FLOODPLAIN MODELING DUE TO DAM BREAK USING CCHE2D_FLOOD

NURUL ATIQAH BINTI OMAR

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Civil – Hydraulics and Hydrology)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2013

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To my beloved family:

Father, Omar Bin Othman

Mother, Shakinah Bt. Ya’acob

Siblings; Nurul Aswa, Muhammad Syafiq, Nurul Athirah,

Muhammad Syamil & Muhammad Syarafi

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, grateful to Allah s. w. t for guiding and helping me in

completion of this dissertation within the time given.

First of all, I would like to express my heartiest gratitude and

acknowledgment to my supervisor, Pn. Zainab Mohamed Yusof for her contribution,

guidance, and patience during meeting and discussion throughout the process for

completing this project.

Besides, I would like to extend my gratitude to my parent and siblings who

have provided the opportunity to attempt this project through their support of my

educations and their sacrifices and understanding throughout its creation. Without

their support and tolerance, it would never have been possible.

Finally, to those direct or indirectly involved in making this collaboration of

ideas into reality, thanks once again.

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ABSTRACT

The prediction of floodplains caused by dam break is very important to

discuss for future planning and decision making concerning to dam safety,

controlling downstream developments, contingency evacuation planning and real

time flood forecasting. The objectives of this study are (1) to determine the

propagation of flood in the study area, in terms of water depth and velocity

magnitude, and (2) to identify the potential area of high risk of flooding. The

comparison of results using one point source input flood discharge (total discharge)

and flood hydrograph have been carried out. The floodplain simulation in this study

using software is called as CCHE2D_FLOOD model. The study area is at Durian

Tunggal Dam, located in Melaka. The dam has been classified as a significant hazard

dam with a catchment area of 41.4 km2, impounded area of 5.8 km

2 and a storage

volume of 32.6 Mm3. A flood hydrograph due to dam break, observed by Rahimah

(2009) is used as a model parameters input to simulate the propagation of flood in the

surrounding areas of Durian Tunggal river. The results of water depth, velocity

distribution, and time required to flooding are the parameters that needed to be

analysed.

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ABSTRAK

Ramalan dataran banjir yang disebabkan oleh pecahan empangan adalah

sangat penting untuk membincangkan bagi perancangan masa depan dan membuat

keputusan mengenai keselamatan empangan, mengawal perkembangan hiliran,

perancangan pemindahan di luaar jangkaan dan ramalan masa sebenar berlakunya

banjir. Objektif kajian ini adalah (1) untuk menentukan penyebaran banjir di

kawasan kajian, dari segi kedalaman air dan halaju magnitud, dan (2) untuk

mengenal pasti kawasan yang berpotensi menghadapi banjir yang berisiko tinggi.

Perbandingan keputusan dengan menggunakan input satu titik sumber pelepasan

banjir (jumlah pelepasan) dan hidrograf banjir telah dijalankan. Simulasi dataran

banjir dalam kajian ini menggunakan perisian yang dikenali sebagai

CCHE2D_FLOOD model. Kawasan kajian adalah di Empangan Durian Tunggal,

yang terletak di Melaka. Empangan telah diklasifikasikan sebagai empangan bahaya

yang ketara dengan kawasan tadahan 41.4 km2, kawasan takungan sebanyak 5.8 km

2

dan jumlah penyimpanan sebanyak 32.6 Mm3. Satu hidrograf banjir yang disebabkan

kepada pecahan empangan, diperhatikan oleh Rahimah (2009) digunakan sebagai

input parameter model untuk simulasi penyebaran banjir di sekitar kawasan sungai

Tunggal Durian. Keputusan kedalaman air, pengagihan halaju, dan masa yang

diperlukan untuk banjir adalah parameter yang diperlukan untuk dianalisis.

