The gardens were donated to the Association by the last remaining family member in 1974 after the Edwardian house was burnt down in a fire.Forth Town is a new town built in the 1980s as part of the expansion of Stirling. It was built at a narrow point of the river where a new bridge was built. The area prior to the town being built was very low lying and extensive flood defences and raising of ground levels were required.A brand new football stadium built as part of the development of the town also as a new venue for Stirling Athletic. The Stadium is state of the art but the quality of football has never quite lived up to its quality of design or construction.A now redundant industrial site. The main factory was for the manufacture of very expensive coats, scarfs and gloves. The factory was at its peak of production between 1920 and its closure in 1968. A bit like Charlie and the Chocolate Factory all the materials required came from within the site. The site is surrounded by high secure fencing which has now seen better days.The site of an intensive poultry farm which has been in production since the 1970s, the new owners are however slowly converting the farm to more free range methods after a series of protests and break-ins – it’s not the first time the area has been subject to such protests.A second redundant quarry in the area which was used for material for the works required for the construction of Forth Town. The quarry subsequently flooded and is now used as a fishery for coarse fishing, with a reputation for specimen Carp. The fishery allows all types of fishing.Stirling Garden Nursery is run as a cooperative by local people. It prides itself on the variety of ornamental water plants it has in stock.



Activity Four - The Cost of Invasive Non Native SpeciesIn this section we will look at the cost of Invasive Non Native Species on the economy and how much it costs to deal with the problem.

And why prevention is better than the cure.

The figures used are based on those used for the FINNS Programme and although illustrative are based on true costs.

The Scottish Government has estimated the cost of Invasive Non Native Species to the economy of Scotland.

The impact of Invasive Non Native Species ‘can also be very expensive both to control and to mitigate their negative impacts such as flooding or the damage they can cause to forestry or crops. In fact, it has been estimated that invasive non-native species may cost up to £2 billion pounds each year in Great Britain - that might be as much as £200 million for Scotland alone.’

However, there is a cost of managing/controlling these Invasive Non Native Species. There is a lot of equipment needed and staff required to apply for consents and licences. This is an opportunity for the students to get a glimpse of the sort of decision made with regards to money and the equipment required.

Different INNS require different equipment to undertake control methods: attached are ‘How to control it’ sheets for six species others can be found at http://www.fishforth.co.uk/inns/species/ and on the GB Non-Native Species Secretariat website.

We have also included a case study presentation on Giant Hogweed on the Allan Water which the students can use to base their calculations. We also enclose a suggested spread sheet for calculating the cost.

Suggested Session:Using the costs given for the equipment etc the students prepare a budget together showing how a particular River Catchment could be treated. The catchment plan prepared in Activity 4 could be used or from the case study on the Allan Water. Whilst we have included costs for working with mink and crayfish we would suggest that the students choose from the main three species: Giant Hogweed, Japanese Knotweed or Himalayan Balsam as there is more information available on the treatment of these species.

The analysis should include:1. The options for controlling the species and which is the most appropriate?2. What equipment would be required and how much would it cost?3. How long would it take to undertake the work – how much would that cost?4. How much and what cost would the disposable items (e.g. chemical) cost?5. How many licences would you require?6. How many landowners and other interested parties such as Angling Clubs, would

there be?7. How long would the administration take and how long would it cost?



http://www.fishforth.co.uk/inns/species/

Produce a spread sheet showing the cost for one year.

Further work:There are a number of different techniques, some work better over a longer period because less applications of the control method have to be applied. Using the different techniques available for say Japanese Knotweed undertake the same review over a five year period and assess the cost benefits of each control method.Further information can be found:http://www.pitchcare.com/magazine/japanese-knotweed-stem-injection-the-answer.htmlhttp://www.nomixenviro.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&id=197:stem-master&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=18

The students could also undertake a cost comparison between using volunteers and contractors to undertake the works and present a paper to a funder of the benefits of each.

