fire info

FIRE PROTECTION FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

JSB354 ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE IVJSB354 ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE IV

BSc. Of ArchitectureBSc. Of Architecture

Topics:Topics:

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

PASSIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTSPASSIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTS

ACTIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTSACTIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTS

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMSFIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS


1.0 INTRODUCTION1.0 INTRODUCTION

Aims of Fire Protections:

To protect building occupantsTo protect building occupants from fire by providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes.

To protect building structuresTo protect building structures from severely damage within specific time – construction methods, fire rated etc.

To protect building propertiesTo protect building properties (furniture, equipment etc) from totally damage.

To avoid fire from spread outTo avoid fire from spread out within the building or to another building.



Fire Hazards & Risks:

Smoke: Oxygen decreasedSmoke: Oxygen decreased – carbon monoxide increased – cause of death.

Smoke: Reduce visibilitySmoke: Reduce visibility – expose to danger.

Radiant HeatRadiant Heat – 149 degree Celsius – cause of death & severe burnt.

Fire grow very fastFire grow very fast especially to combustible materials.


1.0 INTRODUCTION1.0 INTRODUCTIONGood Building Design with Fire Safety Measures:

Provide adequate fire appliancesadequate fire appliances access & fire hydrants to assist fire & rescue personnel.

Designing adequate and safe escape routesadequate and safe escape routes for the occupants of the building.

Selecting materials for the constructionmaterials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire.

Subdividing buildings into compartmentsSubdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of fire resisting walls & floors.

Designing & constructing the exteriorDesigning & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is unlikely to spread to it from another building.

Provide adequate fixed installationadequate fixed installation for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of fires.

Designing & installing building servicesDesigning & installing building services so that they do not assist the spread of fire.


1.0 INTRODUCTION1.0 INTRODUCTIONClassification of Hazardous Areas:

Extra light hazardExtra light hazard – small residential (bungalows, semi-detached houses & terrace houses)

Ordinary light hazardOrdinary light hazard – other residential (apartments), hotels, hostels & offices.

Ordinary medium hazardOrdinary medium hazard – public buildings (museums, libraries, shopping complexes, etc.)

Ordinary high hazardOrdinary high hazard – places of assembly (halls, auditoriums, cinemas, stadiums etc.)

Ordinary special hazardOrdinary special hazard – workshops, factories, stores etc.

Extra high hazardExtra high hazard – explosive materials such as electrical plants, fire crackers factories, oil off-shores, sub-stations etc.



Purpose Group – 5th Schedule of UBBL1984:

Group I Group I - Small Residential - Small Residential Group II Group II - Institutional - Institutional Group IIIGroup III - Other Residential - Other Residential Group IV Group IV - Office- OfficeGroup VGroup V - Shop- ShopGroup VI Group VI - Factory- FactoryGroup VIIGroup VII - Place of Assembly- Place of AssemblyGroup VIIIGroup VIII - Storage & General- Storage & General

Most of the building will have more than one purpose group. E.g. Shopping Complex will have Group V (Shop), IV (Administration), Group VII (Cineplex) & VIII (Storage).


2.0 PASSIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTS2.0 PASSIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTS

Descriptions:

Passive fire protection is basically a planning matter and must be considered at the planning stage inmust be considered at the planning stage in the building designthe building design in terms of mitigation of fire hazard and fire risk.

Effective passive fire precautions represent good good planning, good design & sound construction,planning, good design & sound construction, which could complement other basic functions of a building.



Design Notes:

All building more than 7000 cubic meter7000 cubic meter shall attach to access road or open area (Minimum width – 12m).

Road/Access width – minimum 6mRoad/Access width – minimum 6m (Maximum width of appliance is 2.5m) & can withstand load of fire engines (Maximum weight – 26 tonnes)

Maximum gradient to access is 1:12.1:12.

Minimum overhead clearance for access is 4m 4m height.height.

Fire appliances turn-around requirements: T-T-turn, Shunt or Circleturn, Shunt or Circle

Site & Space Planning:Site & Space Planning:



Perimeter Access:

The table in By-law 140By-law 140 stipulates the proportion of the building perimeter that must be accessible to fire appliances.


Volume of Building(cubic meter)

Minimum perimeter applianceaccess

7000 – 28000 One sixth

28000 – 56000 One fourth

56000 – 84000 One half

84000 – 112000 Three fourth

112000 and above Island site



One sixth perimeter appliance accessOne sixth perimeter appliance access

Perimeter Access:




One fourth perimeter appliance accessOne fourth perimeter appliance access

Perimeter Access:




One half perimeter appliance accessOne half perimeter appliance access

Perimeter Access:




Three fourth perimeter appliance accessThree fourth perimeter appliance access

Perimeter Access:




Island site perimeter appliance accessIsland site perimeter appliance access

Perimeter Access:




Separation of Fire Risk Areas:

By-law 139By-law 139 stipulates all fire risk areas (such as TNB sub-station, switch rooms, AC plant rooms etc) shall be separated from occupants:

Totally separateTotally separate the fire risk area from the building.

Separated by constructing fire rated walls, floors & doors (compartments)(compartments)




Definitions:

The spaces in the building are divided into divided into smaller compartmentssmaller compartments for Fire Safety management reasons to:

Limit the spread of fire;Limit the spread of fire;

Restrict the movement of smoke;Restrict the movement of smoke;

Optimize evacuation routes during fire;Optimize evacuation routes during fire; Accommodate different activities (Purpose Accommodate different activities (Purpose Group)Group) to enable each compartment have their own fire protection systems.

Compartments:Compartments:



5th Schedule of UBBL1984:


Purpose Group Building height Limit of Dimensions

Area of compartment floor (meter square)

Volume of the building or

compartment (cubic meter)

Part I – Building other than single storey

Institutional Any height 2000 No limit

Other residential Not exceeding 28m 3000 8500

Other residential Exceeding 28m 2000 5500

Shop Any height 2000 7000

Factory Not exceeding 28m No limit 28000

Factory Exceeding 28m 2000 5500

Store & general Not exceeding 28m No limit 21000

Store & general Exceeding 28m 1000 No limit

Part II – Single storey building

Institutional Any height 3000 No limit

Other residential Any height 3000 No limit

The limits of dimensions The limits of dimensions for areas or volumes in for areas or volumes in buildings & buildings & compartments which are compartments which are installed with automatic installed with automatic sprinklers are allowed to sprinklers are allowed to double up the limit of double up the limit of dimensions stated in Fifth dimensions stated in Fifth Schedule. This provision Schedule. This provision is to reflect the reduced is to reflect the reduced risks in sprinklered risks in sprinklered building.building.



