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Study Guide The Cell as Biochemical Machinery

PREFACE

The Block “The Cell as Biochemical Machinery” (CBM) has been designed for students at the first semester in order to understand the concept about cells. Cell is the smallest unit of the body; grouping with other substances to represent its products to form a bigger unit, called body tissues. Cell is a protoplasm mass with a nucleus, which is lined by a membrane. In particular condition, cell can make assimilation, growth, and reproduction.

In this Block, there are three main areas that have to be understood:1. The structure and function of the cell including plasma membrane, transport of

various substances in cell membrane, receptors, organelles and inclusions, nucleus and chromosomes, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle.

2. Introduction to biology molecular and its application in medicine, gene expression, and signal transduction.

Beside these three areas, this Block also defines about the basic characteristics of cell, and describes about some prominent individuals who have done cell researches, given in the introductory lecture.

By understanding the concepts of cell, students are expected to have a sufficient basis for continuing medical studies to further extend their knowledge and skills in the medical sciences. By doing so, students will be able to keep update with the fast progressing medical sciences and technologies and apply them properly in their future medical practice.

This Study Guide of “The Cell as Biochemical Machinery” (CBM) contains learning tasks to be discussed by the students in the small group discussions and individually in order to achieve the block objectives. Other than that, there are overviews of lectures, student project to write and to present a paper, practice, items for self-assessment to evaluate students’ understanding on the concepts.

The Block “The Cell as Biochemical Machinery” (CBM) is undertaken 10 days including examination. Student-centered learning as the primary approach in the teaching-learning activities with dynamic group discussions are facilitated by tutors. Individual learning on campus and at home is also an important part of the learning process. To develop good understanding of the CBM, learning activities will also be carried out as lectures and practical works.

The Planner Team CBM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Department of Medical Education (DME), 2017 1


Preface.....................................................................................................................Table of contents …………………………..…….......................................................Curriculum content ..................................................................................................Planners Team ........................................................................................................Lectures ..................................................................................................................Facilitators ………………………………………………... ………...............................Time Table Class A ………………………………………………………....................

Time Table Class B……………………..……………………………………………….Meeting of students representatives …………………………………………….…….Plenary Session …………………………………………………………………………Assessment Method……………………………………………………………………..Student project ........................................................................................................Abstract ...................................................................................................................Learning Task …………………………………………………………………………….Practice…………………………………………………………………………………….Self Assessment ………………………………………………………………………….

References………………………………………………………………………………… Assessment Form ……………………………………………………………………… Curriculum Map……………………………………………………………………………

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CURRICULUM THE CELL AS BIOCHEMICAL MACHINERY



Aims: To comprehend the molecular mechanisms underlying normal cell function and

disorders To apply basic cellular and molecular concepts and principles in dealing with clinical

disorders

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the structure of the plasma membrane and differentiate the transport mechanism of various substances through plasma membrane.

2. Explain the general structure and function of cytoskeleton in relation to endocytosis, pinocytosis, and locomotion.

3. Differentiate functionally cytoplasmic organelles from cytoplasmic inclusions.

4. Explain the general functional structure of cell nucleus.

5. Explain the principal mechanisms by which genes control general cell functions and gene expression in normal cells.

6. Explain the energy metabolism of the cell and its clinical implications

7. Explain the signaling mechanism underlying cell to cell communication and its clinical or practical implications

8. Summarize cell cycle and its clinical implications.

9. Explain applications of molecular biology in medicine

CURRICULUM CONTENT



1. The Structure of the Plasma Membrane & the Transport Mechanism of Various Substancesa. The molecular structure of plasma membraneb. The transport mechanism of common substances (micro molecules) through the

plasma membranec. The practical and clinical implication of transport substances

2. Organelles and Inclusionsa. The basic concept of organelles & inclusion bodyb. The general principle of post translation modifications on Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus c. The functional structure of the lysosomes, proteasomes, and peroxisomesd. The mitochondria function underlying energy metabolisme. The clinical implication of the function of proteasomes, peroxisomes, lysosomes,

and mitochondria3. Cytoskeleton

a. The components of cytoskeletonb. The mechanism of macromolecules crossing from extracellular to intracellularc. The mechanism of cells product release from intracellular to extracellulard. The common mechanisms of cell locomotione. The clinical implication of cytoskeleton disorders

4. Nucleus and Chromosomesa. The major components of the cell nucleusb. The structures that compose the nuclear pore complexc. The structures that compose the nucleosomed. The clinical implication of nucleus and chromosome disorders

5. Introduction to Molecular Biologya. The basic concept of gene, genome, and central dogmab. The functional structure of DNA & RNAc. The molecular mechanism of genetic inheritedd. The clinical implication of DNA mutatione. The various mechanism of DNA repair system

6. Gene expressiona. The function of three types of RNAb. The definition of genetic code and codonc. The mechanism of transcriptiond. The mechanism of translation

7. Bioenergetics and oxidative metabolisma. Mitochondrial electron transport systemb. Mechanism of ATP synthasec. Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors

8. Signal transductiona. The signaling molecules (ligand)b. The cell receptorsc. The variety pathways transduction signals from peripheral cytoplasm to the

nucleus by which stimulate inhibit.d. The function of secondary and the third messenger.

9. Cell Cyclea. The basic concept of the cell cycleb. The two major events in cell cycle



c. The mechanism of the cell divisiond. The mitotic and the meiotic cell divisione. The process of cell differentiationf. The clinical implication of the cell division and cell differentiation disorders