Arguments could include: Providing employment for local firm New skills for local people Engagement with local community Sustainability of undertaking the treatment over a number of years Expertise required Cost/time of monitoring and checking work

External links:http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org/resources/how-to-guides/volunteer/doc/benefits-of-volunteering.html

The same analysis can be done for any Invasive Non Native Species.



http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org/resources/how-to-guides/volunteer/doc/benefits-of-volunteering.html

http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org/resources/how-to-guides/volunteer/doc/benefits-of-volunteering.html

http://www.nomixenviro.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&id=197:stem-master&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=18

http://www.nomixenviro.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&id=197:stem-master&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=18

http://www.pitchcare.com/magazine/japanese-knotweed-stem-injection-the-answer.html

List of Equipment and Labour. Control of plantsSpraying chemical treatment: Training:Before using pesticide on someone else’s land and adjacent to any water course an operative has to be competent. This is to ensure that the pesticides are used in a safe manner for humans and the environment (including plants, fish and animals). The usual qualification is NPTC Safe Use of Pesticides: PA1 Foundation and PA6aw Handheld Applicator.

The course takes two days plus 1 hour multiple choice test and a 2 hour practical. The cost is £370.00 per person.

Equipment required to undertake chemical treatment:15l knapsack sprayer £60.005l knapsack sprayer £40.00Stem injector £250.00Measuring jug £5.00Chemical (Glysophate – 5 litres) £45.00

You need 450ml of Glysophate plus 14.55litres of water per 15 litre knapsack to spray 125m2 of plants. Stem injector takes 200ml of concentrated chemical per 25m2 of plant. One operator with a knapsack can spray 60m2 an hour.One operator can stem inject 30m2 in an hour.

Personal Protective Equipment (each person who undertakes chemical spraying MUST also have one of each of the following:Pair of Wellington boots £15.00Type 6 Coverall £12.50Pair of Nitrile Gloves £3.00Visor £25.00

Labour rates:The work can either be undertaken by:A trained volunteer who is only paid £15.00 per day expenses (you are responsible for training and equipping the volunteer).OrA contractor who charges £150.00 per day (the contractor’s rate includes all equipment, mileage and training.)

Manual Control:No training is required for manual control. Some PPE might be required depending on the species being controlled.

One person can pull/strim 40m2 of plant in one hour including disposing of the cuttings to a safe place.



Spade £20.00Wheelbarrow £45.00Strimmer £40.00Rake £13.00Scythe £20.00

Labour rates:The work can either be undertaken by:A trained volunteer who is only paid £15.00 per day expenses (you are responsible for training and equipping the volunteer).OrA contractor who charges £150.00 per day (the contractor’s rate includes all equipment, mileage and training.)

Control of MinkTrapping:Training:One days training is required to learn to position a monitoring raft, set a trap and humanely dispatch a mink. The course costs £180.00 and takes a day.Mink Raft £65.00Mink Tracking Kit £5.00Mink single entry trap. £12.00Dispatch equipment – air pistol/rifle £70.00

Mink rafts would normally be put out at 100m intervals along a stretch of river. 80% of the time they would be for monitoring purposes and have a tracking kit inside them, 20% of the time they would have a trap inside them. The rate of capture would be 1 per every 10 days that the traps were out.

Monitoring rafts require inspection every 2 weeks minimum.Traps have to be inspected every 12 hours.

Each raft/trap takes 2 hours to inspect.

Labour rates:The work can either be undertaken by:A trained volunteer who is only paid £15.00 per day expenses (you are responsible for training and equipping the volunteer).OrA contractor who charges £8.50 per hour (the contractor’s rate includes all equipment, mileage and training.)

Crayfish Control/MonitoringTraining:No formal training is required for Crayfish trapping (It is assumed for the purpose of this exercise that the monitoring would be done by trapping rather than any other means such as electrofishing.)Crayfish Trap £6.00



Each trap has to be laid and then taken up 24 hours later. 15 traps would be used in each location. It takes 3 hours to lay the traps and 3 hours to take them up again.

Labour rates:The work can either be undertaken by:A trained volunteer who is only paid £15.00 per day expenses (you are responsible for training and equipping the volunteer).OrA contractor who charges £8.50 per hour (the contractor’s rate includes all equipment, mileage and training.)

Administration:All work requiring the use of chemicals in or adjacent to a water course requires a Scottish Environment Protection Agency licence. The licence is free but it takes an hour to fill in the forms and produce the map. You can only use the licence for work up to one week and for one species.

