focal & segmental glomerulosclerosis
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Focal & Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Focal & Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Lecture 41
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
It is a cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents, as well as an important cause of kidney failure in adults.
• It is also known as "focal glomerular sclerosis"
or "focal nodular glomerulosclerosis”.
• MCD and primary FSGS may have a similar cause.
FSGS• Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
(FSGS) is a major cause of idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and end-stage kidney disease
(ESKD). • FSGS is the most common cause of
acquired chronic renal insufficiency in children.
Pathologic variants1. Collapsing variant→ESRD2. Glomerular tip lesion variant3. Cellular variant4. Perihilar variant5. Not otherwise specified (NOS) variant. Most common
Classification by Robbins• 1. In association with other known conditions,
such as HIV infection (HIV Nephropathy) or heroin abuse (Heroin Nephropathy);
• 2. As a secondary event in other forms of GN (e.g., IgA nephropathy);
• 3. As a maladaptation after nephron loss• 4. Congenital forms resulting from mutations affecting cytoskeletal proteins
expressed in podocytes (nephrin);
• 5. Primary or Idiopathic disease
Primary or Idiopathic FSGS• Primary /Idiopathic FSGS accounts for
approximately 20-30 % of
all cases of the NS. It is becoming an increasingly common cause of NS in adults & remains a frequent cause in children.
FSGS vs MCD• 1. Hematuria, Hypertension.• 2. Nonselective proteinuria.• 3. Poor response to corticosteroids.• 4. >50% individuals develop ESRF within 10 y.
• 5. Adults in general fare even less well than children.
Pathogenesis - unknown• MCD may transform to FSGS.• Distinct clinicopathologic entity from the
outset (beginning).• In any case, injury to podocytes is thought
to represent the initiating event of primary FSGS.
• As with MCD, permeability-increasing factors produced by lymphocytes (cytokines) have been proposed.
• The deposition of hyaline masses in the glomeruli represents the entrapment of plasma proteins and lipids in foci of injury where sclerosis develops.
• IgM and complement proteins commonly seen in the lesion are also believed to result from nonspecific entrapment in damaged glomeruli.
• The recurrence of proteinuria in some persons with FSGS who receive renal allografts, sometimes within 24 hours of transplantation, supports the idea that
a circulating mediator is the cause of the damage to podocytes.
The most likely candidate representing the responsible circulating factor is soluble urokinase-type plasminogen
activator receptor (suPAR). Another possible circulating
factor is Cardiotrophin-like cytokine 1.
Morphology• The disease first affects only some of the
glomeruli (Focal) & initially only the juxtamedullary glomeruli.
• Eventually all levels of the cortex are affected.
• Lesions occur in some tufts (Segmental) within a glomerulus.
• The affected glomeruli exihibit:
1.Increased mesangial matrix,2.Obliterated capillary lumens3.Deposition of hyaline masses & lipid droplets.
Morphology
Global Sclerosis: Occasionally , glomeruli are
completely sclerosed with or
without interstitial fibrosis.
Morphology• EM shows effacement of foot processes.
Global sclerosis may be found occasionally.• Collapsing glomerulopathy- Collapse of the
entire glomerular tuft & podocyte hyperplasia.CG may be associated with HIV inf drug-
induced toxicities. It has a poor prognosis.
Morphology• Immunofluorescence microscopy:• It reveals nonspecific trapping of
immunoglobulins, usually IgM & complement in the areas of hyalinosis.