10. Applications of Molecular Biology in Medicine a. The implications of gene testingb. The advantages of using recombinant vaccine compared with non-

recombinant/conventionalc. Reproductive cloning

PLANNERS TEAM



No Name Departement Phone

1dr. I G K Nyoman Arijana, M.Si.Med

(Pengelola Blok)Histology 085339644145

2Prof.Dr.dr.I Nyoman Adiputra, MOH,

PFK,Sp.Erg.Physiology 0811397971

4 dr. Wayan Surudarma, M.Si Biochemistry 081338486589

5 Dr. dr.Komang Januartha Putra Pinatih, M.Kes

Microbiology 08123831710

LECTURER

No Name Departement Phone

1 dr. IGK Nyoman Arijana, M.Si.Med Histology 085339644145

2 dr. Wayan Surudarma, M.Si Biochemistry 081338486589

3 dr. I Wayan Sugiritama, M.Kes Histology 08164732743

4 Dr. dr. Desak Made Wihandani, M.Kes Biochemistry 081338776244

5 Dr.dr.Komang Januartha Putra Pinatih, M.Kes

Microbiology 08123831710

6 Dr. dr. Ni Made Linawati, M.Si Histology 03518617765

7 Prof.Dr.dr.I Nyoman Adiputra, MOH, PFK,Sp.Erg.

Physiology 0811397971

8 Dr I G A Dewi Ratnayanti, M.Biomed Histology 085104550344

9 Dr. rer. Nat. dr. Ni Nyoman Ayu Dewi, M.Si

Biochemistry 081337141506

10 Dr. Ni Wayan Tianing, S.Si, M.Kes Physiotherapy 08123982504

FACILITATORSREGULAR CLASS



NO NAME GROUP DEPT PHONE VENUE1 dr. Gede Putu Supadmanaba,

S.Ked A1 Biochemistry 082146558748 2rd floor: R.2.01

2 dr. Yuliana, M.Biomed A2 Anatomy 085792652363 2rd floor: R.2.02

3 dr. I Dewa Ayu Inten Dwi Primayanti, M.Biomed A3 Physiology 081337761299 2rd floor:

R.2.03

4 dr I Gde Haryo Ganesha S.Ked A4 DME 081805391039 2rd floor: R.2.04

5 Dr.dr. A.A Ngurah Subawa.,M.Si A5 Clinical Phatology 08155735034 2rd floor:

R.2.05

6 dr. Putu Aryani, MIH A6 Public Health 082237285856 2rd floor: R.2.06

7 dr. IGK Nyoman Arijana, M.Si. Med A7 Histology 085339644145 2rd floor: R.2.07

8 dr. Oka Negara, FIAS A8 Andrology 085935054964 2rd floor: R.2.08

9 dr. I Made Krisna Dinata, M.Erg A9 Physiology 08174742566 2rd floor: R.2.22

10 dr. Putu Yuliandari, S.Ked A10 Microbiology 089685415625 2rd floor: R.2.23

ENGLISH CLASS

NO NAME GROUP DEPT PHONE VENUE

1 dr. Ida Ayu Dewi Wiryanthini, M.Biomed B1 Biochemistry 081239990399 2rd floor:

R.2.01

2 dr. IGA Dewi Ratnayanti, M.Biomed B2 Histology 085104550344 2rd floor: R.2.02

3 dr. Agung Nova Mahendra, MSc. B3 Pharmacology 087861030195 2rd floor: R.2.03

4 dr. I Gede Wirata, S.Ked B4 Anatomy 081239791628 2rd floor: R.2.04

5 dr. I Putu Adiartha Griadhi, M.Fis B5 Physiology 081999636899 2rd floor: R.2.05

6 dr. Luh Ariwati, S.Ked B6 Parasitology 08123662311 2rd floor: R.2.06

7 Dr.dr.I Nyoman Wande,Sp.PK B7 Clinical Phatology 08124686885 2rd floor:

R.2.07

8 dr. Wayan Citra Wulan Sucipta Putri, MPH B8 Public Health 087761838141 2rd floor:

R.2.08

9 dr. I Wayan Gede Sutadarma, M.Gizi B9 Biochemistry 082144071268 2rd floor:

R.2.22

10 dr. Made Agus Hendrayana, M.Ked B10 Microbiology 08123921590 2rd floor: R.2.23

TIME TABLECLASS A



Day/date Time Activity Venue Lecturers



1Fri

24Nov 17

08.00 – 10.00 PPKN C UPT. PPKB10.00 – 12.00 SGD DR Facilitator12.00 – 13.00 Lecture 1. The Structure of plasma

membrane & transport mechanism of various substances

C Adiputra

13.00 – 13.30 Break13.30 – 14.00 Independent learning14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Adiputra

2Mon

27 Nov 17

08.00 – 09.00 Lecture 2. Organelles and Inclusions C Linawati09.00 - 10.30 Independent Learning10.30 – 12.00 SGD12.00 – 12.30 Break12.30 – 14.00 Student Project

14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Linawati

3Tue

28 Nov 17

08.00 – 09.00 Lecture 3. Cytoskeleton C Sugiritama09.00 - 10.30 Independent Learning10.30 – 12.00 SGD DR Facilitator12.00 – 12.30 Break12.30 – 14.00 Student Project

14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Sugiritama

4Wed

29Nov 17

08.00 – 09.00 Lecture 4. Nucleus and chromosome C Arijana09.00 - 10.30 Independent Learning10.30 – 12.00 SGD DR Facilitator12.00 – 12.30 Break12.30 – 14.00 Student Project

14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Arijana

5Thu

30Nov17

08.00 – 09.00 Lecture 5. Introduction to molecular biology

C Januartha

09.00 - 10.30 Independent Learning10.30 – 12.00 SGD DR Facilitator12.00 – 12.30 Break12.30 – 14.00 Student Project

14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Januartha

6Fri

01Dec 17

08.00 – 10.00 PPKN C UPT. PPKB10.00 – 12.00 SGD DR Facilitator12.00 – 13.00 Lecture 6. DNA mutation and repair

systemC Wihandani

13.00 – 13.30 Break13.30 – 14.00 Independent learning14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Wihandani

7Mon

08.00 – 09.00 Lecture 7. Gene expression C Surudarma09.00 - 10.30 Independent Learning



04Dec

10.30 – 12.00 SGD12.00 – 12.30 Break12.30 – 14.00 Student Project

14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Surudarma

8Tue

05 Dec 17

08.00 – 09.00 Lecture 8 Application of molecular biology techniques in medicine

C Ayu Dewi

09.00 - 10.30 Independent Learning10.30 – 12.00 SGD12.00 – 12.30 Break DR Facilitator12.30 – 14.00 Student Project

14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Ayu Dewi

9Wed

06Dec 17

08.00 – 09.00 Lecture 9. Cell Cycle C Ratnayanti09.00 - 10.30 Independent Learning10.30 – 12.00 SGD12.00 – 12.30 Break DR Facilitator12.30 – 14.00 Student Project

14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Ratnayanti

10Thu

7Dec 17

08.00 – 09.00 Lecture 10. Signal transduction C Wihandani09.00 - 10.30 Independent Learning10.30 – 12.00 SGD12.00 – 12.30 Break DR Facilitator12.30 – 14.00 Student Project

