FIRST CONTACTFIRST CONTACT

CHAPTER 2 (2014)CHAPTER 2 (2014)

TermsTerms Egalitarian-Egalitarian- interests of group over the individual interests of group over the individual

(nomadic)(nomadic)

Centralized authorityCentralized authority (power is concentrated with one (power is concentrated with one person or a few people. More likely in sedentary person or a few people. More likely in sedentary populations)populations)

ColonialismColonialism (see Frayer Model in your binder)(see Frayer Model in your binder)

ExpansionismExpansionism (territorial or commercial expansion/ control (territorial or commercial expansion/ control in a foreign territory)in a foreign territory)

MétisMétis (person of mixed First Nation and European descent) (person of mixed First Nation and European descent)

Coureurs de BoisCoureurs de Bois (French and/or (French and/or MétisMétis fur traders in the fur traders in the northwest)northwest)

Terms continuedTerms continued

Expansionism Expansionism (territorial or commercial (territorial or commercial expansion/ control in a foreign territory)expansion/ control in a foreign territory)

RécolletsRécollets (the first missionaries to arrive (the first missionaries to arrive in New France) in New France)

CapitalistCapitalist (an economic system in which (an economic system in which businesses are controlled by private businesses are controlled by private interests whose objectives are to make interests whose objectives are to make profitsprofits

Discussion of 2 quotes Pg Discussion of 2 quotes Pg 22 22

Richardson’sRichardson’s statement is derogatory. statement is derogatory.

It gives no credit to the original It gives no credit to the original inhabitants of Canada and does not inhabitants of Canada and does not recognize the contributions made by recognize the contributions made by Aboriginal peoples in helping the Aboriginal peoples in helping the Europeans to survive. Europeans to survive.

He does not value their social, cultural, He does not value their social, cultural, political or economic political or economic contributions/development.contributions/development.

Discussion of 2 quotes Pg Discussion of 2 quotes Pg

Chief George ManuelChief George Manuel focuses on 3 points: focuses on 3 points:

1.He discusses the efforts made by aboriginal 1.He discusses the efforts made by aboriginal people to teach Europeans how to survive travel people to teach Europeans how to survive travel and hunt in unfamiliar territory. and hunt in unfamiliar territory.

2. He also explains the negative outcomes of first 2. He also explains the negative outcomes of first contact for his people including disease, death, contact for his people including disease, death, loss of land and resources. loss of land and resources.

3. He explains the First Peoples fundamental 3. He explains the First Peoples fundamental connection to the land as the soul of their connection to the land as the soul of their community and how devastating the loss of this community and how devastating the loss of this land has been.land has been.

Eve of Contact / Aboriginal Eve of Contact / Aboriginal Complex and Diverse SocietiesComplex and Diverse Societies

Aboriginal societiesAboriginal societies flourished across North flourished across North AmericaAmerica

Possessed knowledge to develop diverse and Possessed knowledge to develop diverse and complex societiescomplex societies

Technology reflectedTechnology reflected unique conditions of unique conditions of environmentenvironment and way of life and way of life

Depended on nature and had Depended on nature and had deep spiritual deep spiritual connection to environmentconnection to environment

Had distinct Had distinct systems of governmentsystems of government

Question 4Question 4 The The ReformationReformation (1517-55)-(1517-55)- some some

sought to reform the Catholic church and sought to reform the Catholic church and renew Christian moralsrenew Christian morals

This lead to a split that This lead to a split that creates creates Protestant denominationsProtestant denominations

Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation-French, Spanish -French, Spanish and Portuguese committed to spreading and Portuguese committed to spreading Catholicism worldwide- affects Aboriginals Catholicism worldwide- affects Aboriginals in North Americansin North Americans

Question 4 (cont’d)Question 4 (cont’d) Arrival of Arrival of Europeans approx. 1500CEEuropeans approx. 1500CE

