for vessel traffic service its and for - wide project · english for vessel traffic service its...
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English for Vessel Traffic Serviceits Features and Efforts for Standardization
Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D.Tokyo Univ. of Marine Science and Technology
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Outline
• What is Vessel Traffic Service (VTS)?• Entering Tokyo Bay• Features of VTS English• Questionnaire Results from VTS Operators• Communication Failure Examples• Standard VTS phrases
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VTS Information Service for Safe Navigation
in Heavy Traffic Areas
• Pilot/Tug Arrangements• Traffic/Weather Information• Risk of Collision/Grounding• Berth/Anchoring Information• Emergency Assistance
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Seven VTS areas
• Tokyo Bay• Nagoya Port• Ise Bay• Osaka Bay• Bisan Seto• Kurushima Strait• Kanmon Strait
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EnteringTokyo Bayvia Uraga
Traffic Route
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Pilot
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From Pilot Station to Berth
• Report ETA at Pilot Stationpilot ladder (port or starboard)boarding speed, drafts forward and aft
• Report ETA at Traffic Route Entranceorder of entry, traffic information
• Report ETA at Port Entranceberthing instructions
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Features of VTS Communication
• Context Rich/Dependent (Routine Exchange)• Limited Vocabulary items• Strongly Goal Oriented• Closed Loop Communication• Non‐natives speakers with various accents• Noise
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Technical Vocabulary
• Nouns port/starboard side, hull, rudderlet go anchor, slip anchorAnchor is aweigh/foul.
• Adjectives/AdverbsMan overboard! after draft, go aground
• Verbs are usually taken from ordinary English with a special maritime meaning
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Questionnaire Study Goal
• To identify cause(s) of radio communication difficulties
• as perceived by experienced Japanese VTS operators
• based on a questionnaire.
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Participants
• 28 VTS operators in 7 VTS areas in Japan• Age: 40‐60• Gender: All male except 1• Average Service Time: 7 (0.5 – 28) years
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Question 1
• Which of the following 16 nationalities of seafarers have you had communication with in English over the radio?American, Australian, British, Chinese, Croatian, Filipino, Indian, Indonesian, Korean, Malaysian, Russian, Singaporean, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese.
• Add any nationality if needed
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Question 4
Q: How do you usually tell the nationality of theperson you are talking with? How easy is it?
A: Phonetic characteristicsSegmental substitutionsIntonation
A: Flag State, Destination, Crew List• Most are quite sure about Chinese, Koreans, Russians, Filipinos, and Americans
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Responses to Q1• Chinese 28 • Korean 28 • Russian 26 • American 20 • Filipino 20 • Vietnamese 17• Indonesian 15 • British 14• Australian 10 • Indian 10
• Malaysian 9• Thai 9 • Ukrainian 7 • Singaporean 6• Croatian 1 • Turkish 0
• Cambodian 2• Dutch 1 • German 1 • Myanmar 1
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Question 2
How easy/difficult was their English? Rate the English on a 7‐point scale
1 = very easy to understand7 = very difficult to understand
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Difficulty Rating Results
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Question 3What makes the communication with the speakers you pointed out above difficult? Choose the factor(s) from the following:
(1) radio equipment (2) vocabulary used (3) speed of speech (4) foreign accent (5) others
Write comments if you have any.
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# of Respondents choosing each factor
Equip. Vocab. Speed Accent Other
Russian (5.81) 3 3 6 15 3
Chinese (5.14) 5 1 13 6
American (4.90) 1 11 2
British (4.29) 2 7 1
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Comments on native speakers
• Speak too fast.• Messages too long with redundant and unfamiliar expressions.
• Lack of respect/Arrogance• Lack of communication strategy
e.g. repeating the same words/expressionswhen asked to “say again.”
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Comments on non‐native speakers
• Phonetic Impressions• Attitude Problemse.g. Get easily upset when not understood.
Say OK without understanding.• Proficiency Variations
Higher‐rank officers = better English
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Demonstrations (Non‐native )
• Foreign Accent 1 • Foreign Accent 2 • Foreign Accent 3
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Demonstrations (Native)
• Native 1 (Fast) • Native 2 (Fast and too many words) • Native 3 (Successful!)
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Question 5
What efforts do you make to promote good communication on the radio?
A: Ask to speak more slowly.A: Use different words/phrases.A: Ask to spell.A: Confirm. (You mean ・・・. Right?)A: Speak slowly.A: Repeat.
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Question 5
What would you like to say to the person whose English is difficult to understand?
A: Speak slowly, clearly, word by word.A: Use short sentences.A: Use standardized expressions/SMCP.
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Suggestions for Successful Communication
• It takes two parties for miscommunication to take place. The key is mutual efforts.
• Improve pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary.• Keep your messages short, yet to the point.• Slow down, and repeat if necessary.• Try different words/phrases if not understood.• Use standardized expressions (SMCP)• If crucial, never, never, never give up.
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Standard MarineCommunicationPhrases (SMCP)
The IMO SMCP includes phrases which have been developed to cover the most important safety‐related fields of verbal shore‐to‐ship (and vice‐versa), ship‐to‐ship and on‐board communications. The aim is to get round the problem of language barriers at sea and avoid misunderstandings which can cause accidents.
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Supplementing SMCP
• SMCP is a minimum requirement.• There are important messages not covered by SMCP
• SMCP contains long phrases that can be simplified
• How about a separate set of Standard VTS phrases?
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Principles for Standard VTS Phrases• Simple words/phrases• Simple grammatical structure• Provide a working list of words/phrases and simple rules to put them together so mariners can create new phrases using known words and grammar
• Include alternative words/phrases in case the message does not get through
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Simplification
• SMCP Rig the pilot ladder on port side, 3 meters above water. Make a boarding speed of 6 or 7 knots.
• How about?Request. Pilot ladder, port side 3 meters above water. Boarding speed, 6 or 7 knots.
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Alternative words/phrases
• One of my crew has suffered heart attack. He is in critical condition. We need medical assistance immediately.
SHOULD THE COMMUNICATION FAIL, TRY
• Chief engineer has had heart attack. Heart attack. His heart is NOT beating. His heart has stopped and he is dying. Send a doctor, repeat, we need a doctor as soon as you can.
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Conclusion
• Standard VTS phrases with simple words and grammatical structures will contribute to safer navigation in congested areas.
• Not only non‐native speakers but also native speakers should realize the importance of standardization and the use of simple, short phrases.
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Thank you for your attention.