14.00 – 15.00 Plenary C Wihandani

11Fri

08Dec17

08.00 – 10.00 PPKN C UPT. PPKB12.00 – 13.00 DNA isolation and Clinical

application of molecular biology laboratory (Practicum)

C Tianing

13.00 – 16.00 Student Project - Lecturer

Mon18

Dec17

10.00-14.00 Assessment Team

TIME TABLECLASS B

Day/date Time Activity Venue Lecturers



1Fri

24Nov 17

08.00 – 10.00 Student Project DR Facilitator10.00 – 12.00 PPKN C UPT. PPKB13.00 – 14.00 Lecture 1. The Structure of plasma

membrane & transport mechanism of various substances

C Adiputra

12.00 – 13.00 Break14.00 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Adiputra

2Mon

27 Nov 17

09.00 – 10.00 Lecture 2. Organelles and Inclusions C Linawati10.00 – 11.30 Independent Learning11.30 – 12.00 Break12.00 – 13.30 Student Project DR Facilitator13.30 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Linawati

3Tue

28 Nov 17

09.00 – 10.00 Lecture 3. Cytoskeleton C Sugiritama10.00 – 11.30 Independent Learning11.30 – 12.00 Break12.00 – 13.30 Student Project DR Facilitator13.30 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Sugiritama

4Wed

29Nov 17

09.00 – 10.00 Lecture 4. Nucleus and chromosome C Arijana10.00 – 11.30 Independent Learning11.30 – 12.00 Break12.00 – 13.30 Student Project DR Facilitator13.30 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Arijana

5Thu

30Nov17

09.00 – 10.00 Lecture 5. Introduction to molecular biology

C Januartha

10.00 – 11.30 Independent Learning11.30 – 12.00 Break12.00 – 13.30 Student Project DR Facilitator13.30 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Januartha

6Fri

01Dec 17

08.00 – 10.00 Student Project DR Facilitator10.00 – 12.00 PPKN C UPT. PPKB13.00 – 14.00 Lecture 6. DNA mutation and repair

systemC Wihandani

12.00 – 13.00 Break14.00 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Wihandani

7Mon

09.00 – 10.00 Lecture 7. Gene expression C Surudarma10.00 – 11.30 Independent Learning



04Dec

11.30 – 12.00 Break12.00 – 13.30 Student Project DR Facilitator13.30 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Surudarma

8Tue

05 Dec 17

09.00 – 10.00 Lecture 8 Application of molecular biology techniques in medicine

C Ayu Dewi

10.00 – 11.30 Independent Learning11.30 – 12.00 Break12.00 – 13.30 Student Project DR Facilitator13.30 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Ayu Dewi

9Wed

06Dec 17

09.00 – 10.00 Lecture 9. Cell Cycle C Ratnayanti10.00 – 11.30 Independent Learning11.30 – 12.00 Break12.00 – 13.30 Student Project DR Facilitator13.30 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Ratnayanti

10Thu

7Dec 17

09.00 – 10.00 Lecture 10. Signal transduction C Wihandani10.00 – 11.30 Independent Learning11.30 – 12.00 Break12.00 – 13.30 Student Project DR Facilitator13.30 – 15.00 SGD15.00 – 16.00 Plenary C Wihandani

11Thu

08Dec17

08.00 – 10.00 Student Project - Lecturer10.00 – 12.00 PPKN C UPT. PPKB

13.00 – 14.00

DNA isolation and Clinical application of molecular biology laboratory (Practicum)

C Tianing

12Mon19

Dec17

10.00-14.00 Assessment Team

Notes: C : Class room ( Lecture Room 4.01, 4th floor)DR : Discussion RoomSGD : Small Group Discussion (Discussion Room of west wing 2nd floor, room with partitions no. 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08 and rooms no. 2.22 & 2.23 are used interchangably between Class A and Class B).



MEETING

Meeting of the Student Representatives and the facilitatorsThe meeting between block planners team and the student group representatives

will be held on Friday,8nd December 2017, at 15.00 until 16.00 at Class room. In this meeting, all of the student group representatives are expected to give suggestions and inputs or complaints to the team planners for improvement. For this purpose, every student group must choose one student as their representative to attend the meeting.

PLENARY SESSION

For each learning task, the student is requested to prepare a group report. The report will be presentedin plenary session. Lecturer in charge will choose the group randomly. The aim of this presentation is to make similar perception about the topic that has been given.

ASSESSMENT METHOD

Assessment will be performed on 18th December 2017, 10.00 until 14.00 a.m for both Regular class and English class. There are 100 questions for the examination that consist of Multiple Choice Question (MCQ).

The borderline to pass exam is 70. The proportion of examination score are:Small group discussion : 5%Paper (student project) : 15%Final exam (MCQ) : 80%

STUDENT PROJECT

Students have to write a paper with topics that has been given by lecturer. The topic will be chosen randomly on day 1. Each small group discussion is consist of 2 paper with different tittle. Therefore, 1 paper will be wrote by 5-7 students.Students can discuss about content of paper with relevant lecturer. Students can discuss about format of paper with respective facilitator. Students write a paper as student project and will be presented in front of the class. The paper and the presentation will be evaluated by respective facilitator and lecturer.



Format of the paper :

1. Cover TittleName

Student Registration Number

Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University 2017

2. Introduction 3. Content 4. Conclusion5. References (minimal 3 references)

Example :Journal

Porrini M, Risso PL. 2011. Lymphocyte Lycopene Concentration and DNA Protection from Oxidative Damage is Increased in Woman. Am J Clin Nutr 11(1):79-84.Textbook

Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. 2011. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 4th ed. Pennysylvania: WB Saunders Co. Pp 1636-1642.

