FOREST RESOURCES

OF

DHULIA DISTRICT OF

MAHARASHTRA STATE

FOREST SVB."BY OF INDIA

CENTRAL ZONE NAGPUR

1988

M.bMIJ ~ ... ~. ~~ - -. . ----~ I -= e • •• ~,

FOREST RESOURCES

OF

DHULIA DISTRICT OF

MAHARASHTRA STATE

FOREST SVBJ7'EY OF INIJI~t

CENTRAL ZONE NAGPUR

1988

,

PRE l' l\ C Ii:

This report contains the result of the inventory of the for"ests of Dhul ia district in Maharashtra, wade b~' the Central Zone (~f the Forest Survey of India. The inventory waS wade during the period November .1982 to March 1983. The report covers that part of the distr'ict which i:.> included in North Dhulia and West Dhulia Forest Divisions. P~rt of the district covered in Mewasi Forest Division was surveyed during 1977-79 and a report on the forest resources of this part was published earlif:r.

The total forest area of Dhulia district ~s 4503 Sq.km., but this l~eport describes Uw situation of ~. about 3970 Sq. km. forest area which forror..; part of North & W~st Dhulia Forest Divisions.

The total growing stock in the forests of North & Y~est Forest Divis ions is about 3.38 x l~ m

3.

The figure of average growing ~,;tock in one ·hectare of forest works out at 32.86 m3 . The three sp~cies which occur in preponderance are Anogeissus latifolia, Tectona grandis and Boswellia serrata. The three species account for near ly t .... VlO third of the growing stock.

I About 40% of the populat.ion in the region

covered by the inventory is that of t~e tribals who depend substantially on the forest for their livelihood, But unfortunately the forest resou~ce is fast dwindling on aocount of various biotic pressures. The forests have been depleted on accQuni ; of shifting c;ultivation, enoroachments, uncontrolled grazing and frequent fires. Natural regeneration is either absent or inadequate. If immediate Gteps are not taken to prote(~t the forests from the biotio factor:; enumet'at.ed above total degradation of forests may take place. The staff of the Central Zone deserve commendations for their ~o~k,

I hope the repor-t wi 11 be l"weful in plunning forest management in Dbul ia dist.rict.

. J.B.Lal Director

Forest Survey of India ~!5·-Subhash Road

Debradun.

· --------------------------~----------------------------------Paragrapb No.

Contents Page No.

-------------------------------------------------------------

Map of India showing Dhulia district.

Road map of Dhulia district.

Forest Map of Dhulia district.

----------------------------~--------------------------------CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION

-------------------------------------------------------------

1.0 1.1 1.2 Table

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.B' 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 Table

1.11 1.12

General Location and boundaries Administrative Units and Are~

No.1 Break up of Forest Area(sq.km) of Dhulia district. Climate Topography ' ..--Drainage ~ Geology and rocks Soils Minerals Land-use pattern Socia-economic conditions

No.2 - Giving consolidated information of-,' -'Dhulia district under v-e.rious heads.

Infrastructure Ind~stries

1 1 2 3

4 5 5

_ 6

6 7

-7 7 8-10

10 11~ ._

------------------s---:'~--------------7-------------------_____ _ CHAPTER -II THE FOREST-

--_-----------~-----------------~---------_---------~-------2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

General description Damage to the forest Rights and concessions Privileges Forest types Present F'orest Management Wild-life management

12 13 14 1'5 15 18 20

-------------------~-----------------------------------~-----CHAPTER -III RESOURCES SURVEY METHODOLOGY

----------------------------~--------------------------------3.0 3.1 3.2

3.3 3.4

Objectives of the survey Area ,considered for survey Inventory d esign Diagrams 1,2 and 3 showing design of inventory plots. Location of plot on the ground Format f or data collection

22 22 22 23

24 25

""":"'----------.--------------------------------------------------

1 2 3 .--------------------------------~----------------------------

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

Field work Field checking Maps Consistency checking

27 28 28 29

---------~~--~-----------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-IV DATA PROCESSING -------------------------------------------------------------4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7

Sampling Design Data Data processing Area Volume estimation Volume equations Enumerated tree volume Plot volume Stand tables Stock tables Sampling error

30 30 30 32 32 32 34 34 34 34 35

----------------------------=--------------------------------CHAPTER -V INVENTORY RESULTS

-------------------------------------------------------------5.0 5.1 Table 5.1.T 5.2 Table 5.2.T

5.3 Table 5.3.T

5.4 Table 5.4.T

5.5

Table 5.5.T

5.6

Table 5.6.T

5.7

Table 5.7.T

5.8

. Table 5.8.T

5.9 Table 5.9.T

Area_ Forest area by land use classes Break up of area~y land use classes Area by crop compositions Bre~k up of area under different crop composition classes. Area by topography and crop composition Break up of ar·ea under di fferent crop compositions by topography classes. Area by slope percentage classes Break up of ,area under di fferent crop' compositions by slope classes. _

37 37 37-38 39 39

39 40

'40 40-41

Area by crop composition and soil-depth'- 41 classes~,

Break up of area under di fferent crop .' compositions by soil-depth classes. Area by crop composition and canopy layers. Break up of area under differenL urop compos itions by canopy layers. Area by crop composition and top height classes.

41

42

42

42

Break up of area under different crop 43 compositions by top height classes. Area of forests by distribution of 43 diameter classes . Break up of area under different crop 44 compositions by size classes. Plantable area in Government forest land 44 Estimated plantable area in (sq.km. lin 45 Government forest land.

1 3

5. 10 Soi 1 Erosion 45 5.11 Regeneration 45 5.12 Fire incidence 46 5.13 Grazing . 46 5.14 Occurrence of Bamboo 46 Map No.5. 1M Showing land use pattern in Dhulia 47

district. 5.2M Showing crop composition in Dhulia 48

district. . 5.3M Showing distribution of topography 49

classes· in nhulia district. 5.4M Showing distribution of slope classes 50

in Dhulia district. 5.5M Showing soil depth in Dhulia district 51 5.7M Showing top height 52 5.8M Showing S1ze class 53 5.10M Showing incidence of soil erosion in

Dh~a district: q4 5, rm Showing presence of regeneration in 55

Dhulia district. 5.12M Showing Fire incidence in Dhul ia distt. -.56 5.13M Showing Grazin~ incidence 57

- ---------------------------------------------------------------CHAPTER-VI -INVENTORY RESULTS-GROWING STOCK

--------------------------------------------------------------

6.2

6.3

6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Table 6 . rtT

6.1B 6.2A 6.2B 6.3A 6.3B 6.4A 6.4B 6.5A 6.5B 6.6A 6.6B 6.7A

Total no.of stems & stems/he. Stratum - Teak Total n_o. of stems and sterns/ha. Stratum -Sa1ai. _ Total no. stems and st:emsLha. Stratum-Miscellaneous. Total volume & Vol./ha.-Straturn-Teak . ~. Salai

M-isc. Abstract of ~tal growing stock Stems (000] Stratum-Teak

Stems/ha. Teak Stems (0001 Salai Stems/ha. Stems (000) Misc. -' Sterns/ha. Vol. (000)H' Teak Vo 1. /ha. 1',,.-3 Vol.(000)M~ Salai

's. Vol. /ha. M Vol. (000) M3 Misc.

J Vol/. ha. M Stand and stock distribution(combined) stems.

58

58

58

59 59 60 60 61

62 63 64 6.5 66_ 67 68 69 70 71 72 73-74

Jalbe S.7.B Stand and s~ock distribution (combined) volume.

o. Ie Map. No.6. 7M 6.8

Diagram 6. 8D

6.9

Diagram 6. 9D

6.10

'0. 11 Diagram6. 10D

6.11D

6.12

Diagram6.12D

6 .,. 13

.-6. 14 .~

DiagramS .. l=:?D

;Table 6. 14T

Abstract of Growing stOCR per hectare VolGme map of Dhulia distriot. Mean volume per ha. (M3 ) by topography classes. Showing distribution of mean vol./ha. (M3 ) under di fferent topc)grahy classes in Dhulia district. Mean volume per ha. (M3

) by slope classes. Showing distribution of mean vol./ha. (M"3)under different slope classes in Dhulia district. . '3 Mean volume per ha. (M ) by soil depth classes. Mean volume/ha, (M"3) by canopy layers Showing distribution of mean vol./ha(M under different soi'l depth cl asses in Dhulia district. Showing distribution· of Mean vol./ha. (M~) under different canopy layers in DhUJ. ia district. ~ean volume per/ha. (M 3 ) by' top height classes. - .

Showing distribution of Mean vol./ha. (M 3 ) under different ~op heigh~ classes in Dhulia district. Mean volume per bectare JM~ ) by Size classes. Growing stock with forest types with standard error Showing dis-tri bution of- mean volurne per hectare ( M3 .) under different Siz~ classes in Dhulia district. -Growing stock with forest ty~es with Standard error.

ANNEXURES

75-76

77 78

79

80

81

82

83 83

84

85

86

87

88

88

89 90

L _________________________ ======== ___________________ . ______ _ { ,1.

, !

-List of common trees,shurbs , climbers, bamboos-and grasses occuring in forests of Dhulia district . Bibliography

91-94

95

L ____________________________________________________________ _

-

.', .. o

LAKSHAOWEEP

P OF ! ]DIA SHO ~ING ...... seAL:'

1,:,0 s. . I~O 2;)0 ,~. .}OO 5 ' 0

"--~.~;--~~:--~I~~J~~=3

/.~ ) :.r....J .. ~

KARNATAKA : .'"\. ')-. . .,.. .~ r ' ''\j

........ . ) (f"I c, ... .. ,... ..

-;0 " r> v ") TAMILNADU (" "1 17 :

! (

~

CATCH .E T

~ 0

AN~MAN ~ NI~BAR () ISLANDS

Q

o.~

o (1

AREA COVERED IN THE REPORT

•

"

( . 1 . . --. ".'

" _,-_-'

( To Sotana

r' "

) __.

RUAU MAt-'Ut"

DHULE DISTRICT . I' I 000,000 SCALE:- . ,

To Newali To lnd re '-"'-'_. ___ ". ~

. \ ....... -r-._

To Bombay

INDEX:--BOUNDARY STATE

BOUNDARY • DISTRICT HIGH WAY

NATlONAL ROADS WAY

STATE HIGH

UNMETALLED

TRACK.

RAILWAY •

RIVER ...

A INCWDED IN ARE

J

~ (

-=0 S o DHU E DIS1T. \Mo or shira Stero)

\ , _) M P ~.

: JHABUA )

SCALE:- I: 1,000,000

o 7

VADODARA ,/ ,..-", _."

2~o~ ____________ +: _______ .~. ______________ ,_ __ ~o \. ,-I"

DANGS

"" .. ~ ?-l

"

, I ,---_ :,-_.,_ ) , ,

,-J ,_,' ")

NASIK

o 74

KHARGON

, . =\

• '\:::::7' ..:...., t:J1~ "-...-

~

ALGAON21

.DHUI...E\., ) \

~~/ } 75°

INDEX:-STATE BOUDARY

DISTRICT BOUNDARY ..

RIVER

DISTRICT H. Qr.

RESERVED FORESf.

I

•

UNCLASSED fOREST. ~AW?J

DIVISION BOUNDARY , • , ••••

AREA INCWDED IN MEWASI V7 ZZ2I

RERORf.

o

CHAPTER =. I

Forest wealth in India is diminishing very fast due to pressure of population inspite of herolc efforts of the Foresters of the country, Foresters have always laid stress on the principle of sustained yield in managing the forests since scientific management of forests was started in this country more than hundred years ago. However, "With the forests disa~pearing at such a fast rate, yield of any forest produce c~nnot be sustained over a long. period, Under these conditions it has become absolutely necessary to know the quantum of forest wealth available so that appropriate measures to increase or atleast to maintain the present forest can be take9- up.

Forest working' plans, though very important for scientific forest management are not adequate to give correct iaea about the total growing stock available in e. regional pl'anning unit like -a aistrict. Firstly, working p_lans may not cover the entire ~forest area of the district and secondly, forest· area actually enumerated _is very· limited. i.e~ confined mostly to those areas from where the yield is to be obtained during the currency'of the_wor~ing plan,

Modern forest inventory methods give adequate information on various forest resources wi thin a short ti_me and at much less expenditure as compared to norroal working plan enumeration. This is possible because of the appl icatio~ of_.. -appropriate statistical methods to such inventories and use of computers for anal.>'::; i:; of data collected from numerous but randomly selected small plots laid out in the forest areas. Information collected by the Forest Survey of India is not only of 'satisfactory quality but has also a uniform·standard base applicable over the entire country, This enables the planners- to compare informition collected from different parts of the country,-

Central Zone of Forest Survey of India undertook the inventory of forest resources of Dhulia district of Maharashtra during November, 1982 to March,1983. The present report 1S essentially based on the data collected during that period.

1.1

Dhul i a (also known as Dhule ) diotri'ct of Maharashtra State was previously known as Khandesh district. In ancient times its name was Raiska which later on change<]. to Seunadesa under the rule of King Seunachandra.

1

Muslim rulers changed its na:me to Khandesb which included two districts of Dbulia and Jalgaon, administered as one district with Dhulia as its Headquarters. In 1906, however, the Khandesh was divided into two districts for administrative convenience and they were known as West Khandesh and East Khandesh. Former came to be known as Dhulia district with ei~ht tehsils.

Reorganisation of states in 1956 saw the merger of L.his district with Bombay State and subsequently in 1960, it bE':came a part of Maharashtra State. At. present, there, are 10 tehsils in this district.

The district of Dhulia lies in the north-western corner of the state between 20 deg.38'& 22 deg.3'n.orth latitude and 73 deg.47'& 75 deg. 11'east longitude. It is bounded on the west by Gujarat State, on the north by Madhya Pradesh and on the east and south by Jalgaon and Nasik districts respectively. The district is seperated from Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh by the Satpudas and from the Deccan by the Satmala hilI ranges. 'An arm' of the Sahyandri mountains stretches out eastwards into this district.

1.2 Administrative ~9its and ar~~ ~

For administrative convenience , the district has been divided into 10 tehsils which are: Dhulia, Nawapur, Nand.urbar, Taloda; Akkalkuwa, Akrani, Shahada, Shirpur, Sindkhede' and Sakri. Dhul ia is the most populous followed -by Sakri and Shahar,ia. Sakri Akkalkuwa and Akrani· tehsils .. have rio - urban population at all. The di.strict extend's over a geographical area of 13150.0 ~q.~m which is 4.39% of the total area of t..he stat~ and occupies 9th position in the state in. terms of area.

~

The forests of Dbulia district-have been divide~ _ into ~hree Forest Di~sions for administrative and management purposes viz; North Dhulia Forest Division, West Dhulia Forest DivisioD,- both with Headquarter at Dhulia and Mewasi Forest Di vis'ion ,,!i th Headquarter at Ta10da. These three forest divisions comprise of various tehsils as indicated below;-

l.:....Horth !2.huli~ I2_iv!_siQU

L Nest. I2_huli~ Illyision.

Akrani(H.Q.Dhadgaon) Shahada

Dhulia Nawapur Nandurbar Sakri Sindkhede

Sirpur

2

l.:.... Mewasi EQre~t 12iYis ion

Akkalkuwa Taloda

_.. I 3 I I I '"'-

, I

I' 0 - , I I fQ~

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"'3

The total forest area in this dist~ict is 4503.48 Sq. krn which covers about 34. 24:7~ of the geogr-aphical area of the district. The ~istribution ~f forest areas under various authorities/departments fall ing in differ-en.t forest divisions is ~indicated in Table No. 1 on the next page.

Fo~tne purpose of this report, only the forest areas falling'in North and West Dhulia Forest Divisions have been taken into account. The forest area of Mewasi Forest Division was surveyed earlier and report published seperately., as such it bas b.een excluded from the scope of this report.

1.3

Over all climate of the district is dry except during rainy season. Lar-ge variation in day and night temperatur.e has been 'observed as the district is located away from the sea coast. The year may be divided into four seasons. Summer season comme.nces from March and extends till May. It is char-act~rised by dry hot spells and fast winds. It is followed by south wes~ m~nsoo~ sea~on which lasts till September. The district receives its maximum rainfall between July and August.- October and November constitute, post-mon§oon season and winters start- from December and extend tilt February. There are local. variations within the district itself~ Tapi valley in the east is the hottest part of the distriq.t b~t the southern and western Tapi plains are comparatively cooler. The upland valleys of Pazara and other we~tern -plains" are cQoler. even in the. hottest season .. The forests temper the heat to some ~xtent in the Satpl..ldas.

May is the hottest part of the year_with mean daily maximum temperature of 4..0.7 deg. C and the mean daily minimum temperature of 25.8 deg. C. Sometimes, rnercu1;'y touches even 4~ deg. C or more and there is-no let up in the temperature till the onset of the south west monsoon when the weather

. becomes pleasant and temperature drops considerably. During winters', January is the coldest month with the mean dei ly maximum temperature of 30.3 deg. C and the mean daily minimum temperatur-e of 16.2 deg. C. Day and night temper-atures drop rapidly till January.

Average annual rainfall in the district is 674 rr~. The hilly regions of the Satpudas are lashed by heavy rains. July is the rainiest month. Nawapur .recei ves ma.ximum annual rainfall of about 1097 mm, while Dhulia gets the minimum rainfall of 609 WID, which shows tnat rainfall is not uniform in all parts of the district. Skies remain heavily clouded du~ing ~onijoon season, otherwise it is clear for rema~ning part of the year.

4

The distinguishing feature of the topography is the alignment of various topographic features of this district in the east-~est direction. There are three well marked belts running parallel to Tepi from east to west viz; i) The rich and fertile Tapi valley in the middle J ii) The high and wi Id Satpudas in the north and' iii) Bare ridges and we_} I watere~ valleys seperated by the sahyadri ranges and innumerable dykes.

Two prominent hill ranges in the district are formed by the Satpudas in the north and the Sahyadris and their bff-shoots in the west and south. The Satpudas form a broad mountain land mass stretching in a wa11 like fashion from east to west covering the northern tehsils of the district. The hills in these ranges are of considerable height. Toranmal with 1155 metres height lies in north while Bokra Dongar with 1208 metr,es height and Astamba Dongar with 1325 metres height lie in the southern -ranges. The Satpudas are cut up at some places by the tributaries or Tapi .

South- western limits of the dist rict are fo r med by the Sahyadri hills which, in their nQrthern limits run north_:: eastward leaving the broad Tapi plains between them and the Satpudas. An off-shoot of the Sahyadris kn0wn as t he Satmala, breaks off from it in the north west of Nasik and covers the western and southern parts of the district with low hills having good vegetation .

1.5

Except for a, small" 'area in the extreme north western parts of the district, which is d~ained by the Narmada, all the reniaining parts are drained by the - Tapi river and its tributaries. The Narmada forms the north western boundary of ·the district over a stretch, o'f about 70 km. Many of its tributaries drain Akrani tehsil and some parts of Akkalkuwa tehsil.

The Tapi r~ver passes through the heart of this district from east to west with a deep cut bed and plains all along its route 't'li th black soi 1. Tapi being the major river of the district, covers a distance of about 100 kms. within the limits of this district, forming nort hern boundary of Sindkhede and Nandurbar tehs~ls and southern boundary of Shirpur and Shahada tehsils. The banks of TaPl are quite high and bare. Its tributaries, Aner, Baler, Arunavati and Gomti from the north and Bori, 'Parizar-a, Borai> Amravati, Shiva, Rangawal and Nesu from the south meet the river during its course through the district. The rivers corning from t he north tough small in length and of little irrigation potential own their origin to the southern slopes 6f t he Satpudas. They flow throughout the year, but in the midd le

belt, the water passes underground making the bed absolutely dry in Sl.lTllTner- season. The streams flowing from the south owe their origin to the Sahyadri hills draining much wider tract.s. They are of bigger size and greater con,sequence. These streams have been wide-ly used for irrigation purpOl';,e in this district.

. 1.6 g~Q1Qg~ and £ock~

Except for a new narrow strips of alluvium on both the banks of Tapi, almost whole area is covered by the Deccan trap, which is the result of out pouring of lava flo~s which 'spread over vast area of western, central and southern- India at the end of the mesozoic era. The flows, known as ~traps' own their name because of steps or terraced appea!'ance of their- outcrops. U'he trap rocks belong to the "Plateau B~salt' type and are uniform in composition having da~k gray and dark ~reenish gray colour . They have plagioclase felspar, labradorite and pyroxene augite as the main minerals. These basalts are distinguished into vesicular and non-vesicular types. In typical cases non-ves ieu lar basalts show vertical columnar jointing. Laterite forms a thin layer' over the Deccan traps at a few places which is generally vesicular. Contrary' to the general ruie of-trap hills, . the sides lying. west 'of Toranmal are rarely flat topped and frequently extremely craggy. On the northern boundary. of the district' they have a low northerly' dip which is not ver-y regular . ' The traps of Toranmal are nearly horizontal. 'A few trap dykes occur in Akrani.

1.7 Soils

The basalt rock, on disintegration, produces soils of varying depths, ~olour and texture. The followi~g broad soi Is of trap origin have been- noticed.

1. Coarse shallow soils 2. Medium black soils and 3. Deep black soils.

The soils of the· first type are noticed mainly in hilly and undulating areas. These soi-Is 'are often· very

-gravelly and on slopes mixed with stones or mururn which lends reddish colour to it. The depth is little and soil supports poor and stunted tree growth.

Medium black soil is also called black cotton soil ,mixed with organic matter, and is found in flat and slightly undulating areas. This soil varies in colour, texture and depth and supports good tree growth.

Deep black soil occurs in narrow fringes in the valley portion of the Narmada and Tapi rivers. This soil is deep, black in colour and fertile which generally supports ll..lxu.riant tree growth. It develops deep cracks in suz:.:ner and

6

tends to be. water logged during rains. concretions at some places.

It has lime

1.8

No minerals of economic importance have so far been discovered in this district. Lime stone of low grade has been noticed' at some places but remains commercially unexploited. Th~ Deccan traps occuring in this Tegion are fairly extensively used as building stones, road· metal, railway ballast and as an aggregate in cement concrete.

L 9 'Land use Pattern

The entire area of Dhulia district is under following land uses as revealed from District/Census Handbook of 1981 and Statis~ical outline of Maharashtra Forests 198&.

(Area in ~q.km) -----------------------------~----------~--------------_------Total Geo. Area.

Forested land

Irrigated land

Unirriga­ted land.

Culti­vable waste

Area not availa­ble for cultiva­tion.

~-----------------------~---~-----------------~-------------_ 13150.00 4503.48 .~ 207.76 6699.75 529.49 1209.52

100% (34.24%) 0.58% ) ( 50. 95) (~. 03 ) (9.20%) -

----------~---------------------------------------------------~

The above area figures are inclusf~e of Mewasi Forest Divislon having geographical area of 1201.2 sq. km. and forest ar~a of 712.56 sq.km. which is not being considered for the purpos~e of this report as- it is already surveyed and report published~seperately. The fo~est land includes all

_areas under ~forest cove~- irrespective o~their control by Forest or Revenue Departments.

l. 10 Socio-economic conditions

As per 1981 census out of a total population consisting of 2.0502.94 persons , 80.48% lives in the countryside and only 19. 52%_lives in urban areas. The corresponding figures in the state are 64.97% and 35. 03"~ respectively. On the whole, Dhulia is a less urbanised district. Its population density works out to 156 persons per sq. km. The district accounts for highest percentage (9 . 19%) of Scheduled tribes in the state. The 'principal scheduled tribes are Bhils, Dhauka, Gavit, Kokna, Naikda and Pardhi. They are mostly concentrated in the Satpudas and areas flanked by the ranges of the Sahyadris. Most of the scheduled tribes which form 40.53% of district population inhabit the villages surrounded by the forest. Many of them

7

subsist on forest produce and works connected with like collection of mino~ forest produce, forest plantation activities etc.

:forests logging,

The District is one of the educationally backward districts of the state. Educational facilities are available in 87% of the total 1516 villages of the district. Only 37.51% of the population of the d.istrict is literate and ranks 20th as compared to other districts of the state in literacy rate. Literacy is the highest in Dhulia t ahsil and

. the lowest in Akrani tahsil. Massive educational progr.ammes launched by the government are bound to yield results. People- are mainly engaged in agriculture which is the main profession of the people.

Not many villages in the district are covered by medical facilities which cover only 34.47% popu'lation of the district. This situation may be due to unwillingness on the part ' of the-medical personnel to work in .rural and remote areas. However, the establishment of primary health centres, rural dispensaries and cottage hospitals are bound to change the scenaries in the years to come. Drinking water is

- however ava_i lable in almost all the inhabij;;.ed vi llages ."

The district ·.is industrially backward. -:rnadequate power supply and transport facilities may be the reason ·for this .. The cotton textile mill at Dhulia is the only large scale industry worth naming. -The district is a leading producer of ground nut, cotton, red pepper and sugar cane. There are two cooperative sugar mills and many other cottage and' small scale industrial un) ts which provide egIP1 oyment opportun-i ties to many persons.

-Massive rural electrification programme has resulted in electrification of 53% of tpe yi1lages in Dhulia district and nearly three fourth of the rural populati on 1S benefited from this. In Dhulia tahsil 88% of ~he vi l lages have been electrified while in Akrani tahsil only 5% of the villag~s are electrified. _. A positive relationship between the size of the village ana amenities provided is observed.

Table No. 2 below gives consolidated information of Dhulia district under various heads.

Population As per 1981 census

TABLE No.2

Total persons Rural persons Urban persons

Decennial population growth rate (1971-81)

8

62,784,171 40,790,577 21,993,594

+24.54

District

0..

2,050,294 1,650,113

400,181

+23.35

Area(Sq.krn~ ) Density of population per Sq.Km) Sex Ratio (Number of females per 1,000 maler.;)

Literacy Rate Persons Male Female

Percentage of urban population to total population.

Percentage to total population -i) Main workers Persons ii)Marginal workers Persons iii)Non-workers Persons

Break up of main workers: Percentage among Main workers

. i) Cultivators Persons ii) Agri. labourers Persons iii) Household industry Persons iv) Other workers Persons

P.ercentage of Scheduled Persons~ Castes population to total population.

Percentage of Scheduled Persons Tribes population to t6tal ~opula~lon .

Number of villag~s Total Inhabited Uninhabited

Ranking_ of Dhul ia district among 26 ,district 9f the State in terms of:-

Total pop'.1lation

population per sq.km.

3.07,690.0 204. 937

47.18 58.79 34.79

35.03

38.71 3.85

'57.44

35.12 26.63

2.55 35.70

7. 14

9 .~19

41,(333 39,354 ,~2, 479

13,150.0 156 966

37.51 48.61 26.01

19.52

38.01 5.62

56.37

36.74 41.29 2.22

19.75

4.18

40.53

1)532 1,516

16

14 9

i) ii ) iii) iv) v) vi) vii)

'Total area Density of· Proportion Proportion Proportion Proportion

of urban population to total population of SC population t o total population of ST population to total populat,ion

14 22

1

Persons Males Females

of 1 i ,t e r a te popu lation to total population 20 22 20

viii Workers participation rate (Main Marginal workers to t otal population)

~4 17

Persons Ma les

9

Females 16

Number of tehsils in the distriot 10

1. 11

Transport and communication are the major factors for a developing·economy. The tract is very well fed by road and rai lway 1 ines. The roads serve more than three fourt:.hs of the rural population. The transportation of forest produce has now ceased to be much of a problem. All the Range Headquarters are connected by good motorable roads. 'Important highways passing through the district are:-

1.. 2. 3.

Agra-Bombay National Highway No.3 Calcutta ~Dhulia National Highway No.6 Bhusawal-Sl..lrat Si~ate... Highway. .

Apart from these, there are other fairly important fair ~eather roads which cris-cross the district. Theyare:-

1. ·2. 3. 4. -5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Sakri-Pimpalner road Pimpalner -Nawapur road Sakri- Nandurbar road Visarwadi-Nandurbar road Nand\.!. r bar-Dhu 1 i a_.road Visuarnd i -Khandbara road Khandbara -Nandurbar road Shahada-Dadgaon road Dhu-l i a-Dondaicha( 57 km.) -Shahada( 8-6Km) with a branch. to Khetia (105 krn) an important· market place in Madhya Pradesh.

Shirpur -Shahada (57 km) Shirpur-Dhadgaon (64 km) Shirpur-Chopda (75 km) via·Hisala(20 km) Shahada-Ranipur(27 kmT-Toranrnal (54 km) Dhulia -Nandhana (32 kmJ-Shirpur (56 km)-

-Sangvi (80 krn. ) -Palanor (85 Km)

With the 'exception of Akrani tebs iI, the district 1S very well served with a good network of forest roads and cart tracks. All these are-mostly earth roads or murum roads and generally motorable during the dry season .

The railway lines passing through the district are:-

1. Broad guage line of the Central Railway from Dhulia to Chalisgaon .

. . 2. Surat-Bhusawal branch of the Western Rai 1 way.

The main timber markets in the district are at rail heads and sale depots "for timber and other forest prcduce

10

have been established at tbese places. Tbey are Nawapur, Khandbara, Chinchpada, Nandurbar and Dondaicha.

1. 12

There is no large scale industry worth mentioning in Dhulia distr.ict. There is only one Cotton Textile Mill at Dhulia. There are other registered factories like cotton ginning and pressing, manufacture of edible oils, bidi making, leather works etc. The district is a leading groundnut producing area and hence there are number of oil mills. Recently dairy cooperatives have also been started: in the district. Important cottage and small scale industries fire handloom, powerloom, dyeing and printing, blacksmithy, car-pentary etc. These industries provide employment to a oonsiderable number of persons in rural as well as urban areas.

These is no major forest based industry i~ the district. Only a few saw mills are operating at various places. They produce different sizes of sawn wood for the local consumption as well as for exPorting the timber to different parts of the state mainly to Bombay.

2.0

Qli~:e:r~~g= I I

ItlE E.QR[ST

Forests' const·itute a substantial pr'oportion i. e. 34.25% of the district area as compared to the forest area~in the state which is about 20.8% Almost all the forest areas in the district are declared as Reserved forest and are one of the valuable forests of the state. The f~rests are mainly situated on the slopes of the Sahyadri hills and the Satpuda ranges and on the plateau in Shahada, Shirpur, Nawapur, Nandl..lrbar, Sakri, and Akrani tehsils.

The forests in the tract are 'Dry Tropical ForesT.s·' which are deciduous in nature. The most valuable species found is Teak in association with I{hair, Palas, Bija, Dhauda, Shivan,- Salai,. Bel, Hiwar and An jan et.u. Many local variations do occur on account of soil texture,depth, topography and biotic factors. Altitude, however, does not influence ~the crop _composi tion to any appreciable extent in Dhul ia district. Tpe aspect of s lopes does play an important role in determining the qua~itYJ density and compos-i tion of the fores·ts. ~. It is observed tha..t northern and western slopes are comparatively better ' stocked than the southern and eastern slopes. Soil depth and tsxtu~e also influence the ,_quality ·of the crop. Well drained -deep. and light soils provide optimum growth conditions for development of the crop, while the clayey soils, which become water logged, ,affect the growt~ adversely. The quality of the crop is' also deterrnined to a great extent by the depth of the soil. Irl?egular exploitation in the past, in some areas, has considerably_ reduced to nos, of trees r...eaching maturity, The ravages of fire are more pronounced~n the hilly areas and­it has resulted in malformation of crop. Forests, have potential and cap~bility of producing good timber in s.ome areas. Trees get hollowed and unsound due to fires. It has also reduced the fer-tility of the soil and the site quality is showing signs of fast deterioration. The soil is almost .:l.bsent alon,g steep slopes and the tree growth is stunted. Dense forests are fast turning into open forests and scrub jungles and percentage of teak trees has gradually reduced resulting in reducing the values of these once commel:cially valuabl.e fore s ts. Regeneration of coppice is also showing signs of failure due to exces s ive fires and considerable areas have become open. Attempts ~t artificial reproduction have also n ot yielded favourable results in view of very degraded nature of the are as. Heavy and uncontrolled grazing has added to the already alarming situation. Only specially. protected areas have depicted reasonab ly good growth of grass.

12

2.1

The agencies causing significant damage and inflicting considerable injuries to the forest are man and bis cattle. The damages caused by the other biotic agencies like wild anima.ls, insects, parasites, weeds climbers etc. are not as serve as due to the above two agencies. Damage due t6 frost is not of serious nature and that due to drought is also negligible.

been , this

a)

The damage to the forests .in Dhulia district quite co~spicous and the main factors responsible

are:-

has for

Accidental fires in the forest are of rare occurence but mOTe often than not these are caused by man in many ways. Sometimes, people drive the gam~ to a convenient spot by setting fire all ·around th~ suspected place of hiding of the wild animals. Graziers also set the forests to fire in summer season to get an early and succulent growth of grass after fjr~t monsoon sh6wers. Villagers, very often, set fi res to f.o.rest to collect minor forest produce and for clearing the foot paths. Fires cause extensive damage to the young crops and the seedl ings. F-ires also accelerate the soil erosion by destroying soil cover and humus and i ·ts moisture absorption- capacity is con~iderably reduced. The forest of Dhadgoan and Toranmar ranges suffer extensive damage due t.o :f:t:."eqt~ent fires. Because of the rugged terrain and lack of proper comrnunicati6hs in such terrain it is often diffi cult to ex-pedi tious loy reach the fire affected areas and put out the fires. Pr'ecautions taken, from time to time to minimise the out.break of such f~res, are" not adequate.

b)

Damaie caused to the forest by illicit felling is more pronounced in acc essible areas. The local tribals in such areas dispose of the illiCitly feJled wood to villages and ·t:.owns to earn their livelihood. Generally, hoteliers purchase the wood brought by the t r ibals. Qui t e a substanti a l quantity of illicitly felled timber is used for house building- and thes~ hous e s are s o ld a fter 3-4 years to persons who make it a business to purcbase such houses cheap and sell the timber used at higher rate. This cycle continues and :the forest cover is seen depleting at an alarmingly high rate. Follarding of trees for foliage, fodder and for roofing is a lso resorted to which has resulted in large scale damage to the crop e s pecia1ly in a tract where it has become increasingly di f ficult t o raise t ree species.

13

The tendency to encroach upon the forest land cultivation is ever increasing which is further fostered by comparatively norainal fines and lenient punishments meted out to the encroachers. 'The destruction and damage done to a healthy forest crop by these encroachers should be compensated by imposing severe punishments and huge fines so that people should resist this practice. Strict laws should be devised to check· their degradation 'by man.

d)

A large number of uneconomic. cattle of villages around the forest areas subject the forests to heavy grazing #

pressure. Remote hilly areas are comparatively less prone to such pressure. The YOt.lOg crop is damaged by trampling and browsing making conditions for regeneration and growth extremely unfavourable. Grazing is more pronounced in Anjan forests. The ill-effects of excessive grazing are commonly visible on marginal lands and in~the proximity of habitations where the forest lands have been laid bare of vegetal cover, Many provisions exist in the law but they are hard~y enforced to check this menace - of high grazing incidence. Afforestation of vast scrub areas has become a difficult task due to heavy and uncontrolled grazing. ihis problem needs careful planning and tactful handling of the people to improve upon the existing situation.

e)

The inventory results-show that 4.21% of the forest land is affected by shifting cult-ivation. This is al1other-factor responsible for inflicting considerable damage to the 5orests. Large areas are affected by this menance every year which is practised on a rotational ~rnanner. Shiftlng cultivation not only results in destroying the well stocked forest areas but also_ causes extensive soiI" erosion. Removal of top soil leads to loss of fertility of soil and it becomes denuded. The absence of vegetal cover exposes the soil to the impact of falling rain drops; there by accelerating the soil run-off and causing sheet and ~ully erosion. On account of loss of top soil and its fertility the forests ·generally degenerate into poor scrub. Unlesss some immediate measures are adopted to check this process ~f shifting cultivation and subsequent soil erosion, the degradation of the remaining vegetal cover will only be a matter of time.

2.2

The general right of way and to the water courses exist in these forests. The right to certain forest prodl.lce

14

such as timber(excepting some 10 species) J mohwa flowers, firevlDod, building material, grazing etc., exist in ·favour of certain persons whose names have been entered in the registers kept by the Divisional forest Officers. An extract copy of this register, the nature of these rights and the areas from where these are permitted to be excercised, are reproduced i~ Appendix XII. These rights were admitted by the Gover-nll1ent in their reso~ution Nos. 3558 dated 31.5.1982 and 2427 of 19.:3. 1984, No.' 3801 dated 13.6. 1882 , 238 of 16.1.1878 and 2487 of 19.3.1889. These rights were declared as hereditary in G. R. No. 344 of 19th May J 1891: In 1889, attempts were made to commute their rights but with little success. Rules regulating the ex~r-cise of these r-ight have been enumerated in paragraph 93 of Bombay Forest Manual, Volume III. . .

2.3

Several special privileges, in addition to t he general pri vi leges, which are cornruon to the whole state, have been sanctioned fr.om time to time and made applicable to this district as well. These privileges mainly relate to the removal of grass, deadwood on head load (excepting some species), teak leaves for ropf thatching, K&ravi for fencing , Mohwa flowers and fruits and thorns for agriculture and domestic uses etc.

Forests of Dhulia district a~e more 'or less ~niform and of one major- type with local var.iations due to biotic and

-edaphia factors. According to Chrunpion and Seth's revised clarifIcation of' forest type (1963) J it is -the Southern tropical Dry Deciduous forest with its sub types as below

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

1.

-A) ~Q!.!1::h~£!1 TrQ£iQ§.l !2£X. DecigJ,J,ous .E.Q£~stg

5 AC1_b 5 AC3 DSI

E2 E4

~ . -Dry teak forest -Southern Dry mixed decid~ous forest -Dry deciduous scrub.

-Bosw~llia forest -Hardwickia fErest.

Teak. occurs allover the district in varying proportions. In dry teak forest, teak forms the major

• i

proportion of the crop. At places it formS' almost a pur~ . crop. Nearly 50% of the forest area of the district is under this type. Good teak forests are found in the northern part of the district and are confined to hilly or undulating topography. Quality is gener-ally III and at some place it

1.5

is II also. Large scale encroachments in these areas .. ,hich have resulted in heavy illicit fellings and consequent impoverishment of teak crop, good teak forests are rapidly t 1..lrning into miscellaneous forests due to selective illicit cutting of teak.' Natural regeneration of teak is satisfactory but for~sts are subject to fire damage and heavY· grazing due to activity of encroachers which affects regeneration. 'I;here are two importan·t associations of teak In these forests.

,

1) Teak-Anogeissus association is found on dry shallow and exposed sites. These ar~as ar~ frequen:tly affected by fire.

2) Teak-Terrninalia association is found on clayey soils. Proportion of Terminalia crenulata is considerably high in this association. Butea rnonospermB and Morinda tinctor.ia also occur with Terminalia in this association.

Other important associates of teak in these forest are Dalbergia latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordi fol ia,- Stephegyne parviflora, Gre\via ti 1 i8.efo1 ia, Anogeissus latifolia, Pongamia pinnata, Acacia catechu, Butea monosperma, M9rinda tinctoria, Zizyphus xylopyra, Lannea coroman'del iea, - Eleodendron gla1 .. 1Cum·, Dendrocalarnus strictus etc;. Or'"! dry and shal-low soils and in areas subjected to frequent fires and heavy -grazing quality of teak is quite poor 1. e. _ IV or even IV b. On-'lower hill sl~pes,_ where the soils are deep and fertile, good quality teak grows and ~here is high 'percentage of this sp~cies which dwindles as qne ~oes to upper hill slopes where generally Salai and Dhawada predominate, Teak- is rarely seen above the elevation ~of 600 metres and its pJ~ce i$ taken by Salai and Dhavada.

2}

In th .. is type, teak is found Jnixed with other miscellaneous species and its percentage j,"fi much less. It is no longer the predominant species. Depending upon soil characters, this type' varies cons~derably in species composition and the quality. Superior type of mixed deciduous forest is found in areas where deep and ,fertile clay loam soils are found .. Many of these areas show signs of waterlogging and develop deep gracks in the dry season, Quality of the crop is generally III b u t approaches II at some places. Terminalia crenulata-Aegle marmelos-Pongamia pinnate. association is found in many places. Aegle marmelos and pongamia pinnata decrease in the western parts and their place is taken by Lannea coromandelica, Term i nalia crenulata, Butea monosperraa and Cassia tara 'a're also frequently found a long with other association of teak mentioned under Dry teak forests.

metres, On

the u pper hilI slopes, above ·the e I evat i on of

soil i s at many places shallow murrumy

16

600 and

bouldery_ In such areas Anogeissus latifolia, Boswellia serr-ata, Acacia catechu, Ougenia oOJe~nenses) Mor-inga oleifera are seen with other miscellaneous species. The quality of crop is poor. Forests in general are open and areas are damaged by frequent fires. There is dense growth of grass over most of the areas. Patches of Karavi are seen growing in ~ower regions.

On Toranmal plateau where soils are shallow and murrumy Ougenia oojeineses occurs in qhite large proportion along wi t.h other common associates.

In areas which are undulating and affected by gully and sheet erosion, poor growth of mixed miscellaneous forest is found. Quality of crop is IVa to IVb. Cownon species are Kansari (AI bizzia 8.lnaral Anogeissus latifol i a, Acacia catechu and Boswellia serrata. These forests, on degradation by biotic fact.ors, degenerate into scrub forest.

3.

This sub type occur's over large areas with poor soil conditi~rls. -The growth is stunt.ed and crop under stocked. Being nearer to habitations the incidence of grazing, illicit felling is very~high. Due to inadequate soil cover, frequent fires and exce~sive pasturage, shee~ 'and gully erosion is progresslng at an ala:rming rate and large tracts are seen to be cut-up with deep nalas and gullies. The CJ;:Op e.xhibits pronounced xerophytic ~cological associations wi t_h stunted and malfQ.rmed tree cover. The common vegetational associations are Acacia catechu, Acacia ~euco£hloea, Acacia arabica, Balanites aegyp~ica , Zizyphus xylopyraA ~oymida febriftiga, etc.

4. Bosweliia t~al~il fore&ts

This type of forest is found extensively over hill tops of the Satpuda ranges. It is also found to occur in association with teak type, mixed miscellaneous t~~e and anjan sub-type forests described above. Quality of the crop is IV a bu~ at places even III qual~ty crop is also seen. The crop generally cQ-fl'lpr i ses of mature trees and reproduction of salai is almost absent.

5.

This type of forest occurs mostly in the areas around· Sirpur and Akrani ranges and portions of Toranmal plateau. It is also found in many grass reserves locally called as , Kurans" . Although anjan retains :ii-.s predominance through-out these areas but its composition varies from almost, pure crop to mixed one. The quality of the crop various from IVb to IVc. Spattered patches of natural re~eneration are also seen but they suffer from drunage due t9 frequent fires, excessive grazing and illicit cutting.

17

Growth of grass is quite abandant in £orest areas. 'Important grass species found species, Aristida paniculata, Apluaa varia, contortus, Andropogon species etc.

almost all are Themeda Heterapogon

List of common trees, shrubs, climbers, bamboos and grass'es occuring in the forest of Dhul ia district is appended at Annexure-I.

2 .. 5

Forest areas inventori ed for_this :l:'-eport 1 ie in' North Dhulia and West Dhulia Forest Divisions. Fores~s in these areas are managed under the followinl6 working circles:

1

This includes hilly areas of Akrani 'range and ridges and spurs of Sahyadrie~ where the slopes are precipitous. These forests are mostly of poor quality. Teak and rni~cellaneous trees ar~ generally unsound, malfOrmed and overmature. Obj'Bctive of this working circle is to ~ preserve and improve the present growing stock and conserve soil and water.

2. Selection-cuITI-i!I!I2royem~!lt:. wor:.kirrEI circle

AreRS 1n the hills which are not included in Proiectio~ Working circle but where concentrated working requiring clear felling and planting 1S not possible are included in this working circle. De~d, .... dying, diseased, malformed or otherwise defective trees are removed and efforts are made to increase the" percentage of teak and other valuaole species by appropriate treatment "and also plantin~ whereever possible.

3. -

This working circle includes areas which are capable of producing small to medium sized timber, poles and firewood. The areas covered by this working circle have teak bearing forests with proportion of teak ranging from 40% to 88% in growing stock.

4.

This working circle consists of areas of selected better quality forest of hill block. These areas are either flat have or moderate slopes on the ridges. This wo~king circle is carved out of the hill block by especially selecting .area which are considered fit for conversion. Teak is the prominent species in the crop composition. Fires have played havoc with the vegetation resulting in depletion of the

18

growing stock ln general and of teak in Regeneration of teak is unsati~factory.

particul ar.

Main objectives of this working circle are 1) to convert the existing stand.s inito regulu.... forest of teak and other valuable'species like Khair, Shisham etc. with a view to ensure sustained supply of big sized timber of valuable species and 2) to meet local demands for small timber and :firewood.

5.

Follqwing areas are covered by this working circle:

1. Most of Anjan forests which are unworkable due to spar-se growth and low percentage of economically important species.

2. Under stocked areas having inferior mixed miscellaneous . forest which 8,re not capable of producing firewood and poles for economic working of the areas.

3. Scrub forests~which mostly comprise of uneeonomic thorny species nnd are 'unfit for working.

4. Small scattered patches of poor quality teak and mixed misc~llaneous forests.

The crop -consists of mixeg. miscellaneous and scrub forests of inferior quality and' low density of.stqcking which have ceased to produce even poles and firewood. Such crop is removed from the growing stock' without creating any permanent opening in the canopy or without extending the existing blanks or understocked areas. These areas favourably respond to all round._ improvement by undertaking intens i ye ~fforestation work intended to improve the condition of the growing stock.

6.

The area of this working c~rcle comprises kurans i.e. closed pasture lands. These areas ar-e-not capable of producimr any timber or fuel vwod. The demand for fodder gras; and anjan leaves and also for grazing is quite acute in these areas and it is expected tbat the cr-eRtian of kurans in such areas will certainly augment the sources of fodder for these areas. At present grasses of low fodder value are found in these ~reas such as Aristida funiculata, Andropogon contortus.; Apluda varia, Andropogon pUTn:l.lis. Good fodder grasses 1 ike Ischaemum la)...'Um and Sehima sulcatum are of rare occurrence.

In addition there are overlapping working circle like' Bamboo working circle, Khair working circle and Karaya

19

gum working circles to manage extraction of Bamboos, Khair trees and Karaya gum r.·espectively. There is also a special Toranmal working circle to undertake beautification of Toranmal plateau which is assuming importance as a hill resort. . 2.6 tli 14.=.1 ifg M?.nagg)Tlen:!;::.

Forests of Dhulia district, which were once ab.undant in wildltfe, are at present devoid of it, primarily due to' wanton felling of trees, destruction of pastures, lo~s of fodder and depletion' of water sources. Wildlife is fast disappearing in the tract due to improved means' of communications and also due to invention of ammunitions,

"rifles. and guns. Because of large scale hunting, big game is rarely to be seen in the district now. Amongst the common species of fauna. following are generally not·iced to occur in the forest areas of Dhulia district.

A)

1 ~~~rniyol~a:Tiger (Panthera tigris), panther (Panthera pardus), Blac~ bear (Melursus ursinus), Wild cat CFel"is chaus)~ Jackals (Canis a~r-eus), Hye;:ta (Hyaena hyaena) Fox (Vulpes bengalensis ) etc.

2. tleribiY9r~: The_ Hog (Sus cristatus),Barking deer(Muntiacus muntjack) , Horned antelope (Antelope cervicarpa), Sambar (Cervus l..micolot"), Spotted_deer (Axis axis). Chinkara (Gazella gazelle ), __ Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamalus) etc.

l:)

Hare (Lepus nigricol~is),

indica), Squirrels etc. Porcupine (Hystrix

C)

Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Jungli murgi(Gallus sonnerati and Gallus fer.rugineo 1..ts) • Pigeon (Columba intermidea), Titar (Fran' colinus pondicarianus), Bater (Coturmix communis) etc. .

Provisions of the Bombay Wild Animals and Wild Birds Pt"otection Act, 1951 have tended to be quite effective in dealing with the offences committed in respect of the wild animals. Under this Act. hunting qf any wild an'imal or bird is prohibited whether in forested, nonforested a~eas or private land.

Shooting of the deer has been totally banned may help in augmenting the no. of deer which is getting extinct in this tract.

20

which almost

No rigbts and privileges have been granted t.o anybody for hunting wild animals and wild birds. The factors mainly responsible for depletion of wildlife in the tract are as below:

i) EQ.f!Q.t.r..ng,: The lust for meat amongst, abori€ina: people has been responsible for disappearance of large number of carnivorous and herbivorous animals. However, instances of poaching and illegal shooting are r·are. ,Crop protection guns issued to farmers is also a serious menace to the herbivorous fauna.

ii) Eireg_: Forest fires are quite common allover tbe forest areas of the district particularly in Akrani range, which have caused i"rrepairable damage to the forest flora and fauna. Fires have destroyed natural habitat of the wild animals and dri ven them to take shelter' near' the human habitation and thus becoming an easy target for poacher's gun or the aboriginals" arrow. During summer season, scarcity of watt::r :forces large number of wild animals to migrate to the lower .valleys for food, water and shelter.

iii) f2.tn:.i.n.l;,age Qf for.~~:t f!r-e~§_: Shifting cultivation, encroachments, illicit felling and transfer. of forest lands for non-forestry purposes are the main reasons for the ever increasing shrinkage of' forest areas w.hich_.has resulted in the disappearance of wild animals to Uhe large extent.

21

3.0

~H6E:rEE .::J~l

EE~QQRQE.~ ~UEYEY ME1HQP01QQY

The objectives of this resources survey were

1. To collect. infor.mation on distribution of forest with ref~rence to g~neral topography, altitude, aspect, slope, depth bf s6i1 etc.

2. To collect various information on crop data including origin of-orop, i.e. seed, coppice or man made crop), its compos i tion, height,""!:; ize, quantum of regeneration, injuries to crop, fire incidence, grazing incidence, presence of weeds and grasses etb.

3. To collect information on bamboo occur.rence su'ch as species found. their density, quality, stage of flowering-and cegeneration etc.

," .'

4. To estirrlnte the areas falling under various land. uses.

5. To eX'isting

estimate the growing stock- of trees in various land-uses.

and bamboos

6 "-To determine the plantation potential of the land.

~ 7. -. To focu!3~ attention on the critical aspects about the condition of the forest for national planning.

3.'1

_Fo~ the purposes of this inventory) the forest are~s falling under North and West Dhulia Divisions of Dhulia district, .excruding Mewasi Forest Division, were considered. For the purpose of deciding forest areas the Survey of India toposheets. prefe r ably more recently published on 1:50,000 scale and in case of their non-8.vailability 1"=1 mile s cale used for the survey. All those areas which are dem8.rcate by double dotted forest boundaries on those toposheets and are having greenwush within or outside s~ch boundaries were take n as f-orest areas f o r undertaking the inventory.

3.2 InventoIT d~si!o1.n: The inventory design adopted for this survey was

evolved in con~ultation with the Centtal Statistical Orga nisation ). (Govt. of India). The design envisaged the

survey of two randomly selected plots each of 0.1 ha. area,

22

o 23 15

05

04

0.;,

02

Oi

23 ~. o 01· 00 75~5'

- GRID NO. 0:3 01

-

02 03 04 05

-

DlAGRAM-I DIAGRAM SHOWING IDENTIFICATION OF GRIDS ON I: 50,000 OR 1:63,360 SCALE TOPOSHEETS

DIAGRAM -2 04-+---:-----.;;,__---:t-" /-

DIAGRAM SHOWING LAY-OUT // / ~-

OF PLOT IN 2 '121 X 2 1121 GRID - / /

/ /

-'- /

'XGRID CENTRE X I /1 ~ P2

lX' 8 'vI ARE THE DiSTANCES ALONG . ~

• Xl -S Iy' AXES WITH SW CORNER AS

THE ORIGIN ~ / ',.t:::J\6. • / y~ 0 '\[;;I...

01 ORIGIN

I ,"'-. , "­,

DIAGRAM-OS DIAGRAM SHOWING

. LAY-OUT OF A...OT

, 2

in each grid of 2 1/2" x 21/2' on 1:50,000·toposheets. One gr-id of 2 1/2' x 2 '1/2" in thi~area roughly covers 20 sq. kln. The srunpling intensity of the inventory, thus, comes to 0.1 ha. for 10 sq.km. area i.e. 0.01%. The method of marking the plot centre on the map within the grid is as follows:

Two 'sides (X-axis and Y axis) of a 2 1/2" x 2 1/2' grid are measured in milimeter. The length of these sides is divided by 0.6324 lTlm. '(side of 0.01 ha. square pIt) in case the m'ap is on 1: 50, 000 scale or by 0.4990 rnm. in case the map is on 1:63,360 scale. The quot.ient obtained is rounded. Let the numbers for X axis be X and that for Y axis be Y. ONe set of three random numbers are selected from random numbers table. If the random number selected for X axis is less than x then it is retained and if the random number is more than x then it is divided by x and the remainder retained_ Similar exercise has to be done for Y axis also. The figures so obtained for X and Y axis are the coordinates of the centre of plot No_ 1 which has to be reckoned from south west corner of the grid as the origin . The distance along X axis is measured towards east and along Y axis towards north. Thus, the location of pl.ot No. 1 is marked on the map at the crossing of these two coordinates. Similar exercise has to be-done for plot No.1 of each grid,

For lfJar-king t.he centre of the seconc:l plot of each grid, the plot centre of _the first plot and the centre of the g:::·id (2 1/2" x 2 1/2') are joi ned and the line extended to the- same distance in opposite direction beyond the grid centre. The plot so reached is the plot centr-e of the second plot. The locati,on o_f second plot is, thus, linked with that of t he first plot. The layout ~of 2 .l/2" x 2 1/2" grid and the plots is shown in the diagrams _l, 2 and 3. The plot_so marked are'to Se visited only when they fall in forest areas i.e. the area covered by green~ashjn the Survey of India toposheet ·on 1:50,000 scale or 1:63,360 5cale.

3.3

As stabed earlier, the survey is confined to the fore~t are8.3 only. as d e crded on the basis or forest boundaries and green wash on the toposheet.s. The plot has to be visited only when it has fallen in some forest area. All the forested plot s of the survey area were allotted to different crews duly marked on the toposhe.ets. The crews had t o draw up their programme t o halt to some convenient place in order to tackle maximum plots from that place. The plot all the toposheet has to be exact.ly located on t he. ground with the help of so~e conspicuous feature , near by it. The exact location of the plot was made by calculating the bearing ahd distance of the plot from the reference point i . e. cons pic uous feature, indentified on the map and e x a ctly located on the ground_ Further traversing of distance was made by f o llowing the comp ass bearing and measuring the

24

distance to the plot. While traversing to the plot the .magnetic declina"Lion found in the area, as. indicated on the map, was also tak~n into account. ~imilarly for traversing the distance,slope corrections were also made in order to measure correct horizontal distance.

On reaching the plot centre, a square plot was laid out by taking distance of 22.36 metres in all the four directions (North, East~South and West) from the plot centre. Thus, an exact plot of 0.1 ha. area (having each side of 31.6.2 metres) was laid out horizontally after making corrections for slope with the help of Blumeliess hypsometer.

3.4

Afte:z;:_ laying out the plot in 'the fi eld, various data were collected in~the following field forms in codified manner (except Plot Approach Form) as d~scribed in the field manual in detail which was issued to the cre~s for data collection pur·poses. This facilitated the tran""sfer of data on punch cards, consistency checking of collected data as per field manual and finally processing of data on electronic computer at a later stage.

The field forms-a~e:-

1. Plot Approach Form _2. Plot Description Form

3. Plot Enumeration Form ~. Sample Tree Form 5. Bamboo Enurneration-cum--Clump Analysis Form, 6. Bamboo Enumeration Form for Non-clump Forming

Bamboos. 7. Bamboo Weight form. 8. Herbs and Shrubs Data Form 9. Spe"Cial- Study Form for Volume and Uti 1 i ty

Classes.

1. ELQ~ Approach Form: As the title suggests , this form' is a record of approach to the plot centre from the field camp of a crew. It i; filled in by the crew leeder as he proceeds - froUl his camp to some conspicuous feature existing near by the plot. The distance and bearing from the well defined refe~ence point to the plot centre is also recorded on it. The exact location of plot centre i.e. bearing and dist~nce from two trees ~o the plot centre is also mentioned together with the tim~ of departure from camp, time taken in various studies and time of arrival ·in the camp. This form helps the check crew or any other persons to relocate the plot easily whenever required. The data on this form is recorded in descriptive manner with neatly drawn sketch showing the location of reference points, plot centre etc~ whenever n9cessary.

25

2.

Tb:i s formJ is designed for recor-din£! qualit.ative description of 2 ha. area around the plot centre. The information regardirlg' adrnin istrati ve units, legal status, land-use, topogra~hY~ soil, vegetation, bamboo, regeneration, biotic influences, accessibility, pI ant at 1 o.n potentiality etc. were redorded. The data was recorded in codffied manner

I .

end was tr'ansferred to punch cards for further computer analysi~. The stratification of area and classification of growing stock was done on the basis of those descriptions only. 1

3. rIot ~rr~meratiQrr FO~ffi~ f

In this forw, all the trees having diameter 10 cm. over bark and above and all the bamboo clum~s ,occuring in all 0.1 ha. sample plots were recorded by species . This ,,'as meant for computinglto~al growing stock.ex~sting ~n all su~h plots" and finally 1n whol e. of the survey area which "',ere estimated on ~he ba~is of these plots.

4.

Detai.led information regar'ding the species, dia. at breast height -(over, ~ bark), he.ight, clear bole, bark thickness, dominance, defects etc. of all tree~ occuring in NW quadr~nt ,qf all the p'lots were recorded on this form. On

. the basis of these parameters " (i. e. height, 'dia. and cl'ear . bole). ,we _sot volume of bhe plots which further ehable us to _estimate the tOifal growing stock of the area fall ing under various strata.

-. ,

In this form, the ~ata ~f individual culms occuring 1n the 'select~cl"clurnps bearing serial No.1, 9, 17,25,33 .... etc. i. e. ,tbe first and every eighth clump appeared in Pl'ot Enumeration F:orw, was recorded. Thus, information about the age, soundness, Gize, condition etc. of the culros was obtained and analysed in vai.~ i ous co lumns of th i s f6rm. This information gave the position of total bamboo stock by clumps occuring under various conditions~

6. ' liamboQ &ll~ill~£ati0rr FO~ill speQies:

This form VIas not used i~ this survey since n6n­clump forming bamboos vlere not found in the tract. The are generally found in the North-eastern region of country, Tbe'Mooli bamboo (Melocanna bambusoi~es) is frI(:1in ,.species 'of this l~ind profusely found in Manipur

same the the

& Tripura etc. of ~orth Eastern region of the country.

26

-:

7.

Thi s form was des igned for col.lecting data to determine the gre~n weight of bamboo of different species and size~ and further t'or est.abl i shing relationship between green and d~y weight of ~he bamboo culm. The data was recorded in respect of two selected culros from each dia. class i .. e. 2<5 , 5<8 and 8+cm and the green weight of three 50 cm. long Sl..lb­

s~.mples, each taken from the bottom, the middl e and the top portions of the culm. FurtherJ these three samples were .dried in air and finally in the oven in order to remove their moisture contents and to get their ·dried weight. This faci 1 ita·l:.ed to establ ish relation between the green weight and the dry weight to know the total growing stock of bamboo in terms of weight.

8.

Data sq. mt . ( 2 rax2 Tn )

this form.

9.

regarding shrubs and herbs occuring in 4 area around the plot centre was recorded In

In order to l)alculate_cull and utility volumes under various dia. classes ranging from 10 cm. d.D.h.o. b. and above for all important species, occuring in the trac't,J the special volume study was conducted and ,slata on various aspects recorded in this furro. This has further enabled to draw a general volume and utility vo~u~e table for the important species found in the trac't \vith regard to their occurrence in various diameter' classe-s.

For undertaking the special vqlume study adequate number of trees (544 Nos . ). representing all important species . 'and dia. classes were felled in different representative areas/working coupes in the tract . The logg~ng of such felled trees wa~ carried out strictly as per 1.5. I. prescriptions for different utility classes such·as plywood, saw logs, poles, pulp and fuel wood. The prescriptions include the specifications of species, length and dia. of ~he log, and admissibility of certain defects like rot, hollowness, bends, twists, cracks, knots, etc. for each utility. Detailed instructions to this effect were included in the field manual meant for the crew undertaking the study.

3.5

Field work of Dhulia district was completed between Nov.,1982 to March,1983, keeping the base camp at Shahada . There were four crews deployed on this work, each consisting of one Jr. Technical Assistant as 'Crew leader, one Deputy

27

Ranger and two Fieldmen.. One vehicle was provided between two partie.s to undertake the field work.

During the course of field work, the checking of the surveyed p~ots were done by the Dy.Director incharge of the survey and the Sr. Technical Assistant (Check crew). About 10% of the total number of plots tackled by various crews, were checked and mistru~es; if any , found during the checking were removed from the field forms.

3.7. M~E§":

The maps cov'ering the survey area used during the inventory work, their scale and year of survey on the basis of which these maps were prepared by Survey of India and no. of plots falling in each are given below:

-----------------------~~------------------------------------S.No. Map sheet

No. Scale Year of

.. survey No. 'of plots inventoried .

--------~--~-------------------------------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 -------------------------------------------------------------1. 2. 3. li. 5. 6. 7. 8.~

- 9. -10. rl. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

20.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

~6 G/12 46 G/15 ~ 46 G/16 46 H/l3 46 J/8 46 K/1 46 K/2 46 K/3 46 K/4 46 K/5

-46 K/6 46- K/-7 46 K/8 46 K/9. 46 K/10 46 Kill 46 K/12 46 K/14 46 K/15

46 K/16

46 L/l 46 L/5 .46 L/9 46 L/10 46 L/13

J :50, 000

1:63,360 1:50,000

1:63,3.60 1:50,000

28

1971-72 1 1972-73 7 1972-73 18 1969-10 2 1970-71 1 1972-73· 24 1972-73 7 1972-7·3 7 1974-75 25 1907-08 64 1972-73 17 1972':'73 5 1973-74 22 1-975-76 , 1 1974-75 19· 1973-74 4 1975-76 3 1975-76 28 1971-72 ~ 17 1975-76 1971-72 ~ 2 1975-76 1974-75 7 1974-75 12 1923-24 16 1975-76 2 1975-76 7

.26. 27. 28.

46 L/14 46 0/2 46 0/3

1:50,000 1: 63, .360

1975-76 1900-09 1908-09

'l'otal p lot~ :

3 7

28

356

Out of above 28 toposheets used in this survey, four toposhe~ts were the old ones on 1:63,360 scale (1"=1 mile) and remaining 24 sheets on 1:50,000 scale. The old sheets were used because of non-ayai.lubil1ty of the new ones for that area, even with Survey of India.

3.8 Consisten~ checking £~~ forwarding Qf fiel~ fo~ms to !L_E .• JL ...

After completion of field work, the field forms for. inventory of 356 plots_and for Special Volume Studies for 544 trees were .duly checked as per field manual and coding instructions meant for the purpose. The inconsistency no.ticed, if a,ny, in the forms was removed after d i scuss ing the spec~fic point with the concerned .crew leader. All these field forms were finally forwarded to. the Data Processing Unit of the Headquarter offi.ce, Dehrad~.m fQr compate-r analysis and processing the data in order to derive various'" kinds of information to meet the objectives of the survey.

29

£HbETER =lY

J2hTA PROCESSING

Grids were marked at 2 1/2' x 2 1/2" interval in the green wash area of the Survey of India mapsheets relating tb the district of Dhulia. Two plots were laid in each grid. The first plot was laid out at random and the second was linked to the first in the opposite quadrant at, equal distance from the grid centre. The plots were square in shape, each having an area of 0.1 ha.·

4. 1

The basis data. of the inventory survey was collected in the plot description form, bamboo enumeration form, sample tree form, and felled tree f·orm. The field forms were pre-coded so that the field data could easily be transferred on to the punch cards. There we're 2405 field forms which required punching of the following number of cards under each card design.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

4.2

PLot description Plot enumeration Sample tree Felled tree .BamboQ enum,eration Bampoo ,)¥eight data

.. -

Total:

The operations;

data processing involved

356 449 627

8683 48 27

10,187

tbe following

The field forms received in the' Machine Data Management Unit were checked with the list supplied by the Zone. Entries of the field forms were made in the register, regarding the ~ number of field forms relating to eacb mapsheets, grid and plot. The total number of cards required to be punched under each card design were also estimated and record in the register for future reference. Job numbers, card design and left hand zeros, wbereAver missing, were

30

filled up ~n the field forms to avoid mistake during punching.

Each entry in the field ~orms was checked for conl':;istency checking i'n the data. The main checks applied were 'the range check for the maximum and minimum value of the codes and logical check for inter-relation between the entries for two and or- more fields.

Listings taken out of the data loaded on the magnetic tape/disk, were checked to ensure complete loading anc!. proper st;!quence of data.

Sample statistics were calculated and checked ~ith the computer out put to Sfge if the calculations on computer were correct, These involved felled tree~volume, volume of enumerated tree from local volume equation, plot volume and standard ~rror etc.

Intermediate and final computer outputs checked for~ consistency and relevance of results. tables were also prepa .. red manually.

were Area

The data of fi e ld forms · .... as punched on cards with the help of punching machine. The punched data cards - were verified using 'card verifier to detec.t punchi"ng mlstakes. The verified cards were sorted out for proper input to the computer.

loaded on data were completely

The -punched, verified and sortea. data on cards were magnetic tapes/disks and li;-tings of the loaded taken out to' check iT the-data have been loaded

in the desired s~quence,

Volume of each enumerated tree was estimated with the help of local volume equation used for the species.

Contribution of the vol\une of each enumerated tree towards per hectare volume was derived and stored in a tree/plot volume file. Standard error of the estimated growing stoc k In each crop composition (Forest type) was calculated ..

The data OT this survey was processed on System 332 of National Forest Computer Centre of Forest Research

. Institute, and ColI ages, Dehradun.

31

The computer has the following configu~ation.

l. Memory 256 K bytes 2. Card reader 1 3. Tape drives 2 4. Disk qrives 2 5. Line printer 1 6. Terminals 4

4.3 ~re§!:

Area figures relating to the forest area were not available from interpreted aerial photograph s. Forest area was compi led from the Inapsheets. The area under reserved forest, protected forest, and other green wash in the map was considered as forest area. From the total forest area (green wash) and the total number of sample plots falling in this area, weightage of each sample plot was oaloula~~d. This factor was used to derive area by different land-use classes.

The total area was classi:fied by land-use pattern and ~s given in ~table 1. 1. The area fall ing in land use dense ~tree forest, moderately dense, open forest, young ~plaDtation of foresty species and young crop of nat ural and

~ arti:fical ·regeneration was cons idered as tree vegetation cover and was classi:fied by crop composition (forest type) classes on the basis o:f the number o:f sampling plots in each seperate estimate ·for three orop compos"i tions viz. teak, 5alai, and miscellaneous only. As the number of plots (3 on ly) in 'sal crop compos i tion were marked v';rongly the same were merged with salai~ forest' and is given in tablt;: 1. 2.

The area under each crop composition (forest type) was classified by Topography (~able 1.3), Soil depth (Tab le 1.4), Top height{Table 1.5), Size " class(Table 1.6) , Slope%( Table -1.7), Canopy layer (Table 1.8), and Est i mated plantable area in-Govt. Forest land (Table 2.0).

However, it may be noted that in many cases the above area tables are based on a few sanjple plots, therefore, these tables should be consid~"red as indicative only and used with due caution.

4.4

4.4.1 . Fe.l~red tree data was collected bu:t s.ample tree data

in most of the species was inadequate to develop local vo l ume equation. Therefore, local volume equations developed for various species for Surat c~"rcle, v-(3ujarat were used for estimating the enumerated tree volume.

32

1.

Tbe f'ollowing local volume equations were used.

A . D ~ <:>. q So 68 .J-,Q£I,Q):.g Q~t.~.Qb.!J ( 114 ) "-. 2

V=·-0.048108 +5.873169 D

J 1 0 "l-__ 0.0 7 0.,,, 2. 6nQg~iss~~ latifQ_i~il~~ ~ ~ I' ~

~= 0.357373 +2.430449 D + 0.794626~ , .

3. A9:1be~i~ ~t:_ifoli£!: (1341 R~ o· CfS D "'1 1v = -0.144504 + 2.9431-15 D

4.

5.

6.

8.

9.

~y-~g£ Qinn~~~L150~

.IV =0.053434+ 3.530350 D - 0. 810548]D

Lagerst.roernia .QaryifloraUl,ll R~ o· 9&-S:7S­J_ .~ ~ v= 0.027366 + 3.668008 D - @.71847~D·

, r)...

J LaQuea gQ£Q_!!!andeliQ~ DIll R =- o. l'~r-o'1--

_ J:V = 0.404153 + .5.5.55051 D - 2 . . 545525JD

'1- -0 :tvlii£~na parvifol ia( 15§.l f( -::: ~ o.g-'2-)~

J 2 2 10.086934 - 1.744274 /D ~0.099768~D t - V/D =

2 -V = 0.099768 - 1.744274 D + 10.086934 D •

'Et.~r:QQarous !!!~supium li921

'~= 0.175068 ~ 4.~98243 D -

10. j I!2.Qton~ grandis 1_!2_2.51

fv = -0.405890 + 1. 981580 D +0.98737_W " -==-- - I 11. J T.!;:n:mingl if!. be 1 eri ca.lliQIl R'L;. t>('. 'T -, <1.1'1

2 V = 0.074706 - 1.430082 D + 10.181971 D

12. Ter.minal i a Q.r.~mJl£t.£.L£l~l /) ')... q.-cJ / V ~~ 0, 7~7b

_rv =-0.203947 + 3.159215 D

13.

~ = - 0.153973 + 2.724109 D

( N.B. Figures in brackets against the name of the species denote the number of trees on which the equations are based).

4.4.2

Volume of each enumerated tree was estimated from the breast he··ight over bark diameter of the tree and the local volume equaT.ion used for the species. The estimated tree vo 1 urnes were converted to per hectare and sto.red in tree/plot volume file with species code,. tree diametei, parameters of plot description form, per hectare stems and volume in the sample plot. The file helped in the tabulation of results by species and diameter for different crop compositions (Forest types).

4.4.3

The estimated volume of each enumerated tree in a plot when added up over the whole plot provided the plot volume. It was converte.~l to per. hectare basis and st0"'t"ed in the tree/plot volume file. The per hectare plot vol~mes were used- _ to esti'mate volumes under diff~rent' classes of desired parameters. Aver-age plot 'volumes were calculated in ,di fferent -classes of topography) slope%, soil depth, top height and size class under each crop composition (forest type). These are given in Table 6.7. c. lIo

The plot volumes were also used to estimate the sampl ing error or" gr,?wi11,~ stock in each forest type.

4.5

The elements or tre~/p~ot volume file we~e utilized to classify_the trees by ~pecies, diameter, forest type etc. Er;timates of the number of stems per hectare and total- sterns by spe.cies and diameter class were ob·tained for each forest type. These have been dealt with from pa~a 6,1 to 6.3 of Chaper VI' ahead: The numb~H< \;:If" l=i:k~H\~ j_j~i' h~~:-k'4~"~ i::I,l"1~i t,\=')t.;41 stems over all forest types were also derived. These are given in Table 6.7 A.

4.6

Estimates of volume per hectare and total volume by species and diameter class Vlere obtained for each forest type from the tree/plot. volurrte fi Ie, These have been dealt with from para 6.4 to 6.6 of Chapter VI next.

species derived..

Estimates of volume per hectare and total volume by and diamei~er class over all forest t.ypes were also These are given in table 6.78.

34

4.7

In order to estimate sampl ing error, t.he sample plots were considered to constitute simple random sample of unequal clusters, because in many cases only one plot was enumerated from' a grid. As such the ratio method bf estimation is used and the sampling error is estimated as f'ollows:

.. :,..... -V R

X

1\

R

-::

=

Estimate of variance of R

. -2 N )Cn X

(Y-t - ~

(Ignoring the finite population correction factor)

Hhere n = Total number of clusters in the sample

yi = Total of per hectare volume in the ith grid

':

1')

{; 11

n

~ i-oct

L" {&i

X.L

y. .f.

Xi.

= Averag~ number of plots pe~ grid.

= Efrtimate of average volume . per hectare overall cluster.

Estimate standard Error (S.E. )of R .

. S. E. =

35

S9E.?~ = s.(;:.

" R X 100

Standartl errors have been estimated for the growing stock in each crop' compos i tion and over all three crop compositions. This is given in table no. 6.8.

36

5.0 Area:

The forest resources information of Dhulia district (excluding Mewasi Forest Division) has been compiled on the basis of randomly seler:;ted 356 sample plots falling under forest area on Survey of India toposheets. Thus, a total of 3560 sq.krn. forest area was estimated on the basis of these sample plots which forms 29.79 % of total geographical area (11948,80 sq.km.) of Dhulia district, excluding Mewasi forest aivision. Further' break-up of the area under different land uses, crop compositi9ns, topography classes, size classes, slope classes, soil-deptb class-es, Weight ciasses etc, was arrived at by giving due weightage to the sample plots falling under different categories observed during the course of thiQ inventory. These are discussed below.

5.1

table . Nb~ 5.1 below gives a pictura of how the­forest land of Dhulia district is b~ing used. It clearly indicates that a~out 24. 16% ~f the total forest land .is under dense - and moderately dense forest cover (densi'ty above 30%). About 37.08% under open forest and 4.78% scrub forest, 1.4% under young plantations -and 0.84% under inaceessible area. Thus, in all 68~26% forest land ii under tree'cove~ including scrub forest (4.7%) consisting of inferior tree growth mainly of defect·ive- and stunted trees with canopy density less than 5% associated with bushy growth. The vegetated area forms about 20.34% of the total geographical area. The rest (31.74%) -of the forest area is devoid of tree vegetation out of which 2.53% area is under grass land~ and 14.04% is under cultivation including shifting cultivation (4.21%) and the remaining is under blanks or water .bodies. etc.

------------------------------------------------------------Land class with code No. of

plots Area in sq. Y...ID.

Percen­tage.

------------------------------~----r------------------__ ~---Dense tree forest(01) Moderately dense tree forest(02) Open tree forest (03) Scrub forest(04) Shifting cultivation (06) Young plantations of forest species(07)

37

22 64

132 17 15

5

220.00 640.00

1320.00 170.00 150.00

.50.00

6.18 17 . 98 37.08

4.78 4.21 1. 40

)

Govt. grass land( 10) 9 90.00 2.53

Barr'en lands (11) 49 490.00 13.76 Agri. land without tree in 11 110.00 3.09 surround (12)

Habitation(15) 1 10.00 0.28 Agri. land with tree in 23 230.00 6.46 surround (13)

Nater bod~es(16) 4 40.00 1. 12 Other lands(17) 1 10 .. 00 0.28 Inaccessible 3 30.00 0.84 ---------------------------------~--~-----------~---------

356 3560.00 99.99

By comparing the forest area as revealed from the inventory results with the area figure of the State Forest Departmen·t, it is noticed that there is difference of about 2% in the forest area estimated from inventory with state's figure, The inventory results show total of 35-60 sq.km. forest area i.e. 29.~9% and the State Forest area figure is 3790.92 sq. krn. i. e, 31. 73~'; for the combined forest areas of North ~nd West 'Forest Divisions of Dhulia. However, Mewasi forest divis...ion is not under consideration for this report.

Map No.5, 1M, indicates locati~n of the areas under different land areas based on classification o( sampJ,e plots falling under various land uses 'during the course of field inventory. The map further shows tbtlt the major part of the forest is located in northern portion of the di~trict which

~ comes under the jurisdiction of North Dhulia forest division. -These forest areas have mainly moderately dense forest interspersed with agricultural land and shifting cultivation. South and the Soutb Western parts of the - district coming under- the jurisdiction of West Dhulia Forest Division have wgstly open ·forest (density between 5-30%)- together ~ith gruss la..nds and barren lunds-. The middle p01~tion of .the district is mainly under cultivation and habitation.

For the purpose of working out distribtition of vegetated area under different categories viz; crop composition, topogJ...l.tJby classes, size classes, slope classes, canopy layers, soil depth classes and height classes etc. plots bearing o61y vegetated tree growth i.e. dense tree forest, moderately dense . forest, open forest and young plantations have been taken into consideration which collectively form an aggregate of 223 plots out of a total of 356 plots visited during the course of survey. Thus, th~ following observations pertaining to 223 plots bearing tree vegetation only while 123 plots have been kept out of the description that follows upto paragraph 5.8 which is meant for vegetation only.

38

.5.2

Table No. 5.,2 T below gives clear picture of tree forest under various crop compositions i.e. forest types. Three main strhta have been identified in the basis of sample plot~. These are Teak, Salai and Miscellaneous. Out of a total 223 sample plots, 111 have fallen under Teak, 30 under Salai and 82 under Miscellaneous strata indicating 49.78% of the tree forest areas under Teak, 13.45% under Salai and remaining 36. 77'7~ under Miscellaneous crop.

T~ b l~ £!Q_,_ Q_,_~ I

!2BQLI8 SURVEY

:e,£~~k .!d£ Qf :t:ree ~~getat~g ~£Q~ 1!nQ~r. stiff5Z£f2n:t .Qrop com£Q§itiQn 21~~~Qs.

-----------------.----------------------------------------------Crop composition & Code No. No. of

plots Area in sq.km.

-------------------------------------------------------------Teak (10) Salai (18) Miscellaneous (2)

111 30. 82

1-110.00 300.00 820.00

------------------------------------------.---------~---------

Total 223 2230"".00 ----------------------------------~~-------------------------

Map No. 5.2M has been ~repared based on location of such sample plots distributed in various fo~est areas of the district. It indicates that about 50% of the tree forest is under Teak strata which is confined mainly to northern parts of the district coming under the jurisdiction of North Dhulia Forest Division. The Salai forest is mostly inte;spe~sed with Teale About one third i. e. 36.77% of' the tree forest is under miscellaneous crop where there is no predominance of any particular species. Such forests have no marked location as they are scattered throughout the for'est areas of the district.

5.3 \

Table No. 5.3 T below gives distribution of vegetated forest areas under different forest types by their topographic classes as revealed frem the sample plots. The vegetated area has been classified under flat lands, gently rolling, hi,lly, very hilly on the basis of the sample plots. It is quite clear from the above table that most of the forests irrespective of their compos.ition occur mainly on gently rolling (undulating lands) and hilly terrain. The major part of the forest occurs on hilly tracts only as the easily accessible forest areas such as flat lands, are either

39

encioached upon or diverted for non-forestry uses resulting in depletion of vegetal cover.

I~Ql~ N o. 5 . 3 T

~£~~k un Qf t£~§ y~gg~§t~d ~£g~ ~nder different crQ~ QQIDno~itionQ QY tQ~Qg£§Qhy Ql~QQ§Q~

Crop compo-sition & code No.

Teak( 10)

Salai(18)

Misce. (20)

Total

Flat

40.00 (4 )

10.00 ( 1 )

.50.00 (5)

100.00 ( 10)

Gently rolling

310.00 (31)

70.00 (7)

170.00 (17)

550.0121 (55)

Hilly

700.00 (7121)

170.0121 (17)

480.00 (48)

1350.1210 (135)

Very hilly

60.00, ( 6 )

5121.00 ( 5 )

120.00 ( 12)

230.00 (23)_ _

Total area in' s.q. krn .

1110.00 (111)

300.0121 (30)

820.0121 (82)

223121.1210 (223)

-------------~--------------------~--------------------------

Note: Figures in the brackets denote the number of plots. This becomes quite apparent,_by looking at the Map No . 5.3 M which-ii~es the distribution of varIous topographic classes in the forest. land.

Table No.5. 4 T gives· distribution of vegetated area under different slope classes. I t indicates that most of £he vegetation occurs on ~oderate slopes below 60:,l£ in-all the thr~e forest types. The steep slopes h ave very 1ittle forest cover.

J2tlllL I b.. ~JlRY~Y aL~£k un of ~h~ yege~~~gd ~rea lind~£ diffe£~nk QQlliEQ£iticn~ QY ~l~~ Ql~~~~~

Crop composi sition & code No.

Teak( 10)

SLOPE PERCENTAGE >

Less 10 -60% 60 to 100% Not Total than 100% recor

ded.

280.00 730.00 60.00 20.00 20.00 1110.00

40

(28) (73) (6 ) ( 2) (2 ) ( 111 )

Salai 50.00 200. y)0 20.00 10.00 20.00 3012}. 0~j ( 18) (5 ) (20) (2 ) (1) (2) ( 3 )

Misc. 150.00 5QJ0.0Ql 120.0rj 40.00 10.00 820.00 (20) (15)· (50) (12) (4 ) ( 1 ) (82)

-----------------~-------------------------------------------Total 480.00 1430.00 200.00 70.00 50.00 2230.00

.'

(48) (143) (20) (7 ) (5) (223) ------------------~------------------------------------------

Note: Figure in the brackets denote the number of plots.

Table No. 5.5.T lndieates the distribution of various forest types supported by th~' soils having different depths such as very shallow (15 em), shallow (15-30 em), mediom(30-90 em) and deep(>90 ern). Host of t he vegetated. area ie. 56.05% has moderate soil depth (30-90 ems) followed by the areas having shallow depth forming 26.46% of the vegetated a:rea.

.. T.~Qle No.:., §..:....9.. I

~~~~k· ~ of tr~~ ~~getated ~~~~ QQrnpo~.i":kion.~=S:y ~oil g_~t.h classes.

.. - ... _

gnde£ diffe~~n.t

-----~----~~-~--------~------------------------------------~--Crop No Very Shallow Hedium Deep 'Total area compo soil shallow in sq._km. sition & Code Hi em -15-30 _ 3.0-90 >90 No. crn ern em ----------------~---------------~----------------------------Teak 280.00 610.00 220.00 1110.00 (10) < 28)' (61) (22) ( 111)

Salai 10.00 90.00 170.00 30.00 300.00 (18) ( 1 ) (9) ( 17 ) (3) (30)

Misc. 20.00 220.00 470.00 110.00 820.00 (20) ( 2 ) (22) (47) (11) (82)

------~--~---------------------------------------------------

Total 30.00 (3)

590:00 (59)

125121.00 (125 )

~60.00 (36)

2230.00 (223)

-------------------------------------------------------------

Note: Figures in the brackets denote the number of plots.

various A map No. 5.5 M indicates

soils by depth classes in the

41

the distribution forest areas.

of As

stated above, major part of vegetation i.e. 82.51% occurs in soil with depth ranging from 15-90 cm confined mostly to the northern part of the district.

5.6

Table 'No. 5.6 T gives distribution of vegetated area by crop composition and forest canopy varying from no storey to multi storeyed forest. It indicates that most of the vegetation (almost 88:?~) is single storeyed followed by double storeyed crop forming·approx. 9% of the total forested area. Single storeyed crop mainly consists of teak and miscellaneous trees followed by salai. There is no thr-ee or more storeyed forest in. the district.

~reak ~ of ~ree veKetated ~r~~ ~rr~~~ different .Q.Qmpo~itions Qy .Q.1:l!1Q.P.Y ~er.:.... ----------------------------------------------------_ ... _-----Crop compo­sition.

No storey One storeyed Two forest. • storeyed

forest

Three Total or more storeyed forest

-----------------------~---------------------------~---------

Teak

Salai

20.00 ( 2 )

~0.00 (3)

980.00 (98)

280,.00 (28)

710. ""00 (71 )

110.00 '" 1110.00 (11) (.1-11)

20.00" 300.00 (2) (30)

80.00 820.00 (8) (82 )

--------------~----------------------------------------------.,... . _"

Note : Ffg1.Tres in brackets denote the no. of plots on which ... area estim·a.tion is based.

5.7

Table No. 5.7 T gives distribution of . vegetated area by crop composition and top height classes varying- from 1-5 M, 6-1a M. 11-15M, 16-20 M, 21-25 and 26-30 M height classes. . It furthe.]: indicates that most of the forest vegetation (48.88%) has moderate height i.e. between 11-15M, followed by 31.39% which have height between 6-10 metres. The behaviour of vegetation with regard to top heights is almost the same in all the tree strata i.e. teak, saJ. ai and miscellaneo1ls. They all have just moderate height.

42

Br~~~ !:!E 21 tree Y!2get~t-e9: gre~ !:mger different 22ffiE2§iti2D 2Z TOE·tleigb~ 21~~seQ

2£2£

-------------------------------------------------------------Crop compo sition &'code No.

1-5 M 6-10M 11-15M 16-20 M 21-25 M 26- Not Area in 30M recor

ded.. sq. krn

-----------------------------------~-------------------------Teak 20.00 320.00 560.00 20';.1.00 10.00 1110.00

(10) ( 2 ) (32) (56) (20) ( i) (111) ,.,.

Salai 10.00 70.00 190.00 30.00 300.00 ( 18 )" ( 1 ) (-7 ) ( 19) ( 3 ) (3)

. Misc. 10.00 310.00 340.00 130.00 10.00 20.00 820.00

(20) ( 1 ) (31)': (34) (.13) ( 1 ) (2) (82) ---_ - ------------------------ - ---------_'_ ------_.-..-_----_ ----- ---Total 40.00 700.·00 1090.00 360.00 20.00~ 20.00 2"230.00

(4) (70) (109) (36) ( 2 ) (2) (223) -"

~.

-------------------------------------------------------------

Note: Figures in the brackets denote the no. ~f plots.

Hap No. 5.7 M based on the above 4~ta shows that the vegetation in extreme northern parts of the district has slightly better'height growth thfl.n the north-eastern parts. Vegetation in 'western parts has poor growth having top height of 6-10 M only.

5.8

... Table No. 5.8.T gives the distribution of

vegetation by crop composition and diameter size classes namely regeneration crop (10 ern dbh). -pole crop (10-20 em dbh) , small timber (20-30 cm"dbh), big timber(30 cm dbh) and mixed size crop (which has no marked dominanc~of any size class)" It depicts that about 50% cro~ is of mixed size which has no dominance of any particular size class and 33% crop is of small size having 20-30 em dbh. It further indicates that most of the crop has a moderate size only, as apparent from the description under pr.eceed·ing para. This trend of '·81ze of the crop 1S almost the srune for all the forest types.

43

~~ea~ :!:,!E Qi tree y~g~t.§,t:.2Q,'- §,£ea ~ndeJ: g_iff~reni £ompo~ition~ QY ~iz§ Ql~sse~~ ------------------------~-----------------------------------~ Crop Rege Pole Small Big Mixed Not Total compo nera crop timber timber size recor sition tion ----------------------

-Teak 30.00 160.00 300.00 (10) (3) (lS) (30)

Salia - - 50.00 90.00 (18) (5) (9)

Misc. 30.00 80.00 350.00 (20) (.3 ) - .

(e) _( 35)

Total 60.00 290.00 740.00 (6) (29) {I4)

c;ass

10.00 610.00 ( 1 ) (61)

10.00 150.00 (1) ( 1 .. 5 )

350.00 (35)

20.00 1110.00 (2) (111;

ded.

10.00 ( 1 )

10.00 n.)

sq. k m -_-------.,_-

1110.00 (111)

300.00 (3) ,

820 . 00 (82)

2230 .00 (,223)

Note: Figures in the-brackets denote th.e number of plots;

-Map No. ~8 M indicates the distribution of

vegetation by different size classes . It shows that . the extreme northern parts of the district have vegetation whicb is either small timber or of ' mixed si~e whereas the north­eastern p~rts have pole crop with mixed siz~e . In the western parts, however. there _ is - no marked preponderence o f any particular_~i~met~r size class.

5.9 Plantabl~ area in Government forest land

For.the purpose of estimating the plantable-area in Dhulia district, the area which had vegetation .~elow 30% density or which was devoid of any vegetal cover was. only taken into consideration. -

Table No. 5.9 T indicates the distribution of plantable area in Government forest land whi~h is presently devoid of any vegetation such as open rorest, scrub fores t , shifting cultivation, agricultural crop land, Agri. tree lands the barren land etc. It further signified that government forest land which are under stocked or t h ose with poor vegetation or those presently being used for non-forestry' purposes are all plantable. .

44

:r~ b t~ li2~-=--2. I ~sti!1!~:t:~g :el~!1taQle ~£.5H!i~9.:!s::rI!1 in th~ Govt..:.. fQ£~st land

--------------------------------------------------------------Land use

& code No.

Open forest

Scrub forest

Agri.tree Barren land +Agri. area crop land + + shifting others

cultiv~tion

Total area in sq. k.m.

-----------------------~-------------------------------------(03) (04) (06+12+ 1 (11+17)

---------------------------------------------------~---------1320.00 170.00

(132) (17.)

Plantable 1550.00 area. (155)

490.00 (49)

500.00 (50)

2480.00 (248)

1550.00 (155)

-------------------------------------------------------------Note: Figures in the brackets denote the number of plots.

~ ,

5.10 Soil Erosion: -----Data relating to soil erosion was collected from

343 plora wherein 'i<t has been ob.ser"ved that out of this, more than fifty percent are (i. e. 55. 98~(',) is subjected to mi l d erosion and 33~a2% area suffers from moderate soil erosion. The forest areas prone to heavy soil erosion constitute only 10.20% of the total are. Heavy erosion is mElstly confined to central and south-eastern parts of the distr.ict where- ·the slopes are generally less than 10% and the a~eas are without good vegetal cover. Steepl~· sloping lands or hilly terrains. do _ not . face much eros ion hazard because of the good forest cove_r over them. This cal'"L be clearl::7 seen by comparing l-'lap No. 5.4 M and Map No. 5-10 M. Soil erosion is a serious problell{_. only in highly disturbed forest areas near human habitatiops:_ The mild ·~and moderate soil ero ~.non can. be checked by taking up large sc~le plantations of 'fast growing species in the aff"ected areas. It_ wou Id also be advisable to­stop indiscriminate exploitation of timb'er in vulnerable areas. A map shO\lling different parts of the district affected by varying extent of soil erosion is appended a~ 5-10M. Nhen compared with the Hap No, 5... 1 t,1 showing different- land used, it is observed that the areas . having even s·parse vegetal covers are less prone to soil erosion, and tbose without ar.J.¥ vegetal cover are more prone to t.his menace. This effectively shows the role of vegetat ion in checking soil erosion. 5.11 g~g~n~~~~i9n:

An assessment of state of regeneration of commercially important species was made during the inventory work. It was done by counting tbe number of seedlings of commercial species found in 16 sq.m. area around the centre of the plot. Commercially importan·t species taken i nto cons ideration fol.~ i:~b is purpose \llere, Acacia catech1l, Adina cordifolia, Ailantbus excelsa, Albizzia spp-, De.lbergia

45

J.dti:;_,lia, Dalber..-ria sis$:.J\.., Dic.r·}:lyros rnelanoxylon, Eucal vpt.us spp. , Gar-..lga pinna·ta, Grue 1 ina arborea, Lagcrstroemia parviflora, Lannea corornandel ica, l--h tragyna pen-vi fol ia, Ougeinia da.': bergioides, Pterocarpus marsupium,.

, s~orea _ robustal Syzjgium cumj r i,S8hlpichera oleo~a,

Termlnalia tombntosa, Terminalia be!erica. Term~na~ia chebula, Terminalia arjuna and Tectona gr-andis.

The assessment made during the inventory survey reveals that almost over the entire forest areas of Dhulia district there is no regeneration or it is inadequate. This is because of the fact that most of the forest areas are subject to heavy illicit grazing due to which growth of regeneration is adversely affected. A map indicating the state of regeneration of the commercially important speci~s in Dhulia district is appended as 5-11 M_

5 _12

Varying impact of fire incidence was noticed during inventory survey of this district. Results of this survey reveal that more than half of the forest areas of the district from where this informatio~- was collected was subjected to occassional, frequent .or heavy fires_ Occassional fires occur a~rnost over the entire tract. There are scattered pockets of frequent or heavy £ir-es. Thus, 57.52% area is subje~~d to verying degrees of annual fires ~hich are caused by local people engaged ill shiftine cultivation, collection of lCJi~or forest produce a-nd grazing of cattl e in these areas. About ~12~;; of the area is 1 e"ft unaffected by fire incidence_ A map depicting. area~affected by fires is appended at 5-12M.

5.13

- From. the inventory results of Dhulia district, it is observed that_ only 15% of·~the area is unaffected by grazing and remaining 85~~ of the ar.eat; is af-fected by gr.azing to varying di§grees i.e. medium (39.10%),- heavy (24.68%) and 1 ight graz ing (21. 15~;;) . Heavy graz:l ng incidence""' is due to uncontrolled and uncflecked entry of domesticated animals into the forest areas wh.ich cause severe damage to t,he regeneration. The areas which are free from this men&ce ar~_ ~hose which have either steep slopes or which are inaccessible_ Such greas have god vegetation_ A map showing areas subjected to varying deer"ees of graz ing is appended as 5.13 H.

5_14 Occurrence Q[ BarnboQ_;_ Th;i;;;;;;;-i area of' Dhul i a district is almost devoid

of bamboos. Only a few areas were found to have spora.dic Bamboo clumps of poor- quality and therefore, Bamboos con~ribute very little to the forest wealth of Dhulia district. The occurrence of bamboos and its growing stock could no"1:. be computed separately dl..t0 to inadquat.e sample pluts in Bamboo forests of the distri0~.

46

NO.- 5·IM

LAL'lD USE

~AP OF

~----r---~~~~--~mY~· ·~T~

8 8

11-·' (.. .. _,

"

.-

9

, ,,,.1'

2

~ .. 4

INDEX :-..

DENSE FOREST a MODERATELY DENSE WpZI -24

OPEN FOREST

SCRUB FOREST

St4IFTING CULJIVATION _

AGRICULTURAL LAHP

GOVT. GRASS LAND a BARREN

LAND, _

YOUNG PLANTATION

f82S&'»I 4· 86

loo:tm 4 ·28

111111111 9·71

.____, 1,43

47

• I ..

NO.- 5·2M

.

. ~

INJ)EX;'-

I~------------~----------TEAK - - - I I 33'71

KHAIR - - - I r SALAI - - - W2d1 8-71

MISCE . . - I !I I !!!! I ! 1111 27-25

4&

I !

13 , c:.: ,:-'

, .

',;

) /"

INDEX ;-

PLAIN LAND_

UNDULATING _

H&llY

VERY HllLY_

11I1I11Iq·

,vaZZd

8

7

7·87 0/0

28·65 0/0

55-06 0/0

8 -430/0

49

--------~

NO.- 5'3M

G~ j~AAL-TOPOG~APHV

~j"_)G-l OF

uJ~jUl[E DISiT.

9

II

J .I

2

.. " c·_··) . 14, \

\ "r .. .,r.

LESS TtON ,0 %­

IO°A. TO 60%

60% TO looe4

100% AND ABOVE

10

P; Q

I.~"';~"" I. ; :~

_ ... -_ .~

NO~ !5. 4 M

E' CLASSES

OF

..

/

13 r .. ("'./ ..

3 7

INDEX :-

,

SOIL DEPTH MAP OF

9 DHULE DISTT.

II

. ;,'"

~ .. J

• 2-

I'lt. . - -4

10

I \.

\ I.

DJ./VLE. ~ - ... ,, ~ 13 "\

, \ I

VER"( SHALLOW ( Less than 15 em.) i I: I II 1-35 %

26,46% SHALLOW

MEDIUM

DEEP

51

( 15 -30 em. ) - " _ " 1I 1'1l i III

(30 -90 em.) _ _ i§§£§ 56 '05 0/0

( 90 em, + ) _ _ ~ 16· 14'%

i, I

~

NO-5 ·7M

TOP HEIGHT r------r----~-~====:!r_r_---- - - - -_ . __ .

MAP OF

2

:3 7 II

8 12 4

L 13 \

"

( \

-...

t·N o£'X .

- " _.J '. .)4'

J 10

L· To 5 Mts iii i1! I , 1.79 0.4 6 To 10 Mt. I >, $,$,$S$' 31:-39"' %

II To 15 Nts 48·&8 Ok

16 To 20 Mt$ Pi j If f ii' I ! ] .

16-'4 %

21 To 25 Mts 1V2222?d 0.9 0 %

26 To 30 Mis 0 .:·90%

..

52.

" .. _ .. ./ \. ·14-·

\ .. - .. ___ .. " ..

-1 N 0 E X:-

REGENERATION CROP

PALE CROP

SMAL:L TIMBER

BIG -TIMBER

MIXE 0 SIZE CLASS

7

8

'53

II

~ 12

10

(SSSSS SSS'

NO:- 5.0M

CLASS OF

ULE OISTT

'PZ???ZZ3

'FlIII'i",,'I

I I

, NO>- 5·10 M

13 .. / C·· .... /·

SOIL EROSION ~m~1 f)-MAP OF

~~ J DHULE DISTT "-

) r"-: '. 14 \.

\ ._

INDEX:-

NILD EROSION

MODERATE EROSIOt~

HEAVY EROSION

2

® ,10 J

Q22?aza

Iii i fill i I It "

, •••• P . ....... ~ ,-;"..",

t.

....

.. ' . .I

(~o -014 2

\

I N D.E X :-

ABSENT

INADEQUETE

DAMAGED

ADEQUETE

55

NERATION OF

It 15

-10 s

~------+-------~

A ij it i 11"' Ii

"

NO- 5.12·t:lt

8 ·8 r---_--r-__ ...,--~~--=-F~I R-=:;tE INCIDEN C E

S N 0 EX:-

VE,RY HEAVY - lS:~~

F'R EOUENT ~mZ2221

OC CASSIONAL _ J

NO FIRE ·1!~qIPJill

56

MA OF 9 DH LE OISTT

10

2.29 %

5.56 %

49. 67%

"2.49 ~

1 /

~, .. ) ... _.

, 16-\. 4

(

" , , \.

--------------------~------- . ---

C " '.

,_j'"'"

NO ...... 5.13 M

GRAZING INCIDENCE MAP OF

~13 9DHULE , DISTT.

~~ .. --~--~~~~~~~--~~

.\~4

3

-..._ ..

INDEX :-

'HEAVY

MEDIUM ,11+11.111111

LIGHT

NO GRAZING . IS$SS§§>\\~,

7

39.100/0

21.15 %

15.010/0

57

• I I

10

, , }

I

The distribution of growing stock, total no. of stems, stems per ha., total yolume, volume per ha. in eAch stratum etc. have been calculated and tabulated for various species in each dIameter class .. Detailed description of each of these tables is given in ~ollowing paragraphs and the tables are appended at the end of this chapter.

6.1

Distribution of various speci~s in each diruneter class by total. no. of stems and stems/ha. has been gi~en in table no. 6.1. A and 6.1. B as found in Teak st.ratum whicp ~s spread over an area of 1110.00 sq.km. In the teak stratum teak has preponderence over other species in respect of total no. of stems and no. of .. stems/ha. which are 521175 and 46.952 respecti vely ~ followed di'stantly by Anogeissus latifol ia (845714 and 7.619/h~) and Boswellia serrata (570857 and 5.143 /ha) respectively. Anogeissus and Boswellia have been found ·t9 occur in this stratum quite sparsely. Th.e table a1so sho~s that almost all the species including Teak and Anogeissus latifolia, except Boswellia serrata, have preponderence in lower diameter class(i.e between 10~20cm) as compare~to that in the higher diameter.classes (i.e. beyond 20 ems,) . Boswell i-a serrata, teak- and many misce]"laneous species have some representation in higher diameter I~lasses as well. Miscellaneous species too, have' more trees in lo.wer diameter classes as compared to.those in higher diameter classes. There-· are no trees occuring in this stratum with diameter above 70 ems. -6.2 Total Q£~ 2f ~~~rns and stems/ha. -Stratum Salai

Table No.6. 2 .A and 6.2 B give distribution of various species by diameter~1asses in Salai stratum which occurs over an area of 300 .. 00 sq.-km. In this particular stratum Boswellia serrata i.~.Salai has a clear preponderence over other species in almost all the -diameter· e1 asses with its total no. of stems aggregating to 1428750 and stems/ha. 47.624. It is distantly followed by teak wi~h total no . of 686250 sterns and 22.875 stems/ha. and Anogeissus latifolia with 484750 stems and 16.125 stems/ha. respectively. Other important associates of Salai in the stratum are Acacia catechu ·(178750 stems and 5.958 stems/ha), Dalbergia latifolia (168750 stems and 5.625" stems/ha). Lagerstroemia parviflora and Diospyros melahoxY~on are found only in lower diameter classes i.e. upto 25 ems. Except Acacia catechu not a single species is found to occur in diamet.er class higher than 50-60 ems. Occurrence of Terminalia tomentosa in only' one diameter class (20-25 cms) is quite surprising.

6.3 stems/ha.-Stratum-Misc.

58

Distribution of various species in different diameter classes by way of total no.of stems and no. of stems/ha.. a.s tound in Miscellaneous stratum are given in table no.6.3 A and 6.3 B. This stratum comprising of miscellaneous species occur~ over an area of 620,,00 sq. km. In this stratum the species like Boswellia ser-rata, Garuga pinnata, Lannea coromandelica, Tectona {{randis, Terminalia beleriea, Terminalia tomentosa etc. are 'found prominently. On th~ whole a total no. of 7288887 t~ees of various species and sizes were found in this stratum. Predominating species are mainly Tectona grandis with 728889 stems and 8.889 stems/ha. Anogeissus latifolia with 694772 stems and 8 .. 472 stems/ha, Boswellia serrata with 568444 stems and 6.944 stems/ha., Lannea coromandelica with 512'000 stems and 6.250 stems/ha . and Garuga pinnata with 3075!Zt0 stems and 3.750 stems/ha. and so on. There is, however, no marked dominance' of any particular: species to form its own forest type and that is why such areas have-been stratified as miscellaneolJs. Distribution of 'trees in this stratum is almost uniform having wide range between 10-50 cm. diameter classes . There are some miscellaneous speci-es having representation in diametr classes heyond 50 cms. but almost all species enumerated in thi~ str~tum have preponcfer~nce in lower diameter classes ·i. e. between 10-25 ems.

6.4 Total volume ~~9:. volurneLha. St'ratura-Teak:

Table No. 6.4 A and 6.4 B give distribution of total volume and volume/ha. for.~arious species occurring in different diameter cla~:ises in Teak st~atum. _ Total volume of the growing stock -in this stratum is 3386365 cub. metres. Per hectare volume in this stra.t.um is 30.51 c.m. Volume of Anogeissus latifolia is the maxiqIum i. e. 1061510 cub . metr~s followed. by that of Tectona grandis 860603 cub. -metr.es, Boswellia serrata 312144 cub. metres, Lannea coromandelica

- 125564 cub. metres and lastly by Terrtti-naiia tomentosa' with 104302 cub. metres. Per hectare volume of these species is 9.5.63 cub. metres, 7.753 cub. metres, 2.8'12 cub. metres, 1'.131 cub. metres and 0.940 cub. metres respectively . Thus it will be seen that Teak which is predominant in terms ,_of no. of stems has been placed second in terms of volume. Boswellia maintains its third place with r-espect to volume. Fourth and fifth places ar-e occupied by Lannea coromandelice and Terminalia tomentosa.

6.5

Table No. B . 5.A and 6.5.B give distribution of volume and volume/ha. of different species in various diameter classes found in Salai stratum. The total volume of differ-ent species in this stratum was found to be 1299483 cub. metres. Per hectare volume of this stratum is 43.19 c.m. Out of whi(;h Anogeissus latifolia alone contributes 507928

59

cub. metres (about 39% of total volume) followed "by Boswe(l ia serrata 463361 cub. metres(about 35% of total volume). Other prominent species found in association of Salai and Tectona grandis. Acacia catechu, Lannea coromandelica, Dalbe"!.~~ia latifolia with ;Volumes of 90620, 48038, 31426 and 23826 cub. metres respectively. Per hectare volumes of these species beginning with Anogeissus latifolia are 16.931, 15.448, 1.601, 1.04!3 and 0.794 cub. metres respectively. ·Almost all species in this stratum have good representation in lower diameter classes i.e.between 10-30 cm diameter class.

6.6

Table No. 6.6 A and 6.6 B give distribution of total volume and volume per hectare of q.ifferent species in various diameter classes found in Miscellaneous stratum spread over an area of 820.00 sq. km. Total volu~e of various species in this stratum was found to be 2643055 cub. metres. Per hectare volume in this stratum is 32.23 c.m. Out of which Ariogeissus latifolia a19ne accounts for 719490 cub. metres i.e. 27% of the total volume. Volume per hectare of Anogeissus comes out to be 8.7 cub. metres It is followed by Boswellia serrata with 203041 cub. metres volume and its per hectare contribution is 2.476 cub. metres. No other species has any significant contribution to volume . As none of the species has any marked dominance. in terms of their occurrence to form its own fore'st type such areas have been stratified as Miscellaneous._

It is poss i bl e to dl:'aw an inference' 11:'om t.he above tables~ that Anogeissus latifolia plays significant r,ole in cont-ributing to the total volume of growing stock in all three strata. In teak stratum, though it occupies second pos'itlon after teak in terms of no. of stems but it tops in volumetric representation (10'61510 cub. metres) . In salai' stratum again it is placed second to salai in terms of no . . of stems but tops the lisb pf.species contributing {507928 cub . metres) towards total growing stock in that ~stratum. . Yet again in Miscellaneous stratum it occupies second place to teak in terms of no. of stems but again it contributes maximum volume {694772 cub. metres) towards total gro .... ing stock in ~hat stratum. This incidence of Anogeissus latifolia depict'1.ng a uniform trend in all the t.hree strata reflects that Anogeissus crop through out the tract is healthy and devoid of much cull defects.

6.7 AbstJ;8.ct of tot-al growigg_ stQck

Table No. 6.7 A and 6.7 B give distribution of total stem::;, stems/ha. total volume and volume/ ha. of different ::;pecies occurring in various diameter classes combined together in all the three strata viz, Teak, Salai l

and Miscellaneous. Total growing stock in all t',he strata is 7328909.9 c . m. whicb works out to be 32 . 865 em. per hectare.

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N' M N .q- 00 NM COM ....... U') M ......

• CO ...... ~ ...... 0'1 C> 0'1 ..-. NOl' NM 0 N U"l 0- • 0 ..-. 1.O

M M ...... CO M C'\J ...... 1"")

¢ C"") ..,. 0 t..O 0 0'1 M .-10 ...... 1.0 000 M o .-t <D ...... 1..0 0 ...... -.:0 t..O c;:-

I CO C'.J o::t CO 1..0 N 0'1 0'1 00'1 1..0 '-0 t:n <::T ..-i CO N V ..-i <::T N COM

0"1' - 0 1..0 NO ...... C> M .-100 ('0') '-0 ...... 1..0

N ...... <:0 ~ (.0 COM 1..0 -:"') 1.0 0 '¢ 0 I -- ...... ~ 1.0 0 CO.-l 0..0 .-( 0..(').-1

0 0 1..0 N 0 "d" .-4 , N V ...... ,..._ M N.-I ;:r, "d" -1..0 t..O 1.0 0

1.0 _ L() 0'1 U") M 1.0 1.0 r-' _r-..

N 1..0 _

1,(')- 0'1 N ON o L() ..:0 ...... I

o.a _ N 00 \.D 0 N ..-t .-t .:0 CO r-...

1..0 "d" CO \.D 00 0'1 I:'J

.--i N .--i I,(') N - _1..0

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I,(') U"l ...... o::t ....... C\ L."l C'.J .-40'\ ro CO .-I N ...... N .--! 0 ...... II) ...... t..O -..D COM

I ..-i 0 to o.a Olo 00 "d" "d" 0..0 .--i 0 r--. M ..-. \.D 0 M ...... - .-4 "d" ..-. ..-i ...... '-0

" ~ VI

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0 U 0 U ~ (1) ... OJ ~ i= 0. ro

0. -0 til OJ <l) VI ... C c 0

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OJ .... ~ 0 .... ~ ......... ~ ...... .J....) ~ OJ .... ~ V) +J ~

U CO (1) .... 0 Q) E 0 ~ E O<lJ U 0 OJ 0 OJ OJ CI- ~ U I- :::L ~ I- :::L s... I- ::L VI I- ~ '--I-'~

0. ro OJ C) <l)

til ....J 1-' l- I- .,,:... .:-c

76

. '

MAP No~- 6.7M

-. 8 @ VOLUME MAP ~.

OF

DHULE DISIT: ..

..• J " r I _ I "'-, ... , ," ;rt4 ,0

~~---+--------r------\4~4---_----r~:~----T-46H

I ND E X:-VOLUM E IN M 3/HA

0 TO 1O 40.36 0/ 0

10 TO 20 13- 45.,,4

20 TO 30 8.:07 -I.

30 10 50 15. G 9·""

5-Q TO ABatE 22. 4'2~.

-

4

It reveals that, teak has ma..."'<:imum no. of stems and stems/ha. combined together in all three strata (6626855 and 29. 77/ha) followed by Boswell ia serrata .( 25690.51 and 11. 520/ha) and Anogeissus latifolia (2024186 and 9.077/ha.). But this re-lation is reversed in terms of volumetric representation. Anogeissus latifolia has a total volume of 2288929 cub. metres and 10.264 cub. metres/ha. which gives it top position with reference to volume. It is followed by teak (1138975 cub. metres and 5.108 cub. mtrs/ha) and Boswellia serrata (978547 cub. mtrs. and 4.388 cub. mtrs/ha.). It is also clear from these tables that major contribution towards aggregate volume of individual species is from the trees occurring in lower diameter classes i.e. between 10-35 ems. Table 6.7 C has been prepared on the basis_of tables 6.7 A & 6.7 B which shows co~olidated picture of growing stock i.e. stems and volume by diameter classes under different strata

Table No. 6.7C gives distribution 6f growing stock by no. of stems per ha. and volume per ha. ~n different diameter classes against total number of stems and total '\l.olume under different str9-ta viz., T.eak, 5alai, and Miscellaneous. ~t indicates that growipg stock/ha. in S~l~i stratum is more than -that in Miscellaneous and Teak s,!=-rata both in terms of no. of stems/h~. and volume/ha. which was estimated to be 127.331 stems/ha. and 4;3.315 ·M3/ha. respec~ively. But the trend'~s reversed between other two strata i.e. Teak and 5a1ai-. Teak stratum has more stems/ha. than Mis~ellaneous (1108.762 and 88.889) but ~ess- volume/ha.­(30.508 M3/ha. and 32.232 M3/ha.). The average stems/ha. for all Che three strata was found to be 108.327 per ha. while average volume per ha. for all the three strata was estimated to be 35.351'M3/ha. Map No. 6.7 M depicts the distribution of growing stock In---terms of volume (M3) per ha. - _in vari ous classes i.e. ~10M~/ha., 10-20 M3/ha., 20-30 M3/ha. 30-50 M3/ha. and 50+M;3/ha. derived from average volume of the plot ~epresenting'the grid. The~e is no conspicous representation of any particular volume,class in any part of the district. 'Northern parts of Dhu 1 ia dis.trict boardering Madhya Pradesh have mixed volumetric representation due to haterogenous crop. About 40"~ of forest has 'volume 10M3 or less per ha. whereas only 22.42% of forest has volume more tha."l 50 M3/ha.

In addition to the above results, assessment of mean volume per ha. was also made under various classes of topographY'J.s1ope, soil depth, canopy· layers, height and size in all ·th~ three strata. An attempt has been made to compare the mean volume per ha. of the's8 strata under various classes of each particular item, i.e. topography, slope and soon. Following paras are the result of this exercise.

6.8 Mea!:!. volume per ha(M31 ~ topog'raphic cla£_ses:

The mean volume per he. of the gr'owing stock in all the three strata has been calculated for the Various topographic classes and indicated in Table No. 6.8T. The

79

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80

sarn{: bas bC-HrJ e:-::bit-:'cd in tbe diagram No. 6.8 D. Ta!21§ !i2.:..iL.§.1':

M~f!Q y Q,l ~m~DHh,.U.1 1 :i!l y'~r i Q1!.~ :tQJ?Q&.r:.~hiQ Ql[1s s.~§.. 1..0. g,11 'thf: t:tL!,::~~ §.:kf:.ut:{! lrl 12h!J...: i f!, Q.i~!..r:.iQ~

Stratum

Teak Salai Miscellaneous

Flat

3.24 43.07 18.73

land

Topographic classes

Gently

20.37 15.01 22.83

rolling Hilly .

36.02 49.24 34.27

Very hilly

43.44 65.75 59.37

The results indicates that very hilly terrain contains more than mean volume mainly in respect of Salai and Mj seell aneous stratum. The salai stratum has almost equal trend o.f mean volume both in flat lands as well-as in hilly terrain. The Teak stratum is almost missing· in flat lands and has better representation in hilly terrains. This is mainly due to the reason that, 09 flat lands there is pressure of cultivation and habitation and as a result of which, the vegetation under Teak stratum is fou.r1d to 'be dim-inishing. The salai stratum, however, remains unaffected. even,~ in flat lands due to the fact that BOBwellia serrata(salaiJ is not used for domestic consumption either for hc~se building or for agricultural implements. S~lai is not"' even used as fir~wood. This is why it survives even on the plain areas i. e. near inhabited o,r cultivated 8r'ea5.- The -miscellaneous stratum, . on the other hand, indicates increase in voluTrie with increase in the hillyness of t{:le terrain. 'r.he rise in mean volume of the Miscellaneous stratum from, flat lands t~ very hilly terrain is gradual. Teak also indicates similar behavious ~n undulating, hilly- and' very hilly terrain.

6.9

The d is'tr:i bution of mean volume under di f!'erent s lope classes in a'll the three strata is indicated in the Tablf:> No.G.9 '1' and is illustrated in t he bar- diagram 6.9 D.

~~~~ YQ1Lh~~ i~ Y~£iou~ QIQP~ Q1~Q~~~ iQ 311 th~ ih£Q~ QtL~ta in 1!,tr!d 1. i3 Q,iQt:.I::_~~ct:.:_

Stratum

Teak Sala:i

19.73 10. f33

:31

Slope classes

10·-60~('

:34.49 47.27

60-100:;~

33.57 83.34

0 •

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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 en ex> ,... (Q I() v rt) (\I

(£V'4 ) ''1 H /" 0/\ NV3W

82

Miscellaneous 20.19 31. 37 62.64

The mean volume per ha. of Salai and Miscellaneous strata \.;as found to be more in the areas having sl.')pG percentage of 60 to 100, whereas mean ~olume of teak wad found to be on the higher side in the areas having slope 10 to 60%' as compared to plain lands or lands with higher slopes. Normally for· ideal growth of teak areas having slop~ of 10 to 60% are fQund to be most suitable if other parameters like soil and soil depth etc. are favourable. The mean volume of miscellaneous stratum shows increasing trend from plain lands to higher slopes. The mean volume of Salai steatum is quite' high in higher slopes as compared to lower slopes and plains. The nature of the species is such that, it exists and grows mainly on slopes. The mean volume of all the three strata in plain lands is much lower than on higher slopes. This may be due to the biotic interference which is prevailing more on plain lands.

3 6.10 M~~n yolum~iM 1 Qgr h~ ~ soil-depth classes

The distribution of mean volume by soil depth in all the three strata has be~n indicated in the table No.6. H3 T and illustrated ~n bar diagram No. 6.10 D.

Table No.6. 10T --- -- -~-.-

- -:

M~· ...... volu!"fJ,~Lh~· ill 1 in various s-oi I-depth classes in all t.h!1. th£ee ~~rat~ in Dhulia ~istrict:~ .-------~---.-------------------------~-----------------------Stratum _ Soil depth c~asses

---_____ ..:r_--. _________________________________ . ____ _

Very shallow <15 cm'

Shallow 15-30cms

Mediam 30-g'0crns

Deep > 90 cms. __

------~------------------------------------------------------T.eak Salai Miscellaneous 11.51

21. 63 50.05 29.14

32.17 36.23 28.31'

35.26 61. 96 54.06

----------------------------------------:--------------------

The mean volume of all the species is more on lands with deep soils as compared xo that on medium and shallow soils except for the salai stratum whee the mean volume is found to be more on shallow soils as compared to medium soils. This appears to be purely by chance and has no significance.

6.11 Mean volumeLM 1 per ha_ ~ canopy layers

The distribution of mean volume of all the three strata by different canopy layers has been indicated in Tabl~ No. 6.11 T and illustrated in figure No. 6.11 D.

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r{) 2 -. <! :r: " _J

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84

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85

MeaQ volurn~Lh~~ tM11 in various caQOPY l~yer ~las~es in all . :t.be :three strata in. Dh~d.~li§. district

----------------~----~---------------------------------------Stratum Canopy layer classes

---------------------------------------No storey One storey Two storey

-------------------~-----------------------------------------

Teak 2.38 Salai Miscellaneous

28.56 41.77 28.39

51. 89 60.93 80.07

---------------~---------------------------------------------I

The result shows that mean volume of all the three strata is more in two storeyed forest than in one storeyed. One storeyed· forests in the tract of Dhulia are mostly confined to the areas which have been affected by biotic interferences. The two storeyed forests, on the other hand, exist in better stocked areas and yield more mean volume in all the three strata. 'No storey' forest are the areas which ar_e at the regeneration stage i. e. their cont"l:'ibution to the volume of the growing stock is insignificant.

3 6.12

-The distrib\~tioii _ of mean volume of all the three

strat~ by top height classes has been indicated in table· No. K 6.12 T and illustr.ated in bar diagram No. 6.12 D~

3 M~~n vol. tha. .tM..-l in vaI:iou~ top height classes in. -~l.l t.h~ th~ strata in I2.huli~ disti:ict ~------------------=-----~-~-----------------------------~---

Str.s.:tum Top Height classes -----------------------~--------------------------< 5 mtrs. 6-10 mtrs. 11-15 mtrs. 16-20mtrs 20+mtrs

-------- ........ _----------------_._--------..---------------------------

Teak Salai Misc.

2.30 14.53 13.74 1,15.76

33.79 46. 17 26.96

46.54 87.34 77.75 77.33 123.73

-------------------------------------------------------------, _

This shows that the mean volume of each stratum ~ncreases with the increase of top heignts which is natural as volume is directly rel~ted to the height. The Miscellaneous stratum shoVls abnormal increase of mean volume with the increase of top height whereas the species like teak indicates gