first principles of hvac and energy use in … · 2/10/2017 · first principles of hvac and energy...

FIRST PRINCIPLES OF HVAC AND ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS

Reese Hatridge, E.I.T. Mechanical Design Engineer Jose I Guerra, Inc B.S. Architectural Engineering, 2015 The University of Texas at Austin

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Professionals who design mechanical systems in buildings are almost never talking about the design of elevators, escalators, robotics, machines, etc. - Mechanical systems = HVAC Systems - Have students define HVAC - Sidenote: HVAC design courses at UT used to be in Mech E department and still are at some schools. UT switched to Arch E program in 90's (?). So most people in this industry have a degree in Mech E, while many of the younger people are now Arch E's.

Overview

Abbreviated Presentation ~ 45 minutes - Skip any material boxed in gray - Skip any slides a gray tab at the top right

Full Presentation ~ 1 ½ hours – 2 ½ hours

- Keep slides and use as a reference

Overview

Abbreviated Presentation ~ 45 minutes - Skip any material boxed in gray - Skip any slides a gray tab at the top right

Full Presentation ~ 1 ½ hours – 2 ½ hours

- Use the full set of slides as a reference

Presenter

Presentation Notes

With abbreviated version, cover theory as quickly as possible

Lecture Goals

1) Get you thinking about your thermal environment, and the principles and systems which affect it at a conceptual level 2) Piece together information you learn in other classes, with an effort to keep it simplified and relevant 3) Cover the HVAC systems you will encounter in your professional careers, emphasizing the function performed and the options available 4) Discuss the approach to designing appropriate HVAC

systems for a building

Why care about HVAC Systems?

Lighting 14%

HVAC 43%

Refrigeration 4%

Water Heating 7%

Electronics + Computers

5%

Cooking 2%

Other 25%

Energy Use in US Commercial Buildings

Lighting + Appliances +

Electronics 34%

HVAC 48%

Water Heating 18%

Energy Use in US Homes

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Why should everyone in this room develop a decent understanding of HVAC Systems? - Nearly every building you'll ever be in or own will have one. You don't want to be an engineer who has no clue how the system in their home operates. - Contractors will be directing those building the systems, will have to price them, and be able to value engineer designs. You’ll need to know how each piece of equipment functions and be able to propose reasonable alternatives. - Structural engineers will need to coordinate with HVAC designer. - HVAC systems play an integral role in a building’s energy use. HVAC systems alone account for roughly 30% - 40% of the annual energy consumption in a typical building.

Why actively control temp and humidity?

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Presentation Notes

For nearly all of human existence, we didn’t have mechanical systems to cool or heat the spaces we lived in. People took advantage of their surroundings and clothing, and adapted their lives based on the climate and time of day. They lit fires when it was cold and sought shade or water when it was hot.


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Earthship… Even today, you can create an HVAC system that uses zero energy. How? Turn it off. Or have a completely passive system if you have the right climate and land conditions.


- Code requirements

- Occupant health & comfort

- Protect building materials & contents

- Owner requirements

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

So why do we actively heat, cool, dehumidify, humidify, and/or ventilate most buildings?


- Code requirements

- Occupant health & comfort

- Protect building materials & contents

- Owner requirements [11]

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Can we rethink these requirements? (Recall Lisa Heschong's Thermal Delight in Architecture.) Answer: Maybe… but before you can make a case for loosening the degree to which we actively control temperature and humidity, it’s important to understand the first principles, if you will.

1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics

1. Energy is conserved. (Heat = Energy)

2. Entropy is always increasing. Refrigeration (Requires Work)

Heat flows from High T to Low T

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

1. Energy is conserved. (You can extract heat - or moisture - from an environment, but it doesn’t just disappear.) 2. Entropy is always increasing. (Without getting into the weeds, this second law has a couple important implications: Fluids flow from high pressure to low pressure Heat flows from high temperatures to low temperatures (unless work is done to move it the other direction.)

Heat Transfer

1. Conduction Heat moving through a solid

2. Convection Heat moving through a fluid

3. Radiation Heat moving (as waves) through space

Heat Transfer




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Presentation Notes

Explain conductivity in terms of wood vs. metal surfaces.

Heat Transfer




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Presentation Notes

Talk about building envelope – effects of insulation, glazing, and thermal mass.

Heat Transfer




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Presentation Notes

Discuss hot air balloons, as well as airflows in rooms based on supply air temperature.

Heat Transfer




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Radiation… Think of it like a generous philanthropist giving away money to those less fortunate – but only to causes that they are aware of. Explain how everything is constantly giving and/or receiving heat energy with its surroundings through radiation.

Body’s Regulation of Heat

Conduction + Convection + Radiation + …

When hot: Perspiration

When cold: Shivering, epinephrine, goosebumps

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Presentation Notes

Body’s regulation of heat = our bodies use the 3 mechanisms discussed above. Plus clothing and: - When hot: perspiration - When cold: Shivering, cutting off heat flow to the skin, secretion of chemicals including epinephrine to increase heat production. In some animals, they raise their hair or fur to increase the thermal insulation of their skin. Human ancestors used to do the same with their long hair. This is why we get goose bumps when it’s cold – it’s an evolutionary remnant.

HVAC Design Approach

1. Demands of the space? Design criteria? - Owner requirements, Codes, Architect’s vision, Acoustics, etc. 2. Climate 3. Site, Orientation, Shading, Passive options available? 4. Cooling / heating sources? - Distributed chilled water, hot water, and/or steam? - Geothermal - NOTE: Free heating a lot easier to come by than free cooling 5. System selection & Zoning -> System sizing & routing - Select systems based on building type, owner’s priorities - Group spaces with similar exposure, behavior, and requirements into zones - Estimate heating & cooling loads 6. Controls



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Internal vs. External Loads

Cooling Loads What sources add heat to a space, triggering the need for cooling?

Heating Loads What sources remove heat from a space, triggering the need for heating?

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Shifting from the human body to the shelters that we build for ourselves… When and where do you need to heat and cool a building? Have them list. Lesson: internal rooms do not need heat. (Affects zoning, which we'll talk about later.)



Use ARE 320L_MEP Sizing Procedure at Schematic Design.pdf

- Adapt as needed to suit climate

and program(s) of your project - Systems selected are just one

solution



Use Duct Sizer.xlsx Size major ductwork - Supply and Return

based on Heating/ Cooling Loads

- Outside air & Exhaust based on ASHRAE 62.1

Dehumidification / Humidification

Dehumdify because: - Condensation - Mold growth when RH > 70% - Occupant comfort - Protect materials and contents

Humidify because: - Occupant health & comfort in dry or cold climates

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Dehumidify because: - Condensation concerns. Arises when warm air coming in contact with cold surface. Mold growth occurs when RH exceeds 70%. Occupant comfort Protect Materials & Contents Dehumidify typically with cooling coil. When you really need to dry out the air, you’ll sometimes run the air through a desiccant wheel, which behaves similarly to the silica gel packets you see in the bottom of shoe boxes and other products. Humidify because: Humidify in very dry or very cold climates, due to sinuses and personal comfort. When sinuses dry out, they crack and your mucus thins, making your body more susceptible to allergens and infections. Humidification typically done with misters or steam injectors in the supply air stream.

Ventilation

Ventilate because: - Building pressurization (Maintain positive pressure to reduce infiltration) - Flush out contaminants, like VOCs, CO2 (Depends on outdoor air quality)

Bring in Outside Air + Exhaust / Relieve Contaminated Air

- Natural, or - Mechanical

People spend ~90% of their time indoors, where pollutant levels are 2-5 times higher.[29]

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Ventilation

Ventilation rates prescribed by Code (ASHRAE 62.1) Depends on space type, occupants, and area

Effects of under-ventilation Sick building syndrome - Headaches - Dizziness - Nausea - Itchy eyes - Respiratory issues - Fatigue

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Presentation Notes

The problem is that there are so many sources of pollutants: building materials like carpet and paint offgas, people exhale CO2, and when sick, people cough and sneeze. HVAC systems must provide significant amounts of fresh air to flush out these contaminants. If HVAC systems aren’t providing enough fresh air to every part of the building, it can lead to a condition known as Sick Building Syndrome. When this occurs, people experience headaches, dizziness, nausea, itchy eyes, respiratory issues, and fatigue.

Ventilation effects

Ventilation effects on Heating & Cooling - Why would you not want to over-ventilate a space? - When would you want to supply the building with 100% outside air? - Space loads Coil loads

Effects of under-ventilation (cont’d) - Poor cognitive performance due to increased CO2 levels Harvard study[35] tested: - Basic Activity Level - Crisis Response - Information Usage - Strategy

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Case Study: PNC Bank Tower

Location: Pittsburgh, PA Architect: Gensler Struct & MEP Engineer: Buro Happold Constructed: 2015

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Presentation Notes

Case Study: PNC Bank Tower

Energy-Efficient Features - Active Double Skin Façade to allow Natural Ventilation - Skylight box to preheat Outside Air - Dual Energy Wheel Air Handling Units - Active Chilled Beams

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Presentation Notes

HVAC SYSTEMS

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Presentation Notes

BREAK www.learnhvac.org

Mechanical Cooling = Vapor Compression Cycle

Refrigerant lines

Typical Residential System DX Split System

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Presentation Notes

Cycle: www.wiley.com Condensing Unit… inspectapedia.com Air Handler… www.ontimeairfilters.com


Refrigerant lines


Fan

Fan

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cycle: www.wiley.com Condensing Unit Exposed: www.fandgheatingandcooling.com Air Handler Exposed: www.rainforestplumbing.com

Mechanical Cooling = Vapor Compression Cycle Typical Small Commercial System DX Rooftop Unit (RTU)

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cycle: www.wiley.com RTU: www.bmshvacr.com

Mechanical Cooling = Vapor Compression Cycle Typical Small Commercial System DX Rooftop Unit (RTU)

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cycle: www.wiley.com RTU exposed: www.aaon.com

Air Handling Unit Schematic

Typical AHU (Section View)

Indoor Air

Return Air

Exhaust Air

Outside Air

Heating Coil (Preheat)

Cooling Coil

Supply Air

Supply Fan

Exhaust Fan

Mixing Box

Filters

RA IA

E

SA

E A

O A

HC CC

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

AHU Schematic… http://www.ahumagazine.com/air-handling-unit-definition-and-configuration-types/ Pause for a moment to go through a typical air handling unit schematic

Air Handling Unit Schematic

Highly efficient Dual Energy Wheel AHU (Plan View)

EA

OA

IA

SA

R A

CC

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

AHU Schematic (Semco Pinnacle) www.semcohvac.com

Mechanical Cooling = Vapor Compression Cycle Typical Large Commercial System Chiller (potentially with Cooling Towers) + Indoor Air Handling Units (AHUs)

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cycle: www.wiley.com Chiller: http://www.agcoombs.com.au/service/services/

Mechanical Cooling = Vapor Compression Cycle Air-Cooled Chiller

Chilled Water Supply To Building (~42°F) Chilled Water Return

from Building (~56°F)

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cycle: www.wiley.com Air Cooled Chiller: www.burkholders-hvac.com

Mechanical Cooling = Vapor Compression Cycle Water-Cooled Chiller

Chilled Water Supply To Building (~42°F) Chilled Water Return

from Building (~56°F)

Condenser Water to Cooling Tower (~80°F)

Condenser Water from Cooling Tower (~70°F)

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cycle: www.wiley.com Cooling Tower: www.crockett-facilities.com Chiller: thermetricscorp.com Cooling Coil: www.aerofin.com

Forced Air Radiant Forced Air + Radiant Approach:

Description: Space is cooled by flushing it out with cold supply air.

Typically 55°F – 65°F.

Space is cooled by a chilled water coil in the space, absorbing heat and creating convective flows.

Space is cooled by cold supply air, as well as a chilled water

coil in the space.

Room Device: Air Diffusers Passive Chilled Beams, Chilled Sails, Radiant Floor

Room Device Location:

Active Chilled Beams

Ceiling, Wall, or Floor Ceiling, Wall, or Floor Ceiling

Devices Which Can be Used to Cool Primary Air:

Evaporative Cooler

Cooling Coil Heat Exchanger or Energy Wheel

Cooling Medium: Water (~70°F)

Exhaust Air Stream

Refrigerant (~42°F)

Chilled Water

Chilled Water (~63°F)

Necessary Equipment:

High-efficient Upgrade:

Chiller or Ground-source Heat Pump

& Pumps

Pump, Fan Compressor & Condensing Unit, Fan Fan

Cooling Tower for Chiller


VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow)

Systems: Cooling

Chiller & Pumps, Fan

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Flow chart may appear confusing, but hopefully it can be a useful tool after we go through it. It’s not meant to be an exhaustive list of the options available when selecting a cooling system, but it does cover the approaches used in the vast majority of cases. It is also important to note that the options are not mutually exclusive. You may use several approaches in combination with each other to address the cooling needs of a building, based on space requirements and resources available.






coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream










Systems: Cooling


& Pumps


Presenter

Presentation Notes

Start with forced air since it’s by far the most common approach used. In some areas – like Germany -






coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream










Systems: Cooling


& Pumps


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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Square Cone Diffuser: www.egerproducts.com Linear Slot: www.titus-hvac.com Sidewall: www.menards.com Underfloor: www.archiexpo.com






coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream










Systems: Cooling


& Pumps







coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream






Chiller & Pumps Pump, Fan Chiller & Pumps, Fan

Compressor & Condensing Unit, Fan Fan




Systems: Cooling

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

www.Muellerdesignlab.wordpress.com






coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream










Systems: Cooling


& Pumps


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Presenter

Presentation Notes

www.kaojaigreen.com






coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream










Systems: Cooling


& Pumps


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Presenter

Presentation Notes

www.aerofin.com


& Pumps, Fan






coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream


Chilled Water

Chilled Water (~63°F in chilled

beam)



Pump, Fan Chiller & Pumps, Fan





Systems: Cooling


& Pumps

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Passive Chilled Beam Schematic: www.ahrinet.org Passive Chilled Beams in Office: www.chilled-beams.co.uk Radiant floor = Stuttgart Airport in Germany (Heating & Cooling) http://www.constructionspecifier.com/being-radiant-planning-in-slab-hydronic-heating-and-cooling/


& Pumps, Fan






coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream


Chilled Water

Chilled Water (~63°F in chilled

beam)



Pump, Fan Chiller & Pumps, Fan





Systems: Cooling


& Pumps

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Ground Source Heat Pump… http://www.advanceair.net/geothermal-ground-source-heat-pumps/






coil in the space.






Evaporative Cooler



Exhaust Air Stream


Chilled Water (~42°F at unit, ~63°F

in chilled beam)








Systems: Cooling


& Pumps


& Pumps, Fan

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Active Chilled Beam Schematic: www.ahrinet.org Active Chilled Beams in Office: www.chilled-beams.co.uk

Mechanical Cooling Desiccants Approach:

Description: Supply air is dehumidified by cooling it down

to ~55°F, and then reheating as needed Supply air is dehumidified by running it

across a desiccant-coated surface

Applications: Most buildings in warm and humid climates

-Spaces with extreme humidity (i.e. indoor pools) or extreme

dehumidification demands (i.e. freezers) - Supply air in chilled beam systems

(since they only cool and do not help to dehumidify the space.)

Systems: Dehumidification

Devices Which Can be Used to Dry Primary Air:

Drying Medium:


Cooling Coil



Compressor & Condensing Unit, Fan




& Pumps, Fan

Desiccant Wheel or Energy Wheel

Exhaust Air Stream

Fan











Drying Medium:


Cooling Coil







& Pumps, Fan


Exhaust Air Stream

Fan

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cooling Coil: www.bousquet.ca











Drying Medium:


Cooling Coil







& Pumps, Fan


Exhaust Air Stream

Fan

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Silica Gel: www.ubeeco.com.au Desiccant Wheel: sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com

Forced Air Radiant Approach:

Description: Space is heated by flushing it out with warm supply air.


Space is heated by a hot water coil in the space, radiating heat to everything it sees, and warming

the air, producing convective flows.

