focus question how did the north and south differ during the first half of 1800s? the availability...
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Focus Question
• How did the North and South differ during the first half of 1800s?
• The availability of capital, labor, and energy allowed the North to develop various industries.
• The South became the center of agriculture
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Why Industrialization Spread
Embargo of 1807 & War of 1812 cut off access to Britain manufactured goods
American Industrialization begins- Lowell and Slater
Britain gets back into the GAME! –Threatens US Jobs and industry (made cheaper)
Tariff of 1816: on import goods. Increased price by 20-25%
T
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Farming in the Old Northwest
• Population growth and improvements in food production through agricultural science were factors in American growth
• Capital investments (MONEY)
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Industries of the Northeast
• Shift from rural (farms) to urban (cities)
• Industrialization increased rapidly in the North East
• Commercial centers• Mill Towns• Transportation hubs
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Industries of the Northeast
• Hire young women to run the spinning and weaving machines
• Willing to work for less
• Machines changed workers’ lives by dividing labor into many small tasks
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Industries of the Northeast
• Northern industrialists favor protective tariffs raised
• So that more people would buy American goods
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The Growth of the Cities
• The number of urban poor increased
• Many people lived Over crowded apartments with poor sanitation, safety and comfort
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The Growth of the Cities
• Cities could not handle the population increase
• Limited police and fire• No sewage system• No fresh water
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Workers Organize
• Early industries want to make a profit as the expense of the workers
• No minimum wage• Long hours with little
pay
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Workers Organize
• From 1834 through 1836 more than 150 strikes took place in the US
• Lowell Girls• The National Trades
Union• Formed to protect the
interest on its workers by negotiating to resolve issues concerning wages
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A Middle Class Emerges
• Industrialization in the North caused a middle class to emerge
• Most middle class worked in offices outside of their homes
• Lawyers, Accountants, Bankers…etc.
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Emigration from Ireland and Germany
• In the mid-1800s, immigrants primarily came from Ireland and Germany
• Political issues
• Hunger – lack of food
• Economic depression
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Daily Quiz
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What helped the North industrialize?
• More workers
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The mills in the Northeast hired mostly
• young single women
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In the early 1800s, the populations of cities in the
Northeast
• increased sharply
• New York City (900,000)
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The Industrial Revolution changed the way people worked
by
• having them use machines to do jobs previously done by hand.
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Emigration
• From 1830-1860’s immigration rose steadily each decade.
• Mostly From Ireland and Germany (6,000,000)
• Tended to be Catholic & Jewish
• Tended to move to urban settings
• 1860 40% of NYC were immigrants
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Irish
• 1 million died in Ireland due to starvation
• Fungus grew on potato crop causing famine
• Catholic
• Large movement to Australia as well
• Competed for manual labor
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Germans
• Political upheaval due to revolution
• Mostly Jewish
• A small minority did have a trade and set up shops
• Moved to Midwest due to comepetion for jobs.
• Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, & Cleveland
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Result of Emigration
• Social & Political strain
• Classicism begins *ghetto’s begin
• Very few went to South
• Religious resentment by (original protestant settlers)
• Political upheaval-Whig Party set up “Nativists- laws to discourage immigration and deny rights.
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The Southern Section
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The Southern Section
• In 1860 the American South, if independent, would have been one of the wealthiest countries in the world based on the revenue of the cotton trade (Cotton Gin)
• Cotton cultivation and its expansion depended on technological developments, land, labor, demand, and global system of trade
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The Economy of the South
• Southern States became known as the cotton belt
• Economies of these states relied almost completely on the production of cotton
• became too dependent on one crop, limiting development
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The Economy of the South
• South remained mostly rural
• The geographical location of the South made farming successful
• Fertile soil and plentiful rain
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The Economy of the South
• Plantations used slave labor to produce cash crop
• Invention of the cotton gin allowed for the increase production of cotton
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The Economy of the South
• Virginia and North Carolina continued to grow tobacco
• South Carolina – Sugar and rice
• Kentucky – developed a rural economy which included breeding thoroughbred horses
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The Slavery System
• 1804 Northern state either banned or passed laws to gradually end slavery
• South – increase in slavery
• 1820 slave population number 1.5 million
• Price of slaves tripled from 1802 to 1860 ($600 to $1500 ea.)
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The Southern Slavery System
• Most owners saw slaves as property that performed labor in their business
• Work gangs of 20 to 25 slaves labored under the whip of a “slave driver”
• A normal slave was expected to pick 130 to 150 pounds of cotton a day
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Daily Quiz
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The South remained agricultural largely because
• its physical geography made farming highly profitable
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A typical slave owner might have described his slaves as
• property
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The economies of Virginia and North Carolina differed from those of most of the South because they depended on
• tobacco
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In-Class Activity
• Read pages 236 - 238
• Section bookwork.
• On back of hand-out Create a Flow Chart or Tee Chart to illustrate the differences between the North and South regions
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Northern Factory vs. Southern Plantation
• One of the significant differences between the north and south in the years before the Civil war was their economies.
• Factory system – mass production
• Southern Plantation – slave labor