Disrupts balance of aboriginal lifeDisrupts balance of aboriginal life

Benefit of cultural interaction at firstBenefit of cultural interaction at first (Exchange of European technology and (Exchange of European technology and Aboriginal knowledge for survival)Aboriginal knowledge for survival)

Spread of European goods by traders but Spread of European goods by traders but many Aboriginals did not meet many Aboriginals did not meet Europeans face to faceEuropeans face to face

Question 5Question 5 European countries sought to rule other nations European countries sought to rule other nations

to further their own interests to further their own interests =colonialism=colonialism

15th and 16th centuries- Spain Portugal and 15th and 16th centuries- Spain Portugal and Netherlands- greatest forcesNetherlands- greatest forces

17th century- England and France- greatest 17th century- England and France- greatest forcesforces

1450 CE 1450 CE Portuguese dominant in Africa-Portuguese dominant in Africa-Bartholomew DiazBartholomew Diaz had reached the southern had reached the southern most point and around to India most point and around to India

decimated many Aboriginal populations-decimated many Aboriginal populations- needed labour force for plantation economy so needed labour force for plantation economy so they they enslaved people from Africaenslaved people from Africa

Question 5Question 5

The Triangular TradeThe Triangular Trade trading networktrading network established by Europeans established by Europeans bring bring raw materials to Europeraw materials to Europe from colonies in from colonies in

the Americas and Caribbean the Americas and Caribbean made made industrialisation industrialisation possible in Europepossible in Europe Manufactured goodsManufactured goods were sent to the colonies were sent to the colonies

which encouraged development which encouraged development

The Triangular TradeThe Triangular Trade

devastating devastating human rights offencehuman rights offence wealth was generated because of wealth was generated because of slaveryslavery 11 million people from Africa11 million people from Africa were were

dehumanized and kidnapped over a period of dehumanized and kidnapped over a period of 300 years300 years

They were forced to work on the farms to They were forced to work on the farms to produce the raw materials need in Europeproduce the raw materials need in Europe

Question 6Question 6 GlobalizationGlobalization is defined as dependent and is defined as dependent and

interdependent relationships among places on interdependent relationships among places on earthearth

The movement of goods and slaves as part of the The movement of goods and slaves as part of the triangular tradetriangular trade was part of the early process of was part of the early process of globalizationglobalization

Abuse/slaveryAbuse/slavery is what allowed Europeans to is what allowed Europeans to produce raw materials to send to their nationsproduce raw materials to send to their nations

The economies of the Caribbean and Americas The economies of the Caribbean and Americas generated wealth for European nations generated wealth for European nations allowing them to industrialise and expand allowing them to industrialise and expand their empirestheir empires at the expense of those enslaved at the expense of those enslaved

Colonialism and ExpansionismColonialism and Expansionism

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus (Spain) reached the Caribbean- (Spain) reached the Caribbean- 1492CE- series of Spanish invasions1492CE- series of Spanish invasions

Hernan Cortez destroyed Aztec EmpireHernan Cortez destroyed Aztec Empire

Mexican population went from 27 million to 1 millionMexican population went from 27 million to 1 million between 1519 CE and 1650CE (131 years ) due to disease, between 1519 CE and 1650CE (131 years ) due to disease, violence, overworkviolence, overwork

1497 John Cabot arrived in Nfld. or Cape Breton1497 John Cabot arrived in Nfld. or Cape Breton thinking it was Chinathinking it was China

Abundant supply of Abundant supply of cod fish – became a regular cod fish – became a regular commodity in Europe by 1500scommodity in Europe by 1500s

Fishing fleets arrive- trade between Europeans & Fishing fleets arrive- trade between Europeans & AboriginalsAboriginals

Fish, beads, metal pots, knives traded for fursFish, beads, metal pots, knives traded for furs

Question 8 Question 8 (quote #1)(quote #1)

Columbus promises the Queen of Spain if she Columbus promises the Queen of Spain if she supports his ventures :supports his ventures :

1) He will provide her with an unlimited supply 1) He will provide her with an unlimited supply of resourcesof resources (including goods and slaves) (including goods and slaves)

2) He believes that 2) He believes that Aboriginals are open to trade Aboriginals are open to trade and underestimated the valueand underestimated the value of their resources of their resources

3) He diminished them as people by referring to them 3) He diminished them as people by referring to them as as “heathen slaves”.“heathen slaves”.