Case Study – Shop Compartments:Compartments:Compartments:

The size of op shop compartments shall not exceed:The size of op shop compartments shall not exceed:

7000 cubic meters & 2000 square meters floor 7000 cubic meters & 2000 square meters floor areas for unsprinklered buildings.areas for unsprinklered buildings.

14,000 cubic meters & 4000 square meters floor 14,000 cubic meters & 4000 square meters floor areas for fully sprinklered buildings.areas for fully sprinklered buildings.

Where the floor area of building with fully sprinkler Where the floor area of building with fully sprinkler installation is subdivided, there shall be no restriction on installation is subdivided, there shall be no restriction on the total area, provided:the total area, provided:

1. More than 60% of the total area shall consist of 1. More than 60% of the total area shall consist of separate shop not exceeding 280 square separate shop not exceeding 280 square

meters.meters.

2. Shop units shall be enclosed on three sides by 2. Shop units shall be enclosed on three sides by compartment walls except corner shop facing to compartment walls except corner shop facing to

the main mall.the main mall.


Case Study – Shop Compartments:





Compartment Walls & Floors:


By-law 136: Provisions of Compartment walls & By-law 136: Provisions of Compartment walls & floorsfloors

Any building (other than single storey) of a Any building (other than single storey) of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule shall be provided by compartment walls & shall be provided by compartment walls & floors.floors.

By-law 137: Floor in Building exceeding 30 metresBy-law 137: Floor in Building exceeding 30 metres

In any building which exceeds 30 metres in In any building which exceeds 30 metres in height, all floors which are more than 9 metre height, all floors which are more than 9 metre above ground level shall be constructed with above ground level shall be constructed with Compartment Floor, except mezzanine floorCompartment Floor, except mezzanine floor



Compartment Walls & Floors:


By-law 138: Other Compartment Walls & FloorsBy-law 138: Other Compartment Walls & Floors

The following walls & floors shall be The following walls & floors shall be constructed as compartment walls & floors:constructed as compartment walls & floors:

Any floor in building of Purpose Group II;Any floor in building of Purpose Group II;Any wall or floor separating a flat from Any wall or floor separating a flat from any part of the same building;any part of the same building;Any wall or floor separating part of the Any wall or floor separating part of the Building from any part of the same Building from any part of the same building which is used for a different building which is used for a different purpose group (Mixed-Development);purpose group (Mixed-Development);Any basement floor exceeding 100 square Any basement floor exceeding 100 square metres.metres.



By-law 141 - Separating Walls:


By-law 86By-law 86 stipulates party walls in the fire safety stipulates party walls in the fire safety context refer to walls that separate units of context refer to walls that separate units of different ownership as in walls separating terrace different ownership as in walls separating terrace houses, flats etc. houses, flats etc.

Party walls serve to prevent the spread of fire Party walls serve to prevent the spread of fire from one area to another.from one area to another.

The technical data of party walls:The technical data of party walls:

Walls shall be of solid masonry or concrete;Walls shall be of solid masonry or concrete; Wall thickness is Wall thickness is 200mm;200mm; Party walls must be raised Party walls must be raised 230mm230mm above the above the upper roof surface;upper roof surface; No openings shall be made unless compliance No openings shall be made unless compliance with requirements stipulates in By-law 141.with requirements stipulates in By-law 141.



By-law 141 - Separating Walls:




By-law 149 – Horizontal & Vertical Barriers:


Openings in external wall shall be protected by Openings in external wall shall be protected by flame barriers by extending 750mm horizontally & flame barriers by extending 750mm horizontally & 900mm vertically. These walls are known as 900mm vertically. These walls are known as deflector wall. deflector wall.

Deflector walls are inserted to prevent flame Deflector walls are inserted to prevent flame spread via the external façade to the floors abovespread via the external façade to the floors above


By-law 149 – Horizontal & Vertical Barriers:


Care has to be taken in Care has to be taken in curtain-wall detailingcurtain-wall detailing to to prevent the external skin of the building from prevent the external skin of the building from becoming the casing to a smoke stack.becoming the casing to a smoke stack.




By-law 150 – Protected Shaft:


Protected shafts penetrate across compartment Protected shafts penetrate across compartment floors & walls. There two type of shafts:floors & walls. There two type of shafts:

Shafts carrying utilitiesShafts carrying utilities such as water, electrical such as water, electrical etc. All pipes or ducting shall be effectively fire etc. All pipes or ducting shall be effectively fire stopped as specified in By-law 161.stopped as specified in By-law 161.

Service shafts carrying lifts & escape Service shafts carrying lifts & escape staircasesstaircases. Lift shaft shall be ventilated with . Lift shaft shall be ventilated with minimum vents of not less than 0.9 square metres minimum vents of not less than 0.9 square metres per lift (By-law 151). Enclosed lift lobbies & per lift (By-law 151). Enclosed lift lobbies & staircase shall be ventilated to provide safe staircase shall be ventilated to provide safe passage for both escaping occupants & safe passage for both escaping occupants & safe access for fire fighters.access for fire fighters.

If the protected shafts contain a ventilating duct, the If the protected shafts contain a ventilating duct, the ducts shall be fitted with automatic ducts shall be fitted with automatic fire dampersfire dampers as as stipulated in By-law 156 & 160.stipulated in By-law 156 & 160.


By-law 162 – Fire Door:


Fire doors of the appropriate Fire Resistance Period Fire doors of the appropriate Fire Resistance Period (FRP) shall be provided to:(FRP) shall be provided to:

Openings in compartment & separating walls, such as Openings in compartment & separating walls, such as hotel guest rooms, hotel guest rooms, AHU roomsAHU rooms etc. etc.

Openings in protecting structures, such as Openings in protecting structures, such as protected protected staircases, protected lobbies, fire fighting access staircases, protected lobbies, fire fighting access lobbieslobbies etc. etc.

Openings in partitions enclosing a Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor protected corridor or lobbyor lobby..

By-law 163By-law 163 stipulates sizes, materials and FRP of stipulates sizes, materials and FRP of Fire Doors.Fire Doors. By-law 164By-law 164 stipulates all fire doors shall be fitted with stipulates all fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers.automatic door closers. The door shall be opened toward the exit routeThe door shall be opened toward the exit route..



Means of Escape:

Escape Routes:Escape Routes:

An escape route should An escape route should lead to a safety place without lead to a safety place without reliance on external assistancereliance on external assistance. The ultimate safety . The ultimate safety place is the open air outside the building, clear from the place is the open air outside the building, clear from the effect of fire.effect of fire.

In large complexes, it should be In large complexes, it should be possible to reach a possible to reach a place of reasonable safetyplace of reasonable safety such as protected such as protected staircase/corridor where people can travel in relative staircase/corridor where people can travel in relative safely to a final exit.safely to a final exit.