Room Device: Air Diffusers Fin Tube Radiators, Radiant Floor, etc.


Ceiling, Wall, or Floor Wall, or Floor

Devices Which Can be Used to Heat Primary Air:

Furnace Heat Exchanger or Energy Wheel

Heating Medium: Natural Gas or Biofuels

Exhaust Air Stream

Heating Water (~130-180°F)



Boiler or Ground-source Heat Pump

& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil

Refrigerant (Heat Pump)


Compressor & Condenser, Fan

Condensing Boiler VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) w/ Heat Recovery


& Pumps, Fan

Elec Resistance

Power, Fan

Electric Coil

Electric Coil











Heating Medium: Natural Gas Exhaust Air Stream





& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil






& Pumps, Fan

Elec Resistance

Power, Fan

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Exhaust Air Stream





& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil






& Pumps, Fan

Elec Resistance

Power, Fan

Electric Coil












Exhaust Air Stream





& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil






& Pumps, Fan

Elec Resistance

Power, Fan

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Furnace… www.hvachowto.com Burner… www.servicenowgroup.com












Exhaust Air Stream





& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil






& Pumps, Fan

Elec Resistance

Power, Fan

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Heat Exchanger: www.thestovestore.net Energy Wheel: en.wikipedia.org
















& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil






& Pumps, Fan

Electric Coil

Power, Fan

Elec Resistance

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Refrigerant lines


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Heat Pump = DX Cooling in Reverse

Refrigerant lines

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& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil




Condensing Boiler


& Pumps, Fan

Electric Coil

Power, Fan

Elec Resistance

VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) w/ Heat Recovery [49]

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

VRF Heat Recovery… www.insulationoutlook.com
















& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil






& Pumps, Fan

Electric Coil

Power, Fan

Elec Resistance

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Boiler schematic… www.indiamart.com Boiler: www.chscommunicator.com












Exhaust Air Stream





& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil






& Pumps, Fan

Elec Resistance

Power, Fan

Electric Coil [74]

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Elec VAV Heat… www.controlpix.com










Gas Furnace Heat Exchanger or Energy Wheel






& Pumps

Furnace, Fan Fan

Condensing Boiler

Systems: Heating

Heating Coil






& Pumps, Fan

Elec Resistance

Power, Fan

Electric Coil

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cast Iron Radiator… www.rustoleumspraypaint.com Baseboard Radiator… lampreyenergy.com Radiant floor = Stuttgart Airport in Germany (Heating & Cooling) http://www.constructionspecifier.com/being-radiant-planning-in-slab-hydronic-heating-and-cooling/

Adiabatic Humidification Isothermal Humidification Approach:

Description: Air is humidified by injecting water (same as

evaporative cooling cools air) Air is humidified by injecting steam (does

not affect air temperature)

Applications: - Buildings in very cold or dry climates - Spaces that require precise humidity control

(i.e. Museums, Data Centers, Medical buildings, etc.)

Systems: Humidification

Devices Which Can be Used to Humidify Air:

- Evaporative Cooler - Air/Water Atomizer

- Ultrasonic Humidifier

-Steam Injection (Gas or Electric)

- Infrared Humidifier

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Air/Water Atomizer: http://www.dac-hvac.com/ask-rick-what-is-adiabatic-humidification/ Steam Injection: http://www.dac-hvac.com/ask-rick-what-is-adiabatic-humidification/

Natural Ventilation Mixing Ventilation Approach:

Description: Use operable building openings

(windows, chimneys, etc.) to ventilate the space, relying on

differential pressures.

Systems: Ventilation

Displacement Ventilation


Near the Ceiling

Dilute and flush out contaminants in the building by supplying high

volumes of outside air at a high velocity to cause mixing of the air.

Gently push contaminants out of the breathing zone by supplying

moderate volumes of outside air at a low velocity, near the floor.