HeathenHeathen means irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized means irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized

Question 7 (quote #2)Question 7 (quote #2)

John Cabot was directed by King Henry VII John Cabot was directed by King Henry VII to to spread Christian valuesspread Christian values to the to the “heathens and infidelles” “heathens and infidelles”

This again shows the common This again shows the common lack of lack of understandingunderstanding Europeans showed for Europeans showed for Aboriginal spirituality and customs. Aboriginal spirituality and customs.

InfidelInfidel means a person with no faith, an means a person with no faith, an unbeliever.unbeliever.

Fur Trade (overview- question Fur Trade (overview- question 9)9)

Jaques Cartier 1534 CEJaques Cartier 1534 CE claims Atlantic coast for claims Atlantic coast for FranceFrance

1600 beaver felt hats in demand-1600 beaver felt hats in demand- fur trade fur trade takes offtakes off

Tadoussac center of fur trade- example of Tadoussac center of fur trade- example of interdependency between Europeans & Aboriginalsinterdependency between Europeans & Aboriginals

1608 Samuel de Champlain1608 Samuel de Champlain sails to present day sails to present day Quebec cityQuebec city

Champlain sends traders to live with Champlain sends traders to live with aboriginals to foster good relationsaboriginals to foster good relations and sides and sides with Wendet and Algonquin in their war against with Wendet and Algonquin in their war against Haudenosaunee in 1609Haudenosaunee in 1609

•trade furs for iron goods

•Cartier proclaimed the land for France due to its vast resources (expansionism!)

•fur trade was fuelled by the demand for beaver pelts to make hats

•Aboriginal rivalries intensified as they competed

•they pushed into each others traditional territories

•The Europeans and Aboriginals developed an interdependency

Question 9Question 9Expansionism and its economic impact on aboriginal communities.

Question 10Question 10

The The Dutch and British traded weapons Dutch and British traded weapons for fursfor furs

The The French linked weapons to French linked weapons to religious conversionreligious conversion to Christianity to Christianity

As rivalries intensifiedAs rivalries intensified between colonial between colonial empires and with in the Aboriginal empires and with in the Aboriginal communities communities sides were chosen and sides were chosen and alliances were builtalliances were built

When When direct conflict occurred the direct conflict occurred the French were at a disadvantagesFrench were at a disadvantages as as their Aboriginal allies were not as well their Aboriginal allies were not as well equipped with European weaponsequipped with European weapons

JesuitsJesuits arrived 10 years after the arrived 10 years after the RécolletsRécollets

They They lived among Aboriginal societieslived among Aboriginal societies learning their customs and languageslearning their customs and languages

Tried to convert AboriginalsTried to convert Aboriginals to Christianity to Christianity through full scale through full scale assimilationassimilation

Used Used residential schoolsresidential schools in attempt to have in attempt to have Aboriginals adopt French cultureAboriginals adopt French culture

Preferential trading statusPreferential trading status was given to those was given to those who converted- they had to break from all who converted- they had to break from all previous traditions to be baptized- previous traditions to be baptized- caused social caused social riftsrifts

Question 11Question 11 1670 1670 Hudson’s Bay CompanyHudson’s Bay Company (HBC) given a (HBC) given a

Royal Charter for trading rightsRoyal Charter for trading rights around around Hudson’s Bay and James BayHudson’s Bay and James Bay

Rivalry between England and FranceRivalry between England and France

Rivalry again increases Rivalry again increases expansion of French expansion of French (Coureurs de bois) to the interior(Coureurs de bois) to the interior