The design of means of escapes should take into The design of means of escapes should take into account:account:

The building formThe building formThe activities inside the building.The activities inside the building.The likelihood of fire.The likelihood of fire.The potential of fire spread through the The potential of fire spread through the building.building.



Principles of Escape:


Alternative means of escapeAlternative means of escape to be made possible for to be made possible for every building. Single staircase & dead ends are allowed every building. Single staircase & dead ends are allowed under certain conditions.under certain conditions.

Means of escape Means of escape to direct a shortest route to a safety to direct a shortest route to a safety placeplace, e.g. to the outside of the buildings or to the , e.g. to the outside of the buildings or to the protected areas leading to the outside of the buildings.protected areas leading to the outside of the buildings.

Generally means of escape consists of two parts:Generally means of escape consists of two parts:

Unprotected areas, leading direct to exit. Unprotected areas, leading direct to exit. Protected areas, leading direct to exit.Protected areas, leading direct to exit.


Maximum Travel Distance – 7th Schedule:


Limits when alternative exits are available

Purpose Group Dead end limit (m)

Unsprinklered (m)

Sprinklered(m)

Small Residential NA NA NA

Institutional Hospital School Open plan Flexible plan

96

NANA

30453045

45604560

Other residential Hotels Flats Dormitories

10100

303030

454545

Office 15 45 60

Shop 15 30 45

Factory General & Special Purpose High Hazard Open structures

150

NA

3022NA

4522.5NA

Place of Assembly NA 45 61

Store & general Low & Ordinary Hazard High Hazard Parking Garage Aircraft Hangars (Ground Floor) Aircraft Hangars (Mezzanine)

NA NA 15

NA NA

NA 22.53030

22.5

NA 304545

22.5



Measurement Travel Distance:








In the open areas, the distance shall not exceed In the open areas, the distance shall not exceed two-thirdstwo-thirds the permitted the permitted travel distance.travel distance.

In the rooms In the rooms less than six personsless than six persons, the travel distance shall be measured , the travel distance shall be measured from the doors of such rooms, provided the travel distance from any point from the doors of such rooms, provided the travel distance from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres.in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 metres.

Exits:




By-law 166By-law 166 stipulates not less than two separate exits stipulates not less than two separate exits shall be provided and the exits are readily accessible at shall be provided and the exits are readily accessible at all times.all times.

By-law 169By-law 169 stipulates no exit route may reduce in width stipulates no exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel.along its path of travel.

Storey exits & Horizontal exits:




By-law 167By-law 167 stipulates every compartment shall be stipulates every compartment shall be provided with at least two storey exits. The provided with at least two storey exits. The distance in between two exits shall not less than distance in between two exits shall not less than 4.5 metres4.5 metres





By-law 174By-law 174 stipulates arrangement of storey exit shall stipulates arrangement of storey exit shall give direct access to:give direct access to:

A final exit.A final exit. A protected staircase leading to a final exit.A protected staircase leading to a final exit. An external route leading to a final exit.An external route leading to a final exit.

Separate exit for basement floors.Separate exit for basement floors.





By-law 170By-law 170 stipulates egress through unenclosed stipulates egress through unenclosed openings.openings.

By-law 171By-law 171 stipulates where appropriate, horizontal stipulates where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.

By-law 172By-law 172 stipulates every exit shall be installed with stipulates every exit shall be installed with emergency exit sign (KELUAR sign).emergency exit sign (KELUAR sign).

Exit Staircases:



By-law 168By-law 168 stipulates every upper floor shall have stipulates every upper floor shall have at least two separate exit staircase. The distance at least two separate exit staircase. The distance in between two exit staircases shall not less than in between two exit staircases shall not less than 5 metres5 metres


Exit Staircases:



The followings information on staircase must be The followings information on staircase must be shown on drawings submitted to Fire Safety shown on drawings submitted to Fire Safety Department:Department:

Number of treads & risers which shall not exceed Number of treads & risers which shall not exceed 1616 in a single flightin a single flight unless internal stairs for individual unless internal stairs for individual residential unit;residential unit; Dimension of Dimension of treads & riserstreads & risers - treads shall not be less - treads shall not be less than 255mm & risers shall not be more than 180mm;than 255mm & risers shall not be more than 180mm; Width of staircasesWidth of staircases shall be calculated in accordance shall be calculated in accordance with By-law 168;with By-law 168; Depth of landingDepth of landing shall not be less than the width of shall not be less than the width of the staircase;the staircase; Minimum headroom is not less than Minimum headroom is not less than 2 metre2 metre measured measured vertically from any point over the full width of the stairs;vertically from any point over the full width of the stairs; WindersWinders are not permitted in fire escape staircases. are not permitted in fire escape staircases.


Exit Staircases:




Exit Staircases:



If the width of staircase is more than If the width of staircase is more than 1200mm1200mm, , handrails shall be provided on both sides. handrails shall be provided on both sides.

If the width of staircase is exceeding If the width of staircase is exceeding 2225mm2225mm, , intermediate handrails shall be provided.intermediate handrails shall be provided.


External Staircases:



By-law 190By-law 190 stipulates any permanent external stipulates any permanent external staircase is acceptable as an exit staircase. staircase is acceptable as an exit staircase. By-By-law 191law 191 stipulates no openings shall be permitted stipulates no openings shall be permitted to any external staircase within a distance of 2 to any external staircase within a distance of 2 metre horizontally & 9 metre vertically, except for metre horizontally & 9 metre vertically, except for toilets.toilets.


Building with Single Staircase:



By-law 194By-law 194 stipulates a single staircase may be permitted stipulates a single staircase may be permitted for any building the top most floor does not exceed 12 for any building the top most floor does not exceed 12 metres height, provided:metres height, provided: Each element of structure shall have a Each element of structure shall have a FRP not less FRP not less than one hourthan one hour..

Rooms or storeys of the building are used Rooms or storeys of the building are used for domestic for domestic or office purposesor office purposes, except for ground floor can be used , except for ground floor can be used for shop or car park, provided:for shop or car park, provided:

The staircase from ground floor to first floor level shall The staircase from ground floor to first floor level shall be separated from remainder ground floor by be separated from remainder ground floor by two two

hours FRP wallhours FRP wall;; The wall enclosing the staircase at the main entrance The wall enclosing the staircase at the main entrance

(ground floor) shall not be less than (ground floor) shall not be less than 450mm450mm.. The maximum travel distance shall be The maximum travel distance shall be 12 metres12 metres

measured from the door of the room to exit door, or measured from the door of the room to exit door, or from any point to the room door.from any point to the room door.