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TABLE CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF SYMBOL

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objective of Study

1.4 Scope of Study

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1

3

4

5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Dam Failures

2.2.1 Causes of Dam Failure

2.2.1.1 Overtopping Failure

2.2.1.2 Foundation Failure

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3

2.2.1.3 Piping and Seepage Failure

2.3 Types of Flood

2.3.1 Overbank Flooding

2.3.2 Flash Flooding

2.4 Floodplains

2.5 Function of Floodplain

2.6 Flood Routing

2.6.1 Flood Hydrograph

2.7 Flood Modeling

2.7.1 Fundamental of Flood Modeling

2.7.2 Numerical Model

2.8 Model Simulation

2.8.1 Introduction

2.8.1.1 Overview of

CCHE2DD_FLOOD Model

2.8.1.2 Components of CCHE2D

Model

2.8.2 General Procedures of CCHE2D Model

2.8.2.1 Mesh Generation

2.8.2.2 Boundary Conditions

2.8.2.3 Parameter Setting

2.8.2.4 Simulation

2.8.2.5 Results Interpretation

2.8.3 Model Formulation

2.8.3.1 Governing Equation

2.8.3.2 Turbulence Models

2.8.3.4 Two-dimensional k -

Model

2.9 Summary

METHADOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Site description

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4

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3.2.1 Parameters of Durian Tunggal Dam

3.3 Simulation Data

3.4 Model Simulation

3.4.1 CCHE2D – Mesh Generator

3.4.2 CCHE2D GUI (Graphical User

Interface)

3.4.2.1 Flow initial condition

3.4.2.2 Bed Roughness

3.4.2.3 Flow Parameters

3.4.2.4 Boundary Conditions

3.4.2.5 Run Simulation

3.5 Summary

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Simulation Results

4.2.2 Flood Depth

4.2.3 Velocity Magnitude

4.3 Flooded Area

4.4 Potential of High Risk Flooded Area

4.5 Summary

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendation for Future

REFERENCES

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE

PAGE

3.1

4.1

Information data of Durian Tunggal Dam

Percentage differences of flooded area from 1 hour to

6 hours duration for total discharge (Q = 670 m3/s)

and discharge hydrograph

35

55

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE

PAGE

1.1

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

Flooding at town of Campos dos Goytacazes due

tothe dam failure

Causes of Dam Break

An example failure of Banqiao dam due to

overtopping

Failure of Hauser Dam due to foundation failure

An example St. Francis Dam failure

The floodplain with floodway

Flood routing concept

The numerical method of a cell centered grid.

The family package of CCHE2D_FLOOD model

An interface of CCHE2D Mesh Generator

An interface of CCHE2D_GUI

Location map of Durian Tunggal Dam

Location map of Durian Tunggal Dam by Google

earth

Interface of CCHE2D on digital elevation map

The flood hydrograph of Durian Tunggal dam break

event

Generating of block boundaries before interpolation

Mesh generation

Block boundaries after interpolation

Initial water surface setup

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3.9

3.10

3.11

3.12

3.13

3.14

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

Flow parameters input

Inlet boundary condition

Outlet boundary condition

Example of discharge hydrograph data in .dhg file

format

The discharge hydrograph data and the result of

plotting hydrograph

Simulation console window

Floodplain of water depths for total discharge input

Floodplain of water depths for discharge hydrograph

input

Velocity magnitude distribution for total discharge

input

Velocity magnitude distribution for discharge

hydrograph input

The potential areas of high risk flood due to dam

break are shown in red circles.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

USACE

FEMA

GIS

NPDP

EFDC

PMF

HEC-RAS

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

U.S. Army Corp of Engineers

Federal Emergency Management Agency

Geographic Information system

National Performance of Dams Programs

Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code

Probable Maximum Flood

Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System

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LIST OF SYMBOL

h - Water depth

- Sigma

- Stress

- Karman constant

- Turbulent energy

Axy - Adjustable coefficient of eddy viscosity

C - Chezy’s channel resistance coefficient

cf - Friction coefficient

fcor - Coriolis parameter

g - Gravitational acceleration

k - Turbulent kinetic energy

Q - Discharge (m3/s)

u - Velocity component in direction x

U* - Shear velocity

v - Velocity component in direction y

Z - Water level

ρ - Water density

- Partial differential

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Flood is a natural and recurring event for a river or stream. It is a result of

heavy or continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow

capacity of rivers, stream, and coastal areas. This causes a watercourse to overflow

its banks onto adjacent lands. Based on Southwest Florida Water Management

District the flood occurs when natural or man-made bodies cannot sufficiently

transport or hold excess water generated by storm or other source. It is important to

note that flooding is a natural occurrence. Rivers, lakes, ditches, ocean and other

water bodies have always overflowed their normal beds to flood the nearby land.

