fisiologi-life cycle.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Life cycle
Lab. Fisiologi FKIK UNSOED
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Outline
1. Tahap kehidupan
2. Siklus bangun-tidur
3. Circadian rhythm4. Siklus bulanan
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Tujuan Pembelajaran
Mahasiswa akan mampu menjelaskan:
1. Tahap-tahap kehidupan manusia
2. Siklus sel3. Siklus banguntidur
4. circadian rhythm
5. Siklus bulanan
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Tahap kehidupan Manusia
Life span
Stage:
Prenatal
Embryo fetus
Postnatal Neonatus
Infant Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
senescence
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Embryo
0 s/d minggu ke 8
Hari ke-21-23 mulai kontraksi otot jantung
Hari ke-48-52 mulai gerakan involunter Testis & ovarium dapat dibedakan
Hari ke-56-57 struktur esensial internal &
eksternal komplit
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Fetus
Minggu 10-11 Liver secretes bile, stored in the GB
Pancreas produces insulin
Reflexes present Male/female differentiate
Minggu 12-13 Fetus begins to move
Heartbeat can be found with doppler Fetal sex now clearly distinguished
Body begins to grow hair
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Neonatus
birth to end of 4th week
newborn begins to carry on respiration,
obtain nutrients, digest nutrients, excrete
wastes, regulate body temperature, and
make cardiovascular adjustments
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Infant
end of 4thweek to one year
growth rate is high
teeth begin to erupt
muscular and nervous systems mature
communication begins
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Postnatal Period
Childhood
one year to
puberty
growth rate is high
permanent teeth
appear
muscular control
is achieved
bladder and bowelcontrols are
established
intellectual
abilities mature
Adolescence
puberty to adulthood
person becomes
reproductively
functional and
emotionally more
mature
growth spurts occur
motor skills continueto develop
intellectual abilities
continue to mature
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Postnatal Period
Adulthood
adolescence to old
age
person remains
relatively unchanged
anatomically and
physiologicallydegenerative
changes begin
Senescence
old age to death
degenerativechanges continue
body becomes less
able to cope with
demands placed on itdeath results from
various conditions
and diseases
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Siklus tidur & bangun
Sleeparousal awakesleep
Sleep duration, sleep timing, sleep consolidation and sleep
structure changes across the human life span
Sleep stage: Non REM (deep sleep)
Stage 14
REM
Arousal : stimulus sufficient to activate RAS
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Sleep cycle
(picture from: http://dreamtalk.hypermart.net/teachers/Scycles.htm)
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Sleep Stage Cycles
1. SWS precedes REM sleep
2. REM sleep lengthens over the night
3. Basic sleep cycle = 90 minutes
Figure courtesy of Dr. Eric Chudler
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Mental Activity in Sleep
Mental activity continues during sleep
Dreams occur during SWS and REM sleep
REM sleep is accompanied by high levels of blood flow
in the visual association cortex but low levels in theinferior frontal cortex
REM eye movements resemble those made when a
person scans a visual image
Nightmares can occur during stage 4 of SWS
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Sleep Stage Functions
SWS may reflect restoration Assessment of SWS after:
Prolonged bed rest (no real changes in SWS)
Exercise (temperature inc. => inc. SWS)
Mental activity increases SWS REM sleep may reflect:
Vigilance: alertness to the environment
Consolidation of learning/memory
Species-typical reprogramming
Facilitation of brain development: Infants spend more time inREM sleep
An antidote for the deleterious effects of SWS
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Biological Rhythms
Circadian rhythms (about a day)
One cycle lasts about 24 hours (e.g. sleep-waking cycle)
Light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm
Some circadian rhythms are endogenous (do not require
light) suggesting the existence of an internal (biological)
clock
Monthly rhythms
Menstrual cycle
Seasonal rhythms
Aggression, sexual activity in male deer
Variation in circadian rhythm
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Circadian pacemaker
The suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN) contains a
biological clock that governs some circadian
rhythms
SCN receives input from amacrine/ganglion cells in the retina, a pathway that may
account for the ability of light to reset the biological clock
the lateral geniculate thalamic nucleus
This pathway may mediate the ability of other environmental
stimuli to reset circadian rhythms (e.g. animals own activity)
SCN lesions disrupt circadian rhythms
SCN cells may not require direct neural connections to
control circadian rhythms, but may do using chemical
signals
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Circadian rhythm
endogenous circadian pacemaker influences
key physiologic functions
normally synchronized with the sleep/wake
cycle.
endogenous circadian peak at the circadian
phase corresponding to 10 a.m
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Circadian rhythm
Autonomic balance
Body temperature
blood pressure & heart rate platelet aggregability
Endocrine