Building with Single Staircase:




Building exceeding 30m height:



By-law 195By-law 195 stipulates in buildings exceeding 30 stipulates in buildings exceeding 30 metres in height, all exit staircases shall be carried metres in height, all exit staircases shall be carried to the roof levelto the roof level..


Smoke Lobbies:

Smoke & Protected Lobbies:Smoke & Protected Lobbies:


By-law 196By-law 196 stipulates: stipulates:Access to staircase smoke lobby shall be by Access to staircase smoke lobby shall be by means of fire doors.means of fire doors.

The width of smoke lobby shall be more thanThe width of smoke lobby shall be more thanexit width.exit width.

Smoke lobby shall be provided for exit staircase Smoke lobby shall be provided for exit staircase extended to basement.extended to basement.

Smoke lobby shall be naturally ventilated Smoke lobby shall be naturally ventilated (minimum 1 square metre opening) or (minimum 1 square metre opening) or mechanically pressurized.mechanically pressurized.


Smoke Lobbies:




Protected Lobbies:



By-law 197By-law 197 stipulates: stipulates:

Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircase in buildings exceeding 18 metre above staircase in buildings exceeding 18 metre above ground, where the staircase enclosures are not ground, where the staircase enclosures are not naturally ventilated.naturally ventilated.

In buildings exceeding 45 metre above ground, In buildings exceeding 45 metre above ground, the protected lobbies shall be pressurized.the protected lobbies shall be pressurized.

Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosure is pressurized.enclosure is pressurized.


Protected Lobbies:




Ventilation to Staircase Enclosure:Ventilation to Staircase Enclosure:


By-law 198By-law 198 stipulates: stipulates:

All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated by having a All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated by having a minimum opening size of 1 square metre.minimum opening size of 1 square metre.

In buildings not exceeding three storeys above ground, In buildings not exceeding three storeys above ground, staircase enclosures may be unventilated provided that staircase enclosures may be unventilated provided that access to them at all levels through ventilated lobbies.access to them at all levels through ventilated lobbies.

By -law 199By -law 199 stipulates: stipulates:

In buildings not exceeding 18 metre, staircase enclosure In buildings not exceeding 18 metre, staircase enclosure may be unventilated provided that access to them at all may be unventilated provided that access to them at all levels through ventilated lobbies & staircase enclosures levels through ventilated lobbies & staircase enclosures are permanently ventilated at the top with minimum 5% are permanently ventilated at the top with minimum 5% of the area of enclosure.of the area of enclosure.




By-law 200By-law 200 stipulates, for staircases enclosure stipulates, for staircases enclosure exceeding 18 metre & not ventilated, two methods exceeding 18 metre & not ventilated, two methods can be provided: can be provided:

Permanent ventilation at the top with minimum 5% of Permanent ventilation at the top with minimum 5% of the area of enclosure and plus a mechanical ventilated the area of enclosure and plus a mechanical ventilated shaft to achieved 10 air changes per hour.shaft to achieved 10 air changes per hour.

Mechanical pressurization of staircase enclosuresMechanical pressurization of staircase enclosures

By-law 201By-law 201 stipulates all staircase enclosures below stipulates all staircase enclosures below ground shall be provided with suitable means of preventing ground shall be provided with suitable means of preventing the ingress of smoke.the ingress of smoke.

By-law 202By-law 202 stipulates all staircases serving building 45.75 stipulates all staircases serving building 45.75 metres in height shall be provided with pressurized system.metres in height shall be provided with pressurized system.


Building Materials & Construction:Building Materials & Construction:


By-laws 203 – 224By-laws 203 – 224 stipulate classification of stipulate classification of building materials & constructional methods to building materials & constructional methods to restrict the spread of fire:restrict the spread of fire:

Classification of interior finishesClassification of interior finishes Classification of wall surface & ceilingClassification of wall surface & ceiling Construction of roofs & roofing materialsConstruction of roofs & roofing materials Fire resistance of structural membersFire resistance of structural members Fire resistance for walls & floorsFire resistance for walls & floors


Places of Assembly:

Special Studies:Special Studies:


By-laws 178 – 188By-laws 178 – 188 stipulate provisions of passive fire stipulate provisions of passive fire precautions for place of assembly.precautions for place of assembly.

Place of assembly is classified according to its capacity Place of assembly is classified according to its capacity as follows:as follows:

Class AClass A – capacity 1000 persons or more – capacity 1000 persons or more Class BClass B – capacity 300 to 1000 persons – capacity 300 to 1000 persons Class CClass C – capacity 100 to 300 persons – capacity 100 to 300 persons

Exit details for places of assembly:Exit details for places of assembly:

Class A – at least Class A – at least four four separate exitsseparate exits Class B – at least Class B – at least twotwo separate exits & if a capacity separate exits & if a capacity over 600 at least over 600 at least threethree separate exits separate exits Class C – at least Class C – at least twotwo means of exit. means of exit.


Places of Assembly:



Seating details:Seating details:

The spacing rows of seats from back to back shall be The spacing rows of seats from back to back shall be not less than 825mm, & not less than 625mm plus the not less than 825mm, & not less than 625mm plus the sum of the thickness of the back & it inclination.sum of the thickness of the back & it inclination.

Minimum spacing between back of one seat & the front Minimum spacing between back of one seat & the front of the seat is 300mm.of the seat is 300mm.

Maximum rows of seats between gangways are 14 Maximum rows of seats between gangways are 14 seats.seats.Maximum rows of seats opening on to gangway at one Maximum rows of seats opening on to gangway at one end are 7 seats.end are 7 seats.

Dimension for seats without dividing arms are 450mm.Dimension for seats without dividing arms are 450mm.


Places of Assembly:



Seating details:Seating details:The spacing rows of seats from back to back shall be The spacing rows of seats from back to back shall be not less than not less than 825mm825mm, & not less than , & not less than 625mm625mm plus the plus the sum of the thickness of the back & it inclination.sum of the thickness of the back & it inclination.Minimum spacing between back of one seat & the front Minimum spacing between back of one seat & the front of the seat is of the seat is 300mm300mm..


Places of Assembly:



Seating details:Seating details:

Maximum rows of seats between gangways are Maximum rows of seats between gangways are 14 14 seatsseats. Maximum rows of seats opening on to gangway . Maximum rows of seats opening on to gangway at one end are at one end are 7 seats7 seats..

Dimension for seats without dividing arms are Dimension for seats without dividing arms are 450mm450mm..


Places of Assembly:



Continental seating:Continental seating:

450mm clearance width between rows of 18 seats or less.450mm clearance width between rows of 18 seats or less.500mm clearance width between rows of 35 seats or less.500mm clearance width between rows of 35 seats or less.525mm clearance width between rows of 45 seats or less.525mm clearance width between rows of 45 seats or less.550mm clearance width between rows of 46 seats or less.550mm clearance width between rows of 46 seats or less.

When the number of seats increased to 49, 1 pair of exit When the number of seats increased to 49, 1 pair of exit doors shall be provided for each 5 rows of seats. doors shall be provided for each 5 rows of seats.

Minimum width of exit shall not be less than 1680mmMinimum width of exit shall not be less than 1680mm..


Places of Assembly:




Continental seating:Continental seating:

Places of Assembly:



Gangways:Gangways:

Minimum width of gangway is 1200mm shall be provided Minimum width of gangway is 1200mm shall be provided around the stall & balcony.around the stall & balcony.If the gangway in the balcony lead to the exit doors not If the gangway in the balcony lead to the exit doors not less than 1200mm, the rear gangway may be omitted.less than 1200mm, the rear gangway may be omitted.


Places of Assembly:



Gangways:Gangways:

1200mm width gangway in between the rows of seating 1200mm width gangway in between the rows of seating shall be provided as required by local authority.shall be provided as required by local authority.

Handrail shall be provided if the step of a pitch Handrail shall be provided if the step of a pitch exceeding 30 degrees or ramp gradient exceeding 1:10. exceeding 30 degrees or ramp gradient exceeding 1:10. 1050mm height guardrail shall be provided where the 1050mm height guardrail shall be provided where the inclined exceeding 15 degrees.inclined exceeding 15 degrees.


Escape Provision Computation:



Reference is made to the following By-laws:Reference is made to the following By-laws:

By-law 175By-law 175 – Calculation of Occupancy Loads – Calculation of Occupancy LoadsBy-law 176By-law 176 – Computing Storey Exit Width – Computing Storey Exit WidthBy-law 177By-law 177 – Computing Number of Staircases & – Computing Number of Staircases & Staircase WidthStaircase Width

Seventh Schedule of UBBL 1984Seventh Schedule of UBBL 1984






Case study 1:Case study 1:

Shopping Market at ground floor.Floor area = 2000 square metres.3 nos. of 1500mm exit door & 1 no. of 900mm exit door

Refer to 7Refer to 7thth Schedule: Schedule:Purpose Group : SHOPPurpose Group : SHOP

Occupancy load = Area/OLSMP= 2000/3= 666.67 persons666.67 persons

Capacity Exit = Occupancy load/Capacity exit= 667/100= 6.67 units6.67 units

Exit width required = Units x 0.55m (550mm)= 6.67 x 0.55 = 3.6685m3.6685m

Exit width provided = Total exit – 1 biggest exit= 5.4m – 1.5m = 3.9m3.9m

Exit width provided > Exit width requiredExit width provided > Exit width required 3.9m > 3.6685m3.9m > 3.6685m






Restaurant at ground floor.Floor area = 300 square metres.2 nos. of 900mm exit door.

Refer to 7Refer to 7thth Schedule: Schedule:Purpose Group : SHOPPurpose Group : SHOP

Occupancy load = Area/OLSMP= 300/3= 100 persons100 persons

Capacity Exi = Occupancy load/Capacity exit= 100/100= 1 units1 units

Exit width required = Units x 0.55m (550mm)= 6.67 x 0.55 = 0.55m (0.7m min. exit width)0.55m (0.7m min. exit width)

Exit width provided = Total exit – 1 biggest exit= 1,8m – 0.9m = 0.9m0.9m







Office space at sixth floor.Floor area = 1800 square metres.3 nos. of exit staircase; Staircase width 1300mm each.

Refer to 7Refer to 7thth Schedule: Schedule:Purpose Group : OFFICEPurpose Group : OFFICE

Occupancy load = Area/OLSMP= 1800/10= 180 persons180 persons

Capacity Exit = Occupancy load/Capacity exit= 180/60= 3 units3 units

Exit width required = Units x 0.55m (550mm)= 3 x 0.55 = 1.65m1.65m








Car parking at basement floor.No. of car parks = 2004 nos. of exit staircase; Staircase width 1300mm each.

Refer to 7Refer to 7thth Schedule: Schedule:Purpose Group : not statedPurpose Group : not stated

Occupancy load = no. of CP x 2= 200 x 2= 400 persons400 persons

Capacity Exit = Occupancy load/Capacity exit= 400/60= 6.6667 units6.6667 units

Exit width required = Units x 0.55m (550mm)= 6.6667 x 0.55 = 3.6667m3.6667m








Auditorium at ground floor.No. of seats = 6002 nos. of 3400mm exit door.

NOT APPROVED. BASE ON BY-LAW 179, IT NOT APPROVED. BASE ON BY-LAW 179, IT SHALL BE THREE SEPARATE EXITS FOR THE SHALL BE THREE SEPARATE EXITS FOR THE CAPACITY OF 600 PERSONS (CLASS B)CAPACITY OF 600 PERSONS (CLASS B)






Auditorium at ground floor.No. of seats = 6003 nos. of 1800mm exit door.

Refer to 7Refer to 7thth Schedule: Schedule:Purpose Group : Place of AssemblyPurpose Group : Place of Assembly

Occupancy load = 600 persons600 personsCapacity Exit = Occupancy load/Capacity exit

= 600/100= 6units6units

Exit width required = Units x 0.55m (550mm)= 6 x 0.55 = 3.3m3.3m




3.0 ACTIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTS3.0 ACTIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTS

Active fire protection is basically the manual or automatic fire protection systems such as; fire alarms, detectors, rising mains, hose reels, sprinklers etc, to give a warning of an outbreak of fire & the containment & extinguishment of fire. The provisions of adequate & suitable facilities to assist rescue & fire suppression operations are also within the active fire defence strategies.

Descriptions:


Fire detection & alarm systems are designed to provide warning of the outbreak of fire & allow appropriate fire fighting action to be taken. The fire detection & alarm systems must be specially designed to meet the requirements of each building.

Type of protections is:

Manual – a system which provides manual alarm only.

Automatic – a system that automatically detects a fire & initiates an effective alarm, and activation of active fire suppression systems.

Concept & Types of Protection:

Fire Detection & Alarm Systems:Fire Detection & Alarm Systems:



Detection & Alarm Systems in UBBL1984:



By-law 153By-law 153 – Smoke detector shall be installed at lift lobbies.

By-law 225(1)By-law 225(1) – Every building shall be provided with detecting & fire alarm systems together with illuminated exit signs.

By-law 237(1)By-law 237(1) – Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule.

By-law 237(2)By-law 237(2) – All buildings exceeding 9290 square metres or 30.5m height shall be provided with two-stage alarm system. Continuous signal to be given in the affected section & intermittent signal be given in adjoining section.