Raids were commonRaids were common (English allied with (English allied with Haudenosaunee and the French and Metis with Haudenosaunee and the French and Metis with Wendet and Algonquin until 1701Wendet and Algonquin until 1701

By By 1760 HBC had a monopoly on the fur trade1760 HBC had a monopoly on the fur trade

The Hudson’s Bay Company 1670The Hudson’s Bay Company 1670

Source: L'exploration, Le Commerce De La Fourrure Et Compagnie De La Baie D'Hudson

Carte du territoire de la Compagnie de la Baie Carte du territoire de la Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson, 1821-1870d’Hudson, 1821-1870

Source: L'exploration, Le Commerce De La Fourrure Et Compagnie De La Baie D'Hudson

AssimilationAssimilation Frayer (Brainstorm) Frayer (Brainstorm)

The act of making a minority group The act of making a minority group of people assume the customs and of people assume the customs and traditions of a larger grouptraditions of a larger group

Question 11 and 12Question 11 and 12A few positive effects of the fur trade for Aboriginal A few positive effects of the fur trade for Aboriginal

peoples:peoples:

First 100 years Aboriginal people had great influenceFirst 100 years Aboriginal people had great influence because they knew how to survive and navigate territorybecause they knew how to survive and navigate territory

New technologies brought to Aboriginals as a result of the New technologies brought to Aboriginals as a result of the fur tradefur trade

New economic opportunities for Aboriginals as New economic opportunities for Aboriginals as guides/trappersguides/trappers

Many negative effects Many negative effects of the fur trade for Aboriginal of the fur trade for Aboriginal peoplespeoples

Quest for furs for trade led to Quest for furs for trade led to movement Aboriginal movement Aboriginal people into each others’ traditional territories people into each others’ traditional territories

Introduction of Introduction of infectious diseaseinfectious disease such as smallpox, such as smallpox, measles and influenza was devastating- no immunitymeasles and influenza was devastating- no immunity

Question 11 and 12 (cont’d)Question 11 and 12 (cont’d) Introduction of Introduction of alcohol and addictionsalcohol and addictions increased increased

The The resourcesresources upon which Aboriginals depended were upon which Aboriginals depended were depleteddepleted

Over time Over time they became more and more dependent on they became more and more dependent on manufactured goods-manufactured goods- leads to great change and leads to great change and disruption to their way of lifedisruption to their way of life

Fur trade intensified long standing hostilitiesFur trade intensified long standing hostilities among among some First Nations groupssome First Nations groups

More European More European settlerssettlers came to North America came to North America displacing Aboriginaldisplacing Aboriginal peoples peoples

New practices in governanceNew practices in governance were established were established

Eventually the Aboriginals Eventually the Aboriginals dependent upon Europeans- dependent upon Europeans- assimilationassimilation of Aboriginal peoples of Aboriginal peoples

Question 12Question 12 1600s 1600s new foodnew food from Americas was in great demand from Americas was in great demand

farming methodsfarming methods adopted for corn, squash, tomatoes, adopted for corn, squash, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, pumpkin, beans etc.beans, potatoes, pumpkin, beans etc.

potato- staple food helps to avoid faminepotato- staple food helps to avoid famine

corn fed to livestock-corn fed to livestock- healthier healthier

smoking- demand for smoking- demand for tobaccotobacco increases- leads to rich increases- leads to rich plantationsplantations

plantation economyplantation economy has a devastating result= has a devastating result= slaveryslavery as a large labour force was requiredas a large labour force was required

capitalismcapitalism had arrived in Europe- global trading network= had arrived in Europe- global trading network= new world order- new world order- GLOBALIZATION!GLOBALIZATION!

Work Cited

"342 world history: early." ISU Public Homepage Server. Web. 04 Oct. 2009.

"File:Bartolomeu Dias Voyage.PNG -." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 04 Oct.2009.

LeBel Susan and Jeff Orr Canada’s History Voices and Visions Toronto: Gage Learning Corporation, 2003.

Visual Media Center | Columbia University in the City of New York. Web. 04 Oct. 2009.