You must get permission from the local angling club or other river users, if you are going to spray chemicals upstream of the area they are allowed to fish. This takes 15 mins.

You must get permission from the landowner to undertake the works if they are on his land. This takes 30 mins per landowner.

Administrator costs £10.00 per hour.

Mileage/travel:For travel to and from each site you have a budget of £13.50.



BUDGET COSTS FOR TREATMENT OF INVASIVE NON NATIVE SPECIES

FLORA (PLANT) SPECIESMETHOD OF TREATMENT

OPERATIVES COSTA AMOUNT OF PLANT m2B HOW MUCH CAN YOU TREAT PER HOUR? m2C NUMBER OF OPERATIVE HOURS REQUIRED (A / B) NumberD NUMBER OF OPERATIVE DAYS REQUIRED (C / 7) Number

Are you going to use contractors or volunteers?E COST OF VOLUNTEER OPERATIVES Per dayF COST OF CONTRACTOR OPERATIVES Per day

COST OF OPERATIVES (C x E or F) £

If using chemical treatmentG HOW MUCH CHEMICAL PER M2? LitresH HOW MUCH CHEMICAL DO YOU REQUIRE? (A X G) LitresI HOW MUCH IS A LITRE OF CHEMICAL? £J HOW MUCH WILL CHEMICAL COST? (H x I) £

TRAININGK HOW MANY OPERATIVES ARE YOU GOING TO USE? NumberL COST TO TRAIN OPERATIVE (Volunteers Only) £M TRAINING COST (K x L) £

EQUIPMENT Unit Cost Number Required

Cost

15l knapsack sprayer £60.005l knapsack sprayer £40.00Stem injector £250.00Measuring jug £5.00PERSONAL PRETECTIVE EQUIPMENT (Voluneers Only)

Pair of Wellington boots £15.00Type 6 Coverall £12.50Pair of Nitrile Gloves £3.00Visor £25.00

Spade £20.00Wheelbarrow £45.00Strimmer £40.00Rake £13.00Scythe £20.00

TOTAL COST OF EQUIPMENT



ADMINISTRATIONSEPA (REGULATORY) LICENCE

N HOW MANY LICENCES ARE REQUIRED? NumberO TIME REQUIRED PER LICENCE HoursP TIME REQUIRED TO GET ALL LICENCES (N x O) HoursQ COST OF ADMINISTRATOR PER HOUR £

COST TO OBTAIN REGULATORY LICENCES (P x Q) £

LANDOWNER CONSENTR HOW MANY LANDOWNERS ARE THERE? NumberS TIME REQUIRED PER LANDOWNER HoursT TIME REQUIRED TO NOTIFY ALL LANDOWNERS (R x S) HoursU COST OF ADMINISTRATOR PER HOUR £

COST TO NOTIFY ALL LANDOWNERS (T x U) £

RIVER USERS CONSENTV HOW MANY OTHER USERS ARE THERE? NumberW TIME REQUIRED PER USER HoursX TIME REQUIRED TO NOTIFY ALL USERS (V x W) HoursY COST OF ADMINISTRATOR PER HOUR £

COST TO NOTIFY ALL USERS (X x Y) £

MILEAGE - Volunteers OnlyHOW MANY VEHICLES DO YOU NEED? NumberHOW MANY TRIPS? NumberCOST PER TRIP £

MILEAGE ALLOWANCE £

ADMINISTRATION COST

PROJECT COSTOPERATIVES £TRAINING £CHEMICAL £EQUIPMENT £ADMINISTRATION £

TOTAL £



List of Invasive Non Native Species in the Forth District Area.

American Mink (Mustela vison)

American Skunk-cabbage (Lysichiton americanus)

Bullhead (Cottus gobio)

Canadian Waterweed (Elodea canadensis)

Curly Waterweed (Lagarosiphon major)

Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)

Indian Rhubarb (Gunnera species)

Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera)

Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica)

New Zealand Pigmyweed (Crassula helmsii)

Nuttall's Waterweed (Elodea nuttallii)

Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum)

Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)

Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)

Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)

Slipper Limpet (Crepidula fornicata)

Water Fern (Azolla filiculoides)

Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)



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