Thus, flooding is a natural phenomenon due to improper planning and need to be

easily prevented.

2

The lands adjacent to these bodies of water, as well as low-lying areas that

cannot transport excess rainfall are called floodplains. A floodplain product of a

larger number of water which is inter-related processes that change over time in

response to external factors. These allocyclic factors such as climate change cause

variation in, for example runoff, biological communities, weathering rate and

sediment flux (Marriot and Alexander, 1999).

The probable flooding damage which may occur due to a dam failure is of

concern to many civil engineers and planners. Not only to provide a source of

information for insurance and flood control studies, but the actual planning process

for the construction of a dam site can be modified by the result of such a predictive

analysis. Dam break studies can be completed by either scaled hydraulic models or

by use computer simulation (Hromadka et al., 1985).

By definition, dams are water storage, control, or diversion structures that

impound water upstream in reservoir. Dam failure can take several forms, including

a collapse of, or breach in, the structures. Dam provide many benefits for our society

but floods resulting from the failure of dams also have produced some of most

devastating disasters of the last two centuries. When dam fails, property damage is

certain, but loss of life can vary dramatically with the extent of the inundation area,

the size of the population at risk, and the amount of warning time available (Wahl,

1998). In order to reduce the potential damage owing to dam breaches, several

hydraulic modeling programs have been developed so that simulate downstream

water levels can be simulated in response to a dam breach (Hoogestraat, 2011).

3

1.2 Problem Statement

The 4th

January 2012, Brazilian authorities are trying to evacuate at least

20,000 people after a dam break in northern Rio de Janeiro state. This indicates an

estimated 66 towns and cities in Minas Gerais state have declared a state of

emergency which is on red alert. Heavy rains caused the dam to burst in Campos dos

Goytacazes, Brazil. Water broke through the dam protecting the town of Campos

dos Goytacazes, opening up a big crater in a highway. Rio and other part of south-

eastern Brazil have been battered by floods and landslides, with several people

killed. A dam protecting Campos dos Goytacazes ruptured, sending floodwater from

the River Muriae toward the small community of Tres Vendas some 30 km away.

Many roads have been blocked, making it difficult to get help and supplies to

affected areas. Last year more than 800 people died due to serve flooding in Rio de

Janerio. Figure 1.1 shows the town of Campos dos Goytacazes due to the dam

failure.

In Malaysia, there is about seventy four dam and most of the dam areas are

located at the upstream of residential areas (Hassan, 2002). When dam break is

occurred, it will contribute to affect the economic activities and surrounding

environment. Based on USACE criteria, the Durian Tunggal Dam has been

classified as a significant hazard dam. The consequences of a failure resulted on

potential loss of life, damage and destruction of property, forcing evacuation people

and vital resources. It is also caused the interruption of traffic by bridge and

highway inundation, damage or destruction.

To be noted, a dam failure may involve the volume of water release to

downstream, particularly where a large dam is involved. The amount of washout is

so great that it overwhelms existing flood control or river control structures

downstream of dam. The mere presence of floodwaters will certainly cause water

related to damage in many area, and the high velocity of flow that will likely

4

accompany such a flood event may also cause structural or erosion related damage

(Jeff et al., 2006).

Figure 1.1: Flooding at town of Campos dos Goytacazes due tothe dam failure.

1.3 Objectives of Study

The main objectives of this study are:

1. to determine the propagation of flood in terms of water depth and velocity

flow.

2. to compare the floodplain results using (a) total discharge input (b) flood

hydrograph.

3. to identify the potential area of high risk flood.

5

1.4 Scope of Study

The scopes of this study are:

1. The study area covers the downstream of Durian Tunggal dam,

including Sungai Durian Tunggal and its surrounding areas.

2. The simulation is carried out using CCHE2D_FLOOD model to

predict profile of hydrodynamic flow and floodplain inundation.

3. The length of the Durian Tunggal river is about 5 km

4. The turbulence model used to simulate unsteady flow is k- model.

5. The maximum simulation time to predict the flood is within 6 hours

(total discharge input) and 17 hours (flood hydrograph) of simulation.

63

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