Note.5-10 pages; 1,5 spasi; Times new roman 12

Topic of Student Project

Regular and English ClassNo SG

DTitle Evaluator Date of

presentation

1 A1 The effect of free radical on cell membrane Adiputra2 A2 Intermediate filament and cancer diagnosis Sugiritama3 A3 The Role of Microtubule Associated Protein Tau in

Neurological Functions and DiseasesSugiritama

4 A4 Lysosomaldisorders Linawati5 A5 Ribosomal disorders Linawati6 A6 Chromosomal aberrations in cancer Arijana7 A7 The Effect of Free Radical on Nucleus Arijana8 A8 The Effect of Glucose on Nucleus in tipe II DM Arijana9 A9 The mutation of DNA Repair system and cancer Wihandani

10 A10 Telomerase and aging Wihandani11 B1 Dogma central in molecular biology Januartha12 B2 PCR in diagnosis of infectious diseases Januartha13 B3 The role of calcium in nerve transmission Wihandani14 B4 The role of DAG in signal transduction Wihandani15 B5 The role of CDKs in cell cycle Ratnayanti16 B6 The role of cyclin in cell cycle Ratnayanti17 B7 The role of gene promoter in transcription process Surudarma18 B8 Genetic codes Surudarma19 B9 Methods for detection of DNA mutation in inherited

diseasesAyu Dewi

20 B10 Gene cloning and therapy Ayu Dewi



LEARNING PROGRAMS

Lectures

Lecturer : Prof AdiputraObjective : To understand the structure of plasma membraneAbstract :

Every eukaryotic cell is covered by plasma membrane, which separates the extracellular from the intracellular fluid. Plasma membrane is mainly composed of phospholipids bilayer, protein and lesser amount of polysaccharide and cholesterol.The functions of plasma membrane are maintaining cell integrity, as a barrier at membrane-plasma and recognizing antigens.

Phospholipid Bilayer MembraneDominant phospholipids component of plasma membrane are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphate-dylserine and sphingomyelin. Other phopolipids e.g inositol phospholipids, arachidonic acid phospholipids are present in lesser amount, even though its have important functional value, phospholipids bilayer is said to be amphipathic because it has hydrophilic, hydrophobic nature. Small uncharged and lipid molecules can get through plasma membrane, it is called simple diffusion.

Protein MembraneProtein of plasma membrane consists of integral protein (transmembrane protein/multipass protein (fluid mosaic model) and peripheral protein. These proteins have role in selective permeability as facilitated diffusion. Integral protein may function as channel protein, carrier protein. Channel protein could adjust with the across hydrophilic molecule by forming polar inner lining channel, which could be gated channel (ligand-gated channels, voltage-gated channel and G-protein gated ion channel) and ungated channel.

Carbohydrate and Cholesterol MembranePolysaccharide molecule on the outer side of plasma membrane is called glycocalyx, can inform of glycoprotein and glycolipid. It functions in protection.

Lecturer : Prof AdiputraObjective: to understand the transport mechanism of various substances through

plasma membraneAbstract :

Cell membrane separates cytoplasm (intacellular fluid) from its environment (extracellular fluid). Both fluids consist of different substances which are maintained by the existence of cell membrane. Its structure makes the transport of spesific substances occur to support cell life.

There are two types of transport mechanism across the cell membrane i.e. passive transport (diffusion) and active transport. The diffusion itself can be differentiated into simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion, with its different mechanism. There are too many factors that can affect diffusion, each of which must be learnt by the students. Active transport can

Department of Medical Education (DME), 2017

LEC. 1: The Structure of the Plasma Membrane & the Transport Mechanism of Various Substances

15


be divided inti primary active and with its own character including the substance to be transported and factors that involve.

Transport across cell membrane can describe many physiologic processes that take place in different parts of human cells such as intestine epithelium, renalis tubules epithelial, exocrine glands epithel, gall bladder epithel and membrane of choroideus plexus in the brain. All will be learnt in this topic.

Lecturer : dr. Ni Made Linawati, M.SiObjective: to differentiate functionally cytoplasmic organelles from cytoplasmic

inclusionsAbstract :

The cytoplasm contains other organelles, which are better visualized with an electron microscope that can view components as small as 2 nm. The organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, cytoskeleton, and plasma membrane.Mitochondria contain a double membrane; with the inner membrane containing many infolds, referred to as the cristae that contain the machinery for cellular respiration. Mitochondria contain their own mitochondrial DNA and make proteins.The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes of membranes throughout the cytoplasm and is responsible for protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid metabolism (smooth ER and rough ER). The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membranous sacs involved in the modification and transport of molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum. The membrane-enclosed Lysosome contains enzymes required for intracellular digestion. Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles in which hydrogen peroxide is generated and degraded. Proteasomes responsible for proteolysis of malformed and ubiquitin-tagged protein or antigenic protein have to be cleaved into epitopes.

Cytoplasmic inclusion is not always present in every cell. Glycogen is the polymer of simple glucose. Blood glucose metabolized within cell to produce ATP or stored in the glycogen vesicle.Lipid, stored in triacylglycerol form as various sizes of droplets whether as a single and hugedroplet (lipocytes), or small and multiple consisted of ester cholesterol (dominantly within cells that synthesized steroid hormones).Lipofuchsin pigmen is residual bodies that unable to be digested by lysosomes, permanently in nature. The amount become increasingly in number due to the increasing of life span and often existed in nervous cell.

Lecturer : dr. Wayan Sugiritama, M.KesObjective : to understand the general structure and function of cytoskeleton in

relation to endocytosis, pinocytosis, and locomotionAbstract :

The cytoskeleton is a dynamic three-dimensional structure that fills the cytoplasm, acts as both muscle and skeleton. This structure maintains cell shape, protects the cell,


LEC. 3: Cytoskeleton

LEC. 2: Organelles & Inclusion

16


enables cellular motion (using structures such as flagella, cilia and lamellipodia), and plays important roles in both intracellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example) and cellular division.

The long fibers of the cytoskeleton are polymers of subunits. The primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton are micro(thin) filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Thin filaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 6 nm in diameter, composed of two intertwined chains of G-actin. Thin filaments are most concentrated just beneath the cell membrane, and are responsible for resisting tension and maintaining cellular shape, forming cytoplasmatic protuberances (pseudopodia and microvillus), and participation in some cell-to-cell or cell-to-matrix junctions. Thin filaments are also important for cytokinesis (formation of the cleavage furrow) and, association with myosin responsible for muscle contraction. Actin/Myosin interactions also help produce cytoplasmic streaming in most cells.

Microtubules are hollow-like cylindrical structure, 25 nm in diameter. They are composed of subunits of the protein tubulin--these subunits are termed alpha and beta. . They have a very dynamic behaviour, binding GTP for polymerization. They are commonly organized by the Centrosome. Microtubules act as a scaffold to determine cell shape, and provide a set of "tracks" for cell organelles and vesicles to move on. Microtubules also form the spindle fibers for separating chromosomes during mitosis (mitotic spindle). When arranged in geometric patterns inside flagella and cilia, they are used for locomotionIntermediate filaments are about 10 nm diameter and provide tensile strength for the cell. These filaments, are more stable (strongly bound) than actin filaments, and heterogeneous constituents of the cytoskeleton.]Like actin filaments, they function in the maintenance of cell-shape by bearing tension. Intermediate filaments organize the internal three-dimensional structure of the cell, anchoring organelles and serving as structural components of the nuclear lamina and sarcomere. They also participate in some cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. Different types of intermediate filaments are: vimentin, keratin, neurofilaments, lamin, and desmin.

Lecturer : dr.I G K Nyoman Ariana, M.Si.MedObjective : to understand the general functional structure of cell nucleus and

chromosomeAbstract :The nucleus is the largest organelle of the cell. where the size, shape of the nucleus are generally constant for particular cell type. The nucleus is usually spherical and is centrally located in the cell. Each cell usually has a single nucleus, some cells possess several nuclei (such as osteoclast), where mature red blood cells have extruded nuclei. The nucleus contains nearly all of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) for RNA (ribonucleic acid) synthesis. It has nucleolus for the essembly of ribosomal subunits.The nucleus bounded by two lipid membranes, houses three major components:

- Chromatins. The genetic material of the cell- The nucleolus, the center for ribosomal RNA (r RNA) synthesis- Nucleoplasm, containing macromolecules and nuclear particles involved in the

maintenance of the cell.

Nuclear envelope is composed of two parallel unit membranes that fuse with each other at certain regions to form perforation known as nuclear pore.


LEC. 4: Nucleus & Chromosomes

17


Lecturer : Dr. dr. Komang Januartha Pinatih, M.KesObjective : to understand the principles mechanisms by which genes control general

cell functions Abstract :

The term genome comes from gene and chromosome. Genome is the entire DNA of one species. Human Genome Project (HGP) is a project to find out the total DNA ofhuman.

Part of DNA in chromosome which has a special function is called gene. Recently, only about 5% of genome is identified as gene. According to their location, we identify 2 kinds of DNA i.e. nuclear DNA (n-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA). Recent researches have focused on mtDNA because of its special characteristic (small molecule, prone to get mutation and its maternal inheritance characteristic).

Molecular mechanism of inheritance involves a process known as replication in which parental DNA is divided into two DNA progenies by semi conservative mechanism. An error which happens in replication process will repair through DNA repair system.

Central dogma explains how the DNA can act as a messenger molecule which carries the inheritance characteristic [DNA (replication) transcription translation]. Gene expression requires two processes i.e. transcription and translation. DNA is transcribed into 3 forms of RNA i.e. mRNA, tRNA, dan rRNA which involved in translation process (protein synthesis). mRNA will acts as a template for protein synthesis. tRNA contains the anticodon that recognizes the codon in mRNA corresponding to the amino acid it carries and several rRNA associate with a large number of proteins to form the small and large ribosomal subunits. Codon is a three-base sequence in mRNA, are arranged to form amino acid which sequence is inherited from the parental. As we know, there are 4 bases so we have 64 codons (43) consist of 61 generating codons and 3 stop codons. The genetic code stand for 20 amino acids, it means that 1 amino acid can be coded by more than 1 codon. Genetic code is almost universal for both nDNA inti and mtDNA, wirh several exception: AGA and AGG encode for arginin in nDNA but act as stop codon in mtDNA, UGA code for stop codon in nDNA but encode tryptophan in mtDNA.

Lecturer : Dr. dr. Desak Made Wihandani, M Kes.Objective : to understand DNA mutation and repair systemAbstract :


LEC. 5: Introduction to Molecular Biology

LEC. 6: DNA mutation and repair system

18


Lecturer : dr. Wayan Surudarma, M.Si.Objective : to understand gene expressionAbstract:

Gene expression is the process by which a gene is decoded and its information is used to produce polypeptide or RNA molecule. A cell uses some of the information encoded by DNA to manufacture protein. To do this, first the process of transcription copies a particular part of the DNA sequence of a chromosome into an RNA molecule that complement to one strand of the DNA double helix. Then the process of translation uses the information copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) to manufacture a specific protein by aligning and joining the specified amino acid. Messenger RNA is a template of protein synthesis where sequences of codon are present. There are 64 codons stand for 20 amino acids. The protein synthesis is started by initiating codon and will be lasted by stop codon. Many kind of protein are produced in our body. Each has a specific function.

Lecturer : Dr. rer. Nat. dr. Ni Nyoman Ayu Dewi, M.SiObjective : to understand application of molecular biology in medicineAbstract :

Following the advancement of science and technology, medical science also reaches its molecular state. Genetic, genomic and proteomic open the way to a new deeper understanding about processes inside the human body, and provide more accurate intervention tools when disturbance in body function occur. Scientists believe that all diseases have genetic component, whether it is inherited or as a body response against environmental stress. Therefore, genetic plays an important role in prevention, diagnosis and therapy for infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Molecular medicine is the clinical application of molecular biology for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, both infectious and non-infectious. Molecular medicine can be used to increase the accuracy of diagnostic method, detection of predisposed genetic disorders, designing new drugs based on molecular information, gene therapy, and development of DNA-vaccine and also in forensic medicine.

Testing for inherited diseases and susceptibilities will become standard practice as health care becomes increasingly individualized. Tests that detect specific variations in genetic material will enable physicians to select treatments that a person can tolerate and that are the most likely to be effective. Genetics impacts our lives in diverse ways. Genetic tests serve many purposes. They are widely used to screen newborns for a variety of disorders. Often this information enables the doctors to minimize the damage caused by the mutation. In oncology, doctors use gene testing to diagnose cancer, to classify cancer into subtypes, or to predict a patient’s responsiveness to new treatments.

Much of the excitement today centers on gene expression profiling that use a technology called microarrays. A DNA microarray is a thin-sized chip that has been spotted at fixed locations with thousands of single-stranded DNA fragments corresponding to various genes of interest. A single microarray may contain 10,000 or more spots, each containing pieces of DNA from a different gene. Fluorescent-labeled probe DNA fragments


LEC. 8: Applications Of Molecular Biology In Medicine

LEC. 7: Gene Expression

19


are added to ask if there are any places on the microarray where the probe strands can match and bind. Complete patterns of gene activity can be captured with this technology.

Genes, which are carried on chromosomes, are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Although genes get a lot of attention, it’s the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. When genes are altered so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal functions, genetic disorders can result. Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. Researchers may use several approaches for correcting faulty genes.

Lecturer : dr. I G A Dewi RatnayantiObjective : to understand normal and abnormal cell cycle and its clinical implicationsAbstract :

The cell cycle is a series of events within the cell that prepare the cell for dividing into two daughter cells. The cell cycle is divided into two major events: interphase and mitosis. Interphase period is a longer period of time and take place 95% of cycle, while mitosis, a shorter period of time and take place 5% of cycle. The capability of the cell to begin and advance through the cell cycle is governed by the presence and interactions of a group of related proteins known as cyclin, with specific cyclin dependent kinase (CDKs).

In interphase period, occur replication of genetic material and the cell increases its size. Interphase is subdivided into three phases: G1 (Gap) phase, when the synthesis of macromolecule essential for DNA duplication begins; S (synthesis), when the DNA is duplicated; and G2 phase, when the cell undergoes preparations for mitosis. There are some cells able to undergo mitosis permanently (e.g., muscle cells, neurons), while temporarily (e.g., lymphocytes) will return to the cell cycle at a later time. Cell that have left the cell cycle are said to be in a resting stage, the G0 or the stable phase. Cell division can occur by mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is cell division that result in the formation of two daughter cells whose chromosome number is equal from theparental chromosome number (diploid), while meiosis will give rise daughter cells whose chromosome number is reduced from the diploid (2n) to the haploid (1n) number (1/2 from mother chromosome number).

The process of mitosis is divided into five stage: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, an telophase; while in meiosis consist of two events: meiosis I and meiosis II. The last stage of cell division is cytokinesis.

Lecturer : Dr. dr. Desak Wihandani, M.KesObjective : Explain applications of molecular biology in medicineAbstract :to understand the signaling mechanism underlying cell to cell communication & its clinical or practical implications


LEC. 10: Signal Tranduction

LEC. 9: Cell Cycle

20


Signal transduction pathways allow cells to respond to their environment and to change their behavior accordingly. Signals are sensed by a receptor and changed in their form so that they can exert their final effect on the cell.

Signals take a variety of forms, but for our purposes there only two. The first type are signals that go into the cell, bind to internal receptors and excert their effects.Steroid hormones, vitamin D, thyroid hormone, and retinoids are the only members of this class. All of the intracellular receptors ultimately activate the transcription of regulated genes. The common feature of signals that enter the cell is that they are small lipophilic molecules that can across the cell membrane. All the other signals exert their effects by binding to extracellular receptor and initiating a cascade of signaling events. They work by activating a phosphorylation cascade and/or the release of second messengers in the cell.Receptors recognize a signal molecule and transmit the signal by activating a downstream signaling pathway. Cytosolic receptors are soluble, cytoplasmic proteins (signal must get inside). The signal grosses the membrane and activates gene transcription. Transmembrane receptors span a membrane (signal outside, response outside). This signal activates a channel, an enzyme, or a G-protein cascade.



Learning Task

THE STRUCTURE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE & THE TRANSPORT MECHANISM OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

Learning Task (Fawcett & Gartner; Guyton & Ganong)

1. Describe the structure and function of plasma membrane!2. Thecomposition of intra-cellular fluid and extra-cellular fluid is different! Why it

happen? How cells regulate it?3. Describe the mechanism of types of diffusion and example of substances diffused

through cell membrane!4. Describe the mechanism of type of active transport, and example of substances

actively transported through cell membrane!5. Describe the difference between the co-transport and counter-transport!6. Describe the active transport through cellular sheets occurs at many places in the

body!

ORGANELLES AND INCLUSIONS

Learning task (Gartner)Vignette A new born baby was died because of deficiency in β-galactosidase enzyme.

1. Please describe the structure of organelle involved in this disorders.2. Please describe the structure of the organelles that involves in protein syntesize!3. Please describe the functional structure of the organelle that involve in post

translation modification !4. Please describe the structure of the organelle that involve in ATP synthesize and in

which part of the organelle the process of ATP occur ?


LECTURE 1

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CYTOSKELETON

Learning task 3(Fawcett & Gartner; Guyton)

Vignette 1A woman, 40 years old come to Hospital complains with mass in her right breast. Anamnesis and physical examination is performed, supported by histopathology and laboratory test. Finally, the diagnosis is breast cancer but the cancer hasn’t yet disseminate into other organs (metastasis). In other to follow up the progression of the cancer, mRNA of keratin 19 in patient’s bloodd is monitored as a biomarker.

Learning Task1. Keratin 19 is a part of cytoskeleton, which one and what is the function?

(microfilaments, intermediate filaments, or microtubules)2. Keratin 19 is expressed in mainly epithelial cell as cytoskeleton, what is the logic

keratin 19 can be also used as biomarker for metastasis in breast cancer?

Vignette 2A man, 48 years old come to Hospital complains headache, vomiting since several months ago. Anamnesis and physical examination is performed, supported by histopathology and laboratory test. Using immunohistochemistry staining, it reveals that GFAP expression is increasing. Finally, the diagnosis is astrocytoma (a type of brain cancer).

Learning Task1. GFAP is a part of cytoskeleton, which one and what is the function? (microfilaments,

intermediate filaments, or microtubules)2. What is the logic GFAP expression is increasing in astrocytoma?

rsday

NUCLEUS & CHROMOSOMES

Learning task (Gartner; Strachan & Read)

1. Describe the composition of the nucleus, and its envelope!2. Describe the nuclear pore, and its role in the cell!3. Describe the nuclear pore complex !4. Explain about the chromatin! How many types of chromatin that you know ?5. Describe about the sex chromatin !


LECTURE 3

LECTURE 4

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INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Researchers from German Cancer Research Centerand Essen University Hospital Germany unravelled the cause of malignant melanoma. They found an identical mutation in the gene for telomerase, an enzyme often called “immortality enzyme”. Telomerase protects the ends of chromosomes from being lost in the process of cell division and, thus, prevents that the cell ages and dies. The inherited gene mutation leads to the formation of a binding site for protein factors in the controlling region of the telomerase gene, causing it to become overactive. As a result, mutated cells overproduce telomerase and hence become virtually immortal.(Susanne Horn, Adina Figl, P. SivaramakrishnaRachakonda, Christine Fischer, Antje Sucker, Andreas Gast, Stephanie Kadel, Iris Moll, Eduardo Nagore, Kari Hemminki, Dirk Schadendorf and Rajiv Kumar: TERT Promoter Mutations in Familial and Sporadic Melanoma. Science 2014, DOI: 10.1126/science.1230062).