Near the Floor

Room Device: Operable Windows

Air Diffusers Air Diffusers

Supply Air Velocity:

Supply Air Temperature:

Near the Floor

________ ~350 – 500 ft/min ~30- 40 ft/min

~55 - 95°F Use when OA < ~62°F

And RH < 60% ~63 - 75°F

Outside Air Requirements for a 10’x10’x9’ office with 2 occupants:

Outside Air Requirements for a 50’x30’x9’ classroom with 40 occupants:

_________ ~1.1 – 1.3 ACH (Air Changes/Hr)

~0.9 ACH

~1.1 ACH ~1.3 - 1.6 ACH _________








Near the Ceiling





Near the Floor





Near the Floor

________ ~350 – 500 ft/min ~30- 40 ft/min

~55 - 95°F Use when OA < ~62°F

And RH < 60% ~63 - 75°F




~0.9 ACH

~1.1 ACH ~1.3 - 1.6 ACH _________

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

PNC Bank Tower… http://www.burohappold.com/fileadmin/uploads/bh/Documents/PDFs/2015/BH-PNC-Tower-case-study.pdf








Near the Ceiling





Near the Floor





Near the Floor

________ ~350 – 500 ft/min ~30- 40 ft/min

~55 - 95°F Use when OA < ~62°F

And RH < 60% ~63 - 75°F




~0.9 ACH

~1.1 ACH ~1.3 - 1.6 ACH _________

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Mixing Diagram… (Livchak, Bagwell, & Catan, n.d., p. 2)








Near the Ceiling





Near the Floor





Near the Floor

________ ~350 – 500 ft/min ~30- 40 ft/min

~55 - 95°F Use when OA < ~62°F

And RH < 60% ~63 - 75°F




~0.9 ACH

~1.1 ACH ~1.3 - 1.6 ACH _________

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

DV Diagram… (Livchak, Bagwell, & Catan, n.d., p. 2)








Near the Ceiling





Near the Floor





Near the Floor

________ ~350 – 500 ft/min ~30- 40 ft/min

~55 - 95°F Use when OA < ~62°F

And RH < 60% ~63 - 75°F




~0.9 ACH

~1.1 ACH ~1.3 - 1.6 ACH _________

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

SFO T3… http://skift.com/2014/01/25/san-francisco-airport-offers-sneak-peak-of-new-terminal-3-area/








Near the Ceiling





Near the Floor





Near the Floor

________ ~350 – 500 ft/min ~30- 40 ft/min

~55 - 95°F Use when OA < ~62°F

And RH < 60% ~63 - 75°F




~0.9 ACH

~1.1 ACH ~1.3 - 1.6 ACH _________

vs.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Mixing ventilation like using a leaf blower to clear leaves from the lawn, while displacement is like using a rake.

How to Save Energy through HVAC Design

- Take advantage of free and nearly free heating / cooling - Economizer, Natural Ventilation, Heat Recovery, Geothermal - Bigger = better (generally) - Efficiency gains with increased scale of systems - More efficient systems take up more space (heat recovery, economizer capability, larger ducts and piping, smooth transitions in ducts) - Zone intelligently - Decouple ventilation from heating & cooling if serving multiple zones (if

feasible) - Use Variable control, Staging to avoid on/off cycling - Use Active control systems - Daylighting controls, Occupant sensors, CO2 sensors




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How to Save Energy: Operations & Decision Making

Systems Require - Proper commissioning - Proper maintenance - Educated (and dedicated) Owners, Designers, & Occupants

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Commissioning… http://www.eurocomtechservices.com/hvac_comissioning_testing.php

How to Save Energy: Operations & Decision Making

Systems Require - Proper commissioning - Proper maintenance - Educated (and dedicated) Owners, Designers, & Occupants

Firs

t Cos

t + O

pera

ting

Cos

ts ($

)

Time (years)

High efficiency technology Standard technology

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Long-term Costs… http://www.electricity-usage.com/LED-Light-Bulb-Savings-Comparison.asp Global Sustainability… http://icanrevolution.org/ As Architectural Engineers, it’s important that you have a basic understanding of the HVAC systems in your home and the buildings you’ll one day work on. But even more important is that you think about the climate where you choose to live, what resources you use to make your environment easier to live in, and the energy implications of those decisions. Think about the impact these decisions have not just on your wallet, but on the world that you’ll pass on to future generations.

Sources

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