By-law 238By-law 238 – Large buildings or exceeding 30.5m height shall be provided with Command & Control Centre.

By-law 239By-law 239 – Two separate voice communication systems shall be provided in lifts, lift lobbies, corridors, staircases, office area (if exceeding 92.9 square metres) & hotel guest room.

By-law 241By-law 241 – Special requirements alarm systems for deaf persons by using visible indicator alarm signals.

By-law 244(g)By-law 244(g) – Standard requirements for Fire Alarm Systems.




Tenth ScheduleTenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 lists the followings:

1.1. Automatic Fire Detectors SystemAutomatic Fire Detectors System2.2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm SystemManual Electrical Fire Alarm System3.3. Signal Indicator Alarm SystemSignal Indicator Alarm System4.4. Manual Alarm SystemManual Alarm System



Automatic Fire Detection Systems:



Heat Detectors:Fixed Temperature Heat DetectorRate-of-Rise Temperature Heat DetectorLinear/Line Detector

Smoke Detectors:Ionization Smoke DetectorOptical Smoke DetectorAspirating Smoke DetectorBeam Detector

Flame Detectors:Ultra Violet Flame DetectorInfra-red Flame Detector


Manual Electrical Fire Alarm Systems:



Manual Electric Fire Alarm Systems shall be operated from break-glass call pointsbreak-glass call points & once operated; the alarm will continue to sound automatically.

The system shall be located on exit routes, normally installed together with hose reel. No person in the premises needs to travel more than 30 metres.30 metres.

The system shall be mounted at a height of 1.4m1.4m from the floor, easily accessible & well illuminated.


Signal Indicator Alarm Systems:


The detection device must be arranged to trigger an alarm, either by signalling to the police, fire station or a commercial security organisation’s central station.

A range of services can be provided which include alarm & line-fault signal system.



Voice Communication Systems:


A voice alarm system is intended to be used in to be used in conjunction with fire detection & alarm systemconjunction with fire detection & alarm system to control the safe evacuation of building occupants.

The system can be used for other functions & other functions & incidentsincidents.



Emergency Lightings:


Types of Emergency Illumination as listed in Tenth Schedule:

Signal point unitsSignal point unitsCentral BatteryCentral BatteryGeneratorsGenerators



Types of extinguishing system to be used are based on classification of fireclassification of fire.

The system shall be installed either internal or internal or external partexternal part of the buildings.

The system operates in three ways: PortablePortable Fixed & manually operatedFixed & manually operated Fixed & automatically operatedFixed & automatically operated

By-law 225(1)By-law 225(1) stipulates all building shall be provided with means of extinguishing fire system.

Descriptions:

Suppression Systems:Suppression Systems:



1.1. Automatic SprinklersAutomatic Sprinklers2.2. Water Spray SystemWater Spray System3.3. High Expansion Foam SystemHigh Expansion Foam System4.4. Carbon Dioxide SystemCarbon Dioxide System5.5. Approved Halogenated Extinguishing SystemApproved Halogenated Extinguishing System6.6. Other Automatic Extinguishing SystemOther Automatic Extinguishing System7.7. Hose ReelHose Reel8.8. Hydrant SystemHydrant System

Suppression Systems in the 10th Schedule:




Classification of Fire & Suppression System Used:



Class Description: Method: SuppressionAgent:

A Fires involving organic nature with the formation of glowing ambers. E.g. wood, paper etc.

Water to extinguish the fire & as a cooling element.

WaterDry powderDry powderFoam

B Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids. E.g. petrol, kerosene, etc.

Blanketing – to remove oxygen from liquid materials.

Dry powderDry powderFoamCO2

C Fires involving gases.E.g. oxygen, LNG, LPG etc.

Blanketing – to avoid oxygen from gases.

Dry powderDry powderCO2

D Fires involving metals. E.g. sodium, aluminium etc.

Water is not suitable because steel will collapse.

Dry powderDry powderDry sand

E Fires involving electrical equipment Water is not suitable due to short circuit.

Dry powderDry powderCO2Halon

F Fires involving fats & cooking oils CO2 is not suitable. Dry powderDry powder


By-law 225(2)By-law 225(2) stipulates every building shall be stipulates every building shall be served at least one fire hydrant located not more served at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5m. than 91.5m.

By-law 225(3)By-law 225(3) stipulates additional fire hydrant stipulates additional fire hydrant shall be provided depending on the size & shall be provided depending on the size & location of the building.location of the building.

The fire hydrant shall be located at fire The fire hydrant shall be located at fire appliances access. Types of fire hydrant:appliances access. Types of fire hydrant:2 outlets2 outlets – pressure at 250 to 300 GPM (gallon – pressure at 250 to 300 GPM (gallon per minute)per minute)3 outlets3 outlets – pressure at 300 to 600 GPM – pressure at 300 to 600 GPM

External Fire Hydrants:




Water supply for fire hydrant:Water supply for fire hydrant:

Direct supply from main distribution pipe.Direct supply from main distribution pipe.Supplied through water tank (Pressurised Hydrant Supplied through water tank (Pressurised Hydrant System)System)

External Fire Hydrants:




By-law 227By-law 227 stipulates portable fire extinguishers stipulates portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in the building:shall be provided in the building:

In accordance with In accordance with Code of practiceCode of practice;;

Shall be located in Shall be located in prominent positionsprominent positions on on exit routes;exit routes;

VisibleVisible from all direction; from all direction;

By-law 244 (c)By-law 244 (c) stipulates standard stipulates standard requirement for portable extinguishers.requirement for portable extinguishers.

Portable Fire Extinguishers:




Types of portable fire extinguisher:Types of portable fire extinguisher:

WaterWater (Colour code: Red) – suitable for Class A – (Colour code: Red) – suitable for Class A – sprayed at 6 to 8m in 60 to 120 second.sprayed at 6 to 8m in 60 to 120 second.

FoamFoam (Colour code: Cream) – suitable for Class A & B (Colour code: Cream) – suitable for Class A & B – – sprayed at 6m in 30 to 90 second.sprayed at 6m in 30 to 90 second.

CO2CO2 (Colour code: Black) – suitable for Class B, C & E (Colour code: Black) – suitable for Class B, C & E – – 2.2kg gas.2.2kg gas.

HalonHalon (Colour code: Green) – suitable for Class E. (Colour code: Green) – suitable for Class E.

Dry PowderDry Powder (Colour Code: Blue) – suitable for all types (Colour Code: Blue) – suitable for all types of fire – 9 to 12kg & sprayed at 5 to 6m in less than 2 of fire – 9 to 12kg & sprayed at 5 to 6m in less than 2 minutes.minutes.

Portable Fire Extinguishers:




Hose reel system is intended for occupant to use during Hose reel system is intended for occupant to use during the the early stages of fireearly stages of fire. The system comprises hose reel . The system comprises hose reel pump, water storage tank, hose reels, pipe works & pump, water storage tank, hose reels, pipe works & valves.valves. When the tank is located on the roof, the hose reels may When the tank is located on the roof, the hose reels may be fed directly from hose reel tank by be fed directly from hose reel tank by gravitygravity..

The requirement for hose reel systems is listed under the The requirement for hose reel systems is listed under the Tenth ScheduleTenth Schedule of UBBL 1984. of UBBL 1984.

By-law 244 (b)By-law 244 (b) stipulates standard requirement for Hose stipulates standard requirement for Hose reels.reels.

The hose reel shall be located:The hose reel shall be located: At At every 45 metresevery 45 metres (depends on building form); (depends on building form); At At every floor level;every floor level; Nearer to Nearer to fire fighting access lobbies.fire fighting access lobbies.

Hose Reel System:






Hose Reel System:


Downcomers are a form of internal hydrant for the firemen Downcomers are a form of internal hydrant for the firemen to use & always charged with water from a to use & always charged with water from a water tank located at the roof level.

Downcomers are only permitted for private residential Downcomers are only permitted for private residential buildings with buildings with open balcony approachopen balcony approach where the topmost where the topmost floor is less than floor is less than 60 metres (Low cost flat only).60 metres (Low cost flat only).

Downcomer System:






Dry Riser System:

By-law 230By-law 230 stipulates Dry Riser System shall be provided in building in which the topmost floor in between 18.3m to 30.5m.

By-law 232By-law 232 stipulates at least one Dry Riser System shall be installed when the building under construction has reached 18.3m.

By-law 244 (d)By-law 244 (d) stipulates standard requirement for dry rising main.

Dry risers are a form of internal hydrantinternal hydrant for the firemen to use during the outbreak of fire. Dry risers are normally dry & depend on the fire engines to pump water into the system.




Dry Riser System:

Dry riser comprises of:Riser pipeRiser pipe with landing valvelanding valve at every floor;Breeching inletBreeching inlet at the ground floor.




Wet Riser System:

By-law 231By-law 231 stipulates Wet Riser System shall be provided in building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5m.

By-law 232By-law 232 stipulates at least one Wet Riser System shall be installed when the building under construction has reached more than 30.5m.

By-law 244 (d)By-law 244 (d) stipulates standard requirement for wet rising main.

Wet risers are a form of internal hydrantinternal hydrant for the firemen to use & are always charged with water.




Wet Riser System:Wet riser comprises of:Riser pipeRiser pipe at 150mm dia. with landing valvelanding valve at every floor;Pumping systemPumping system (jockey, duty & standby pumps);Wet riser water tankwater tank




Automatic Sprinkler System:

By-law 226By-law 226 stipulates automatic system (including sprinklers) shall be provided for hazardous occupancy.

By-law 228By-law 228 stipulates sprinkler valves shall be located in safe & enclosed position on the exterior wall. All sprinkler systems shall be connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate & automatic alarm system when activated.

By-law 244 (f)By-law 244 (f) stipulates standard requirement for automatic sprinklers.

The detail requirement for automatic sprinkler systems is listed under the Tenth ScheduleTenth Schedule of UBBL 1984.





An automatic sprinkler system is intended to detect, to detect, control & extinguish a fire, and to warn the control & extinguish a fire, and to warn the occupantsoccupants of the occurrence of fire. The system operates automaticallyoperates automatically without human intervention.

The sprinkler head has a liquid filled glass bulb that liquid filled glass bulb that breaks due to the heat of the fire & releases waterbreaks due to the heat of the fire & releases water that sprays over the fire.

The most common type of automatic sprinkler system is the wet pipe installation.wet pipe installation.





An automatic sprinkler system comprises of:

Pipe works & valve;Pipe works & valve;

PumpingPumping system (jockey, duty & standby pumps);

Sprinkler water tank;water tank;

Control valveControl valve set;

Sprinkler heads;Sprinkler heads;

Flow & Pressure switches.switches.





Sprayed area depending on category of hazard:Light hazardLight hazard – 130 to 225 square feetOrdinary hazardOrdinary hazard – 100 to 130 square feetHigh hazardHigh hazard – 90 square feet

Sprayed pattern:Conventional Conventional – down sprayed & partly at ceilingHemispherical sprayHemispherical spray – down sprayed onlySide wall spraySide wall sprayDouble spayDouble spay – for ceiling depth more than 1200mm




Special Extinguishment Systems:

By-law 236By-law 236 stipulates special extinguishment systems shall be provided for special hazard areas.

Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System:Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System:CO2 system consists of CO2 cylinders, steel piping, discharge nozzles, heat and/or smoke detectors & control panel. The system activates both visual & audio alarm activates both visual & audio alarm system before releasing the gassystem before releasing the gas. The CO2 is discharged after a time delay upon detection of fire to warn any occupant to evacuate the room.

The system is usually provided for:

Transformer roomsTransformer roomsSwitch roomsSwitch roomsStandby generator roomsStandby generator rooms





Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System:Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System:





Foam Inlet:Foam Inlet:

By-law 233By-law 233 stipulates boiler rooms & storage stipulates boiler rooms & storage areas below ground level shall be equipped areas below ground level shall be equipped with foam inlets.with foam inlets.

By-law 234By-law 234 stipulates underground structures stipulates underground structures & windowless buildings shall be provided with & windowless buildings shall be provided with foam inlets.foam inlets.

By-law 244(e)By-law 244(e) stipulates standard requirement stipulates standard requirement for foam inlets.for foam inlets.





Halogenated System:Halogenated System:

Halogenated system consists of Halogenated system consists of halon gashalon gas cylinders, steel piping, discharge nozzles, heat cylinders, steel piping, discharge nozzles, heat and/or smoke detectors & control panel. and/or smoke detectors & control panel.

The detail requirement for automatic The detail requirement for automatic Halogenated systems is listed under the Halogenated systems is listed under the Tenth Tenth ScheduleSchedule of UBBL 1984. of UBBL 1984.


Other By-laws:Other By-laws:


Fire fighting Access Lobbies:

By-law 242By-law 242 stipulates fire fighting access lobbies stipulates fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided with the following requirements:shall be provided with the following requirements:

Minimum area of the lobby is Minimum area of the lobby is 5.57 square metres5.57 square metres;;Minimum permanent ventilation is Minimum permanent ventilation is 25%25% from the area from the area of the lobby;of the lobby;

If ventilation through openable windows, additional If ventilation through openable windows, additional permanent ventilations of permanent ventilations of 464 square centimetres464 square centimetres shall be provided;shall be provided;

However, However, mechanical pressurisationmechanical pressurisation may be may be provided as an alternative.provided as an alternative.

By-law 229By-law 229 stipulates fire fighting access lobbies stipulates fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor & located not more shall be provided at every floor & located not more than 45.75m from the furthermost point of the floor.than 45.75m from the furthermost point of the floor.




Firemen Lifts:

By-law 243By-law 243 stipulates fire lift/s shall be provided for a stipulates fire lift/s shall be provided for a building is more than building is more than 18.5m 18.5m (topmost occupied (topmost occupied floor). floor). A penthouseA penthouse occupying less than 50% of the occupying less than 50% of the floor area immediately below shall be exempted from floor area immediately below shall be exempted from this regulation.this regulation.

A fire lift shall be located within A fire lift shall be located within a separate protected a separate protected shaftshaft if it opens into a protected lobby. The location if it opens into a protected lobby. The location shall not more than shall not more than 61m travel distance61m travel distance from the from the furthermost point of the floor.furthermost point of the floor.

Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in one lift in every group of liftsevery group of lifts which discharged into same which discharged into same protected lobby. Fire lifts shall protected lobby. Fire lifts shall serve all floorsserve all floors including basement & topmost occupied floor.including basement & topmost occupied floor.




Smoke Vents:

By-laws 249 to 252By-laws 249 to 252 stipulate he requirements of stipulate he requirements of smoke control ventilation systems.smoke control ventilation systems.

The smoke vent system shall be provided for The smoke vent system shall be provided for windowless buildings, underground structures windowless buildings, underground structures & large area factories& large area factories..

Natural draught smoke venting shall utilise Natural draught smoke venting shall utilise roof roof vents or vents in wallsvents or vents in walls at ceiling level. The at ceiling level. The vents either in open position or open vents either in open position or open automatically.automatically.




Emergency Power System:

Emergency power system shall be provided as Emergency power system shall be provided as accordance accordance to By-law 253to By-law 253 of the UBBL1984. The system of the UBBL1984. The system is is to supply electrical power automatically in the to supply electrical power automatically in the event of power failureevent of power failure to equipment essential for safety to equipment essential for safety of life.of life.

The supply systems shall comprise one or more of the The supply systems shall comprise one or more of the following types:following types:

Storage batteryStorage battery – for a period of 1 ½ hours. – for a period of 1 ½ hours.Generator setGenerator set – for automatically starting the prime – for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of normal service. Normally it is located mover on failure of normal service. Normally it is located on ground or basement flooron ground or basement floor




Emergency Power System:

The emergency power systems shall provide power for The emergency power systems shall provide power for the following emergency loads that are associated with the following emergency loads that are associated with fire protection systems:fire protection systems:

Pressurisation systems;Pressurisation systems;Smoke control systems;Smoke control systems;Fire alarm & monitoring systems;Fire alarm & monitoring systems;Pumping systems for fire fighting;Pumping systems for fire fighting;Emergency public address systems;Emergency public address systems;Fire lifts;Fire lifts;Emergency lighting;Emergency lighting;Other emergency fire protection systems.Other emergency fire protection systems.




Building less than 18.3m height:

Refer to the Refer to the Tenth ScheduleTenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 to of UBBL 1984 to determine Purpose Group of the building.determine Purpose Group of the building.

By-law 225By-law 225 – Detecting & extinguishing fire – Detecting & extinguishing fireBy-law 226By-law 226 – Automatic systems are required for – Automatic systems are required for high hazard spacehigh hazard spaceBy-law 227By-law 227 – Portable extinguishers – Portable extinguishersBy-law 237By-law 237 – Fire alarms – Fire alarmsBy-law 239By-law 239 – Voice communication system – Voice communication systemBy-law 240By-law 240 – Electrical isolation switch – Electrical isolation switchBy-law 241By-law 241 – Special requirements for fire alarm – Special requirements for fire alarmBy-law 253By-law 253 – Emergency power system – Emergency power system




Building in between 18.3m – 30.5m height:

Refer to the Refer to the Tenth ScheduleTenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 to determine of UBBL 1984 to determine Purpose Group of the building.Purpose Group of the building.

By-law 225By-law 225 – Detecting & extinguishing fire – Detecting & extinguishing fireBy-law 226By-law 226 – Automatic systems are required for high – Automatic systems are required for high hazard spacehazard spaceBy-law 227By-law 227 – Portable extinguishers – Portable extinguishersBy-law 229By-law 229 – Means of access & fire fighting – Means of access & fire fightingBy-law 230By-law 230 – Dry rising system – Dry rising systemBy-law 232By-law 232 – Dry rising for building under construction – Dry rising for building under constructionBy-law 237By-law 237 – Fire alarms – Fire alarmsBy-law 239By-law 239 – Voice communication system – Voice communication systemBy-law 240By-law 240 – Electrical isolation switch – Electrical isolation switchBy-law 241By-law 241 – Special requirements for fire alarm – Special requirements for fire alarmBy-law 242By-law 242 – Fire fighting access lobbies – Fire fighting access lobbiesBy-law 243By-law 243 – Fire lifts – Fire liftsBy-law 253By-law 253 – Emergency power system – Emergency power system




Building more than 30.5m height:

Refer to the Refer to the Tenth ScheduleTenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 to determine of UBBL 1984 to determine Purpose Group of the building.Purpose Group of the building.

By-law 225By-law 225 – Detecting & extinguishing fire – Detecting & extinguishing fireBy-law 226By-law 226 – Automatic systems are required for high – Automatic systems are required for high hazard spacehazard spaceBy-law 227By-law 227 – Portable extinguishers – Portable extinguishersBy-law 229By-law 229 – Means of access & fire fighting – Means of access & fire fightingBy-law 231By-law 231 – Wet rising system – Wet rising systemBy-law 232By-law 232 – Wet rising for building under construction – Wet rising for building under constructionBy-law 237By-law 237 – Fire alarms – Fire alarmsBy-law 238By-law 238 – Command & control centre – Command & control centreBy-law 239By-law 239 – Voice communication system – Voice communication systemBy-law 240By-law 240 – Electrical isolation switch – Electrical isolation switchBy-law 241By-law 241 – Special requirements for fire alarm – Special requirements for fire alarmBy-law 242By-law 242 – Fire fighting access lobbies – Fire fighting access lobbiesBy-law 243By-law 243 – Fire lifts – Fire liftsBy-law 253By-law 253 – Emergency power system – Emergency power system

JSB354 ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE IVJSB354 ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE IV

BSc. Of ArchitectureBSc. Of Architecture

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