forensic ecotoxicology: toxicity associated with ... · • cooling towers recycle water and as...
TRANSCRIPT
Forensic Ecotoxicology: Toxicity Associated with
Halogenated Tolyltriazoles isolated from industrial cooling towers
Birkholz, D.A.1, Goudey, S.E.2, Hoeppner, S.E.3
1D.A. Birkholz Analytical Consultant, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
2Limnos Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
3Life Science Forensics, Ltd., Calgary,
• Cooling towers recycle water and as such incorporate
holding ponds
• When full, ponds are discharged to the environment.
• Regulations require that the holding ponds be tested
for toxicity before discharge and demonstrated not
to be toxic. Different jurisdictions may require
differing toxicity tests (e.g. acute, chronic) in both
US and Canada.
• Several case studies presented involving:
• polyethylene plant
• straddle gas plants (2)
• fertilizer plant
• tire manufacturing
• All effluents found to be toxic
• Effluents subjected to forensic analyses
1-2L sample aliquots pH adjusted: pH 3, pH 9, pH ambient
1 L aliquot aerated Toxicity testing
1 L aliquot filtered Toxicity testing
1 -2 L aliquot passed through C18 columns
C18 column eluted with 4 mL of 25%, 50%, 75%, and two times 100% MeOH in water
3mL diluted to 200 mL with bioassay water
Toxicity testing
Toxicity testing
1 mL archived for chemical analyses
Forensic Method
Luminescent bacteria
Rainbow trout
Fathead minnow
Daphnia magna
Conc. by 3.75X (1 L)
Solid Phase Extraction
Solid Phase Extraction
Solid Phase Extraction
Polyethylene plant
Industry Sample I.D. Microtox %
cntrls or toxic
units
Daphnia Fathead
minnow
Polyethylene Cooling tower blowdown 37% NT NA
Polyethylene CTB, SPE, pH 3, 50% MeOH 52% NT NT
Polyethylene CTB, SPE, pH 3, 75% MeOH 18% T-24h T-24h
Polethylene Plant
SPE, pH 3, 75% MeOH - alkylated
Polyethylene Plant Study
• Because a corrosion inhibitor tolyltriazole and HOBr were
implicated, compounds found were the following:
• bromotolyltriazole m/z 225, 227, 146, 118,117
• dibromotolyltriazole m/z 303, 305, 307, 224, 226
• Little or no information provided by plant as to process
Typical Straddle Gas Plants
Photographs do not represent clients
Corrosion inhibitor a mixture of 5- and 4-methyl benzotriazole. Used with slime
control agents such as NaOCl and NaBr to form HOCl and HOBr
Ref: Potekhina et al (1999) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 52: 639 - 646
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Abundance
m/z 147.00 tolyltriazoles from commericial corrosion inhibitor
xx
x
After alkylation with diazomethane
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Ion 147.00 Cooling tower Effluent
After alkylation with diazomethane
Interaction between inhibitor
and metal surface enhances
with substitutents in the 5-
position of the inhibitor
molecule
Ref: Antonijevich and Petrovic (2008) Intl. J. Electrochemical Science 3: 1 - 28
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Abundance
Scan 1316 (14.606 min): 2501012.D147
77
51104
39 65132
911195830 14145 70 85 11496
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Abundance
Scan 1635 (16.671 min): 2501012.D118
147
77
5191
39
10463
325745 8570 133110
Straddle Gas Plant A
Sample I.D. Compound I.D. Est. Conc
ug/L
Trout toxic
units
Microtox
toxic units
SPE, pH 3.0, 50% MeOH Bromotolyltriazole 18.8 1.0 1.0
Dibromotolytriazole 13.6 1.0 1.0
Tribromotolyltriazole 0.64 1.0 1.0
Total 33.0
SPE, pH 3.0, 75% MeOH Bromotolyltriazole 6.9 2.8 1.7
Dibromotolyltriazole 61.5 2.8 1.7
Tribromotolyltriazole 19.6 2.8 1.7
Total 88.0
88/33 = 2.67
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Abundance
Ion 225.00 bromotolyltriazole
Ion 303.00 dibromotolyltriazole
Ion 381.00 tribromotolyltriazole
Straddle Plant A 50% MeOH - alkylated
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Abundance
Ion 225.00 bromotolyltriazole
Ion 303.00 dibromotolyltriazole
Ion 381.00 tribromotolytriazole
75% MeOH
Straddle Gas Plant A -75% MeOH-alkylated
Straddle Gas Plant B
Industry Sample I.D. Microtox %
Cntrl
Trout
Straddle Gas Plant P-1 SPE, amb pH, 75% MeOH 31 toxic
Straddle Gas Plant P-2 SPE, amb pH, 75% MeOH 32 toxic
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Abundance
Ion 181.00 chlorotolyltriazole
Ion 215.00 dichlorotolyltriazole
Ion 259.00 chlorobromotolyltriazole
Ion 293.00 dichlorobromotolyltriazole
Ion 337.00 chlorodibromotolyltriazole
P1 75% MeOHMicrotox 32% c
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Abundance
Ion 181.00 chlorotolyltriazole
Ion 215.00 dichlorotolyltriazole
Ion 259.00 bromochlorotolyltriazole
Ion 293.00 bromodichlorotolyltriazole
Ion 337.00 dibromochlorotolyltriazole
P2 75% MeOH
Microtox 31% c
Straddle Gas Plant B
Industry Sample Compounds Found
Straddle Gas Plant B SPE, pH 3.0, 75% MeOH Chlorotolyltriazole
SPE, pH 3.0, 75% MeOH Dichlorotolyltriazole
SPE, pH 3.0, 75% MeOH Bromochlorotolyltriazole
SPE, pH 3.0, 75% MeOH Bromodichlorotolytriazole
SPE, pH 3.0, 75% MeOH Dibromochlorotolytriazole
Major compounds found
Fertilizer Plant
Industry Sample I.D. Microtox
% cntrls
FHM
TU
Trout
TU
Fertilizer Plant Cooling water 100 1.3 9.1
CW SPE, pH 8.0, 50% MeOH 9 5.3 21
CW SPE, pH 8.0, 75% MeOH 66 1.3 NA
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Abundance
Ion 215.00 dichlorotolyltriazole
Ion 259.00 chlorobromotolyltriazole
Ion 303.00 dibromotolytriazole
Ion 337.00 chlorodibromotolytriazole
Ion 381.00 tribromotolytriazole
Ion 293.00 dichlorobromotolyltriazole
Plant 36 - 50% MeOH - alkylated
FHM 5.3 TU
19.00 21.00 23.00 25.00 27.00
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Abundance
Ion 215.00 dichlorotolytriazole
Ion 259.00 chlorobromotolytriazole
Ion 303.00 dibromotolytriazole
Ion 337.00 chlorodibromotolyltriazole
Ion 381.00 tribromotolytriazole
Ion 293.00 dichlorobromotolytriazole
Plant 36 - 75% MeOH - alkylated
FHM 1.3 TU
Fertilizer PlantSample I.D. Compounds Est. Conc
ug/L
Trout
TU
FHM
TU
SPE, pH 8.0, 50% MeOH Dichlorotolyltriazole 4.6 21 5.3
Bromochlorotolyltriazole 74.6 21 5.3
Dibromochlorotolyltriazole 120 21 5.3
Bromodichlorotolyltriazole 12 21 5.3
Dibromotolyltriazole 5.3 21 5.3
Tribromotolyltriazole 6.4 21 5.3
Total 223
SPE, pH 8.0, 75% MeOH Dichlorotolyltriazole 3.7 NA 1.3
Bromochlorotolyltriazole 42 NA 1.3
Dibromotolyltriazole 2.6 NA 1.3
Dibromochlorotolyltriazole 30 NA 1.3
Tribromotolyltriazole 1.3 NA 1.3
Bromodichlorotolytriazole 3.7 NA 1.3
Total 83.3
223/83.3 = 2.67, 120/30 = 4.0, TU=5.3/1.3 = 4.0
Tire Manufacturer
Sample I.D. Compounds Est. Conc.
ug/L
Trout TU
SPE, pH 3.0, 75% MeOH Tolyltriazole 149 21-27
Chlorotolyltriazole 1562 21-27
Dichlorotolytriazole 104 21-27
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Abundance
Ion 133.00 tolyltriazole underivatized Ion 167.00 chlorotolyltriazole underivatized
75% MeOH
underivatized
N
N
N
H
CH3
m/z 133
N
N
N
H
CH3
m/z 167
Cl
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Abundance
Ion 147.00 alkylated tolyltriazole
Ion 181.00 alkylated chloro-tolyltriazole
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Abundance
Ion 147.00 tolyltriazole
Ion 181.00 chlorotolyltriazole
Ion 215.00 dichlorotolyltriazole
75% MeOH TMfg - alkylated
RT = 21 – 27 TU
Halogenated Tolyltriazoles and Toxicity
Industry Compound Class Est Conc
ug/L
Trout
TU
FHM
TU
Microtox
TU
Gas Plant Bromotolyltriazoles 33 1.0 NA 1.0
Gas Plant Bromotolyltriazoles 88 2.8 NA 1.7
Fertilizer Bromochlorotolyltriazoles 223 21 5.3 11.1
Fertilizer Bromochlorotolyltriazoles 83 NA 1.3 NA
Tire Mfg Chlorotolyltriazoles 1815 21-27 NA NA
Polyethylene Bromotolyltriazoles NA NA NA 5.6
Cooling Tower Simulation
A
B
C
D
E
Lab Simulation
and HPLC fractionation
Lab simulation and HPLC
HPLC FRACTION Trout toxicity – 24h Major components
A 30% mortality monobromotolyltriazole
B 30% mortality monobromotolytriazole
C 60% mortality dibromotolytriazole
D 60% mortality dibromotolyltriazole and tribromotolyltriazole
E 30% mortality tribromotolyltriazole
Conclusions• Corrosion inhibitors (tolyltriazole used in combination with biocides (HOCl, HOBr, and
stablilized bromine) form halogenated tolyltriazoles.
• These compounds are toxic and persistent
• Rainbow trout (mandated Canadian bioassay) are particularly sensitive to these compounds.
• Luminescent bacteria (Microtox) are also sensitive to these compounds
• Fathead minnow are least sensitive (mandated American bioassay)
• Brominated tolyltriazoles and chlorobromotolyltriazoles are the most toxic. Toxic responses are seen below 100 ug/L
• Chlorinated tolyltriazoles are the least toxic. Toxic responses are in the order of 1000 ug/L
• Cooling towers using tolyltriazole and biocides (HOBr, HOCl) can form either chlorinated or brominated tolyltriazoles depending on maintenance program
• Cooling towers using chlorotolyltriazole and biocides (HOBr, HOCl) form chlorobromotolyltriazoles.
• Reaction with halogens represents a significant component of triazole consumption in a cooling water system.
Conclusions
• pKa of 5-chlorobenzotriazole is 6.12 ,i.e. a weak acid. As the number of halogens increases so
does the acidity
• consistent with efficient trapping on C18 at pH 3.0
• Rainbow trout LC50 for 4(-5)methylbenzotriazole is 21.4 mg/L therefore halogenated moieties
are 2-orders of magnitude more toxic
• 5-methlbenzotriazole is readily biodegradable (77% after 28 days). Also binds with metal
• 4-methylbenzotriazole is recalcitrant
• biodegradation of halogenated tolyltriazoles unknown
• partition coefficient for 4(-5)-methylbenzotriazole is 1.71
• partition coefficient for halogenated TT is unknown - more halogens more lipophilic
Additional Reading
Patrrick J. Downey and B. J. Venables (2005)
Case Study 6.15: Identification of toxic reaction
products in cooling tower chemicals. Pages 228 - 237
Contact Information• Detlef (Deib) Birkholz, MSc, PhD, P.Chem.
• D.A. Birkholz, Analytical Consultant, Inc.
Phone: 587-597-5197
Email: [email protected]
• Calgary contacts: Paracel Laboratories
c/o Dr. Milan Ralitsch
Bay F 1423 – 45 Avenue N.E.
Calgary, Alberta T2E 2P3
Phone 403-776-4443 OR
Life Science Forensics, c/o Stephanie Hoeppner,
Phone: 587 437-8278