To have a better understanding on above information, you need to discuss the following tasks:1. Definition of chromosome, gene, genome, central dogma in molecular biology, and

mutation.2. Mechanism of DNA replication.3. Role of telomerase in DNA replication process.4. Define about point mutations. Distinguish between transition and transversion. 5. Compare the differences between mutation caused by UV radiation and X-rays. How do

the DNA repair systems fix it?

GENE EXPRESSION

Learning Task (Baynes, J.W. and Dominiczak, M.H. Medical Biochemistry)

Thalassemias are common world-wide causes of anemia. Often, however, DNA sequencing of the exons of the ß-globin genes reveals no abnormal nucleotides, but the ß-globin mRNA is smaller than expected. The hemoglobin produced is defective.

1. How do you define gene expression?2. Explain about types of RNAs and their function.3. Describe major steps of transcription.4. Describe major steps of translation.


LECTURE 6

LECTURE 5

LECTURE 7

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5. Define codon, anticodon, stop codon and start codon.6. How might genetic mutations lead to such abnormal gene expression as the above

case?

APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY IN MEDICINE

Learning Task(Gene Therapy and Genetic Counseling)

1. Describe the implications of gene testing regarding to social and ethical issues!2. What are the advantages of using recombinant vaccine compared with non-

recombinant/conventional one?3. What is your opinion about reproductive cloning? Is it legal or illegal?

CELL CYCLE

Learning task(Gartner)

1. Describe about the cell cycle!2. How do you subdivided the interphase in cell cycle!3. Describe the role of the protein cyclin in continuing the cell cycle process!4. Describe about the mitosis!5. Compare the mitosis and meiosis cell division!6. Describe the clinical correlations of mitosis and the cell cycle!

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Vignette:A 23 year-old man presents to the emergency room complaining severe diarrhea. Base on the result of the examination, the diagnose of that patient is Cholera. As the doctor known, cholera is caused by Vibrio Cholera that exert their toxin and bind covalently to the G-protein receptor. Learning Task

1. Explain about signals and its classification!2. Explain about receptors and its classification!3. Describe G-protein-coupled receptors!


LECTURE 9

LECTURE 8

LECTURE 10

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4. Outline the activation of downstream intracellular signaling cascades by heterotrimetric G-proteins

5. Explain the mechanism of diarrhea caused by V. cholera!6. Expalin about the role of calcium as a second messenger!

PRACTICE

Practice 1: Isolation of DNA

Objective : to increase understanding about DNA isolation

Facilitator : Dr. Ni Wayan Tianing, S.Si, M.Kes.

DNA Isolation Procedure from Whole Blood (Genomic DNA Extraction)

1. Add 12 ml blood + 36 ml (3 times blood volume) 1X RBC solution to a 50 ml Falcon centrifuge tube. Invert the tube 2-3 times during the preparation. Incubate the sample for at least 10 minutes at room temperature. Do not allow the sample to sit in the RBC lysis solution for extended periods of time, this can be detrimental to the sample.

2. Centrifuge at room temperature at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. Remove the supernatant leaving behind the visible layer of white blood cells pellet. Then repeat step 1 until virtually all of the red blood cells are gone. Then vortex the pellet to spread the cells into the remaining drops of supernatant.

3. Add 3 ml of cell lysis solution to the centrifuge tube and right away pipette up and down to lyse the cells (make sure the solution is homogenous).

4. Add 6 l of RNase A (10 mg/ml) to the centrifuge tube. Mix the solution by inverting it several times and then incubate in a 37 oC water bath for 15 minutes. This can be run longer.

5. For protein precipitation, add 2 ml of protein precipitation solution (5 M ammonium acetate) to the centrifuge tube and then vortex until the solution look milky.

6. Centrifuge at 3000 rpm at 4 oC 15 minutes. The precipitated proteins will from a light brown pellet. If a protein pellet is not visible, repeat step 5.

7. Then pour the supernatant containing the DNA into a clean 50 ml Falcon tube containing 9 ml of isopropanol, do this at room temperature.

8. Mix the tube by inverting 25-30 times until white DNA pellet becomes visible (make sure all the pellet becomes visible).

9. Centrifuge at 3000 rpm at 4 oC 15 minutes. The DNA should be visible as a small white pellet.

10. Pour the supernatant and add 10 ml of 70 % ethanol. Invert several times to wash the DNA.

11. Spin again and pour off the 70 % ethanol. Then left the DNA air dry. Use a cotton swab to remove the excess supernatant on the sides of the tube.

12. Rehydrate the DNA in 1-1.5 ml of TE. Placed in 37 oC water bath for 2 hours to get the DNA in solution. Make sure that it is a homogenous solution.

13. Store at – 20 oC.



SELF ASSESSMENT

The Structure of the Plasma Membrane & The Transport Mechanism of Various Substances

1. Describe structure and function of phospholipids membrane; which molecule can diffuse across the membrane without mediated by protein (channel or carrier protein)?

2. Describe the structure of protein membrane and function of each protein in transport mechanism and its example!

3. Explain the difference of content and composition between intracellular and extracellular fluids!

4. Describe the passive transport mechanism through cell membrane!5. Explain various substances which transported through passive process!6. Describe factors that determine diffusion process!7. Explain transport mechanism for molecule that soluble in lipid!8. Describe sodium channel mechanism!9. What is voltage gating channel?10. Explain the difference between primary and secondary transportation with its examples!11. What is co-transport?

Organelles & InclusionsComprehend the structure of the organelles that involve in drug and alkohol detoxication !

Cytoskeletons1. Mention three types of cytoskeleton!2. Mentions minimal 1 examples and its function of each type in cytoskeleton!

3.

Identify the structures labeled of an axoneme and explain the role of each cytoplasmic component in the generation of axoneme movement.

Nucleus & Chromosomes1. Describe all of the protein that found at nucleoplasm!2. Describe the definition and function of nucleoplasmic ring and nuclear basket!3. Describe the nucleosome! Mention the proteins that arranged them!



4. Describe chromatin assembly factor!5. Describe the function of nuclear pores!6. Describe the X-machvation (lionization)!7. Describe the differences between chromosome 1 and 2!8. Describe the differences between chromosome X and Y!9. Describe monosomy and trisomy!10. Describe poliploidi, aneuploidi!

Introduction to Molecular Biology1. Describe about replication mechanism, and enzymes that are involved!2. Describe how to detect mutation in the gene.3. Describe about mutation, and its clinical implication4. Describe about DNA repair system!

Gene Expression1. In When considering the initiation of transcription one often finds consensus sequences

located in the region of the DNA where RNA polymerase(s) bind. Which are common consensusA. CAATB. TATAC. TTTTAAAAD. both B and CE. both A and B

2. Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA?A. elongation of the growing RNA moleculeB. initiation of a new polypeptide chainC. initiation of a new RNA moleculeD. termination of the RNA moleculeE. addition of nucleotides to the DNA template

3. When examining the genetic code it is apparent thatA. there can be more than one amino acid for a particular codon.B. AUG is a terminating codonC. there can be more than one codon for a particular amino acidD. the code is ambiguous in that the same codon can code for two or more amino acidsE. there are 44 stop codons because there are only 20 amino acids.

4. A short segment of an mRNA molecule is shown below. The polypeptide it codes for is also shown:

5’-AUGGUGCUGAAG : methionine-valine-leucine-lysine

Assume that a mutation in the DNA occurs so that the fourth base (counting from the 5’ end) of the messenger RNA now reads A rather than G. What sequence of amino acids will the mRNA now code for? A. methionine-valine-leucine-lysineB. methionine-lysine-leucine-lysineC. methionine-leucine-leucine-lysineD. methionine-valine-methionine-lysineE. methionine-methionine-leucine-lysine

5. Which of the following takes place during translation?A. the conversion of genetic information from DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotidesB. conversion of genetic information from the language of proteins to the language of

enzymes



C. the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins

D. DNA replicationE. the addition of nucleotides to a DNA template

6. During the process of translation, which translation site on the ribosome is filled by the iniatortRNA moleculeA. AB. BC. PD. OE. E

7. Which of the following statements is true regarding gene expression?A. The 3' end of mRNA corresponds to the carboxyl terminus of the proteinB. The first step is the association of mRNA with an intact ribosomeC. Involves proof-reading of the mRNAD. Prokaryotic RNA usually undergoes nuclear processingE. Polypeptides are synthesized by addition of amino acids to the amino terminus

8. Which of the following best describes the relationship between genes and proteinsA. one gene: one enzymeB. one gene: two polypeptidesC. one gene: one polypeptideD. one gene: one proteinE. none of the above describe the relationship

9. To describe the genetic code as degenerate indicates that A. mRNA is rapidly degradedB. The code is not universal among organismsC. Some amino acids have more than one codonD. Frameshift mutations are toleratedE. Stop codons may have corresponding tRNA molecules

10. A peptide has the sequence NH2-phe-pro-lys-gly-phe-pro-COOH. What is the sequence in DNA that codes for this peptide? A. 3' UUU-CCC-AAA-GGG-UUU-CCC B. 3' AUG-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG C. 3' AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG D. 5' GGG-AAA-TTT-AAA-CCC-ACT-GGG E. 5' ACT-TAC-CAT-AAA-CAT-TAC-UGA



Signal Transduction1. Explain the character of ligand/signaling molecules!2. Explain structure and function of each receptor type!3. Describe various second messengers forming process!4. Describe about phosphorylation protein kinase in the cytoplasm!5. Describe cell signaling mechanism until gene expression occurs!6. Describe the mechanism of action of drugs-receptors until biology’s responses occur!

Cell Cycle1. Cell cycle consists of several phases. Describe the events that occur during every

phase!2. Describe the type of cell division and its differences!3. Describe the phases in mitosis and the events that occur during every phases!



REFERENCES

Used in the Block The Cell as Biochemical Machinery

Student Standard References:

1. Gartner LP, Hiatt JL : Concise Histology, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 2011, pp 8-73(H2)

2. Guyton AC, Hall JE : A Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th ed., 2006, pp.1-51; 829 901 (PS1)

3. Baynes, J.W. and Dominiczak, M.H. Medical Biochemistry second edition.Elsevier London. 2005:p. 641 (B1)

4. Robbins SL, Kumar V : Basic Pathology, London, Saunders, 7th ed, 2003, pp.3-31 (BP)5. Strachan T & Read AP; Human Molecular Genetics, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) PTELTD

(HMG)6. Trevor AJ, Katzung BG, and MastersSB :Pharmacology Examination & Broad Review,

7th ed, 2005, pp. 10-19(PH)7. Goodman SR : Medical Cell Biology, 2nd ed, pp. 195-202 (CB)8. Gene Therapy and Genetic Counseling

Additional recommended reading:

9. Fawcett DW, Jensh RP : Bloom & Fawcett’s Concise Histology, 2nd ed, London, Arnold, 2002, pp 1- 27(H1)

10. Ganong, WF: Review of Medical Physiology, 20thed, New York, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp 1-48 (PS2)

11. Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA : Harper, s Illustrated Biochemistry,26 th ed, New York, Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill, 2003 , 314 – 373; 74-102 (B2)

12. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J : Molecular Biology of THE CELL, 4TH ed , New York, Garland Science, 2002, pp 1010 – 1021 (MB2)



Paper Assessment FormBlock The Cell as Biochemical Machinery

Name : ...........................................Student Reg. Number : ...........................................Facilitator : ...........................................Title : ...........................................

Supervisor’s (Facilitator) scoring with 60% qualification :]

No Item Assessment Range Score (%) Score1. Ability to find the literature 0-202. Communication/Attitude 0-303 Quality of material 0-404 Student’s interest and

motivation0-10

TOTAL 100

Supervisor,

(...........................................)NIP.

Paper Assessment FormBlock The Cell as Biochemical Machinery

Name : ...........................................Student Reg. Number : ...........................................Facilitator : ...........................................Title : ...........................................

Evaluator’sscoring (presentation) with 40% qualification : :

No Item Assessment Range Score (%) Score1. Ability to find the literature 0-202. Communication/Attitude 0-303 Quality of material 0-404 Student’s interest and

motivation0-10

TOTAL 100

Supervisor,

(...........................................)NIP.


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