food and agriculture how to feed the ever expanding population currently 5.8 billion 30 years 12...
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Food and Agriculture
How to feed the ever expanding population
Currently 5.8 billion30 years 12 billion
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Modern methods in Agriculture
• Green Revolution
• Blue Revolution
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What’s needed to grow food?
• soil - the outer weathered layer of the earth's crust.
• Water
• Light
• nutrients
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Soil contains both Biotic and Abiotic Components
• Topsoil is the upper 1 ft of land that is usable for plant growth
• Composition is clay:sand:silt defines the character of the soil
• Topsoil varies in different Biomes– Grasslands are the riches– Tropical Rainforest are some the poorest
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BIOTIC ABIOTIC
HUMUS SILT (0.02-0.05mm)
Insect,
Worms
Nematodes
Sand (0.05-2 mm)
Bacteria
Protista
Symbiotes
Clay (<0.02 mm)
Charged
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organic matter - typically about 1% in nature
litter - partially decayed organic matter on the soil surface.
humus - highly decomposed, fine, amorphous organic matter in the soil.
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Functions of Organic Matter: 1) stabilizes soil structure 2) increases water retention and availability 3) increases drainage and aeration 4) increases cation exchange capacity 5) supplies nutrients upon decay
(only if low C:N ratio) 6) stabilizes pH 7) food source for microorganisms
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• Bacteria and Fungi Decompose Organic Matter
• Micorrhizal Symbiotes (tree and fungi) enhance mineral uptake into plants
• Worms, Nematode and Insects decompose organic matter and aerate the soil
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Soil Horizon
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A Horizon or topsoil - highly weathered - abundant life, therefore, high in organic matter - dark colored plow pan - a compacted impermeable layer in the A horizon due to repeated plowing or tilling (approx. 6" deep)
B Horizon or subsoil - less weathered; higher in clay - less life, therefore, low in organic matter - lighter colored clay pan - impermeable layer high in clay. hard pan - impermeable layer high in iron.
C Horizon or parent material - little weathered - little life, except deep rooted plants and little to no organic matter
D Horizon or bedrock - rock base
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TYPICAL AGRICULTURAL SOIL Agriculturally productive soil is a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay.
Riches farming soils: grasslands (Mollisols) deciduous forest (Alfisols)
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Land Degradation
• Overgrazing
• Deforestation
• Agricultural activities
• Overexploitation
• Industrialization
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water and wind are the main
agents of erosion
Trees and Ground Cover Prevent erosion.
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Why has 100 years of farming in the U.S. resulted in a loss of ½ of all cropland?
• Row crops
• Deep plowing
• Heavy herbicide use (no ground cover)
• Machine made gullies
• Chemical fertilizer
• No rotation of crops
• monoculture
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• 72% of all fresh water (rivers, lakes and ground water) is used for irrigation
• Over-watering leads to– Loss of Oxygen– Salinization
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Fertilizers Provide Inorganic Nutrients
• Major: N, K, P, C, Mg,S
• Applied Fertilizer– 1950: 20 kg/ha – 1990:91kg/ha
Phosphates and nitrates from farm field and cattle feed lots are aquatic pollutant.
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Alternative Ways to Fertilize
• Manure
• Crop residues
• Ashes
• Composted refuse
• Green manure – *nitrogen fixing crops
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Climate: The greenhouse effect
• Increasing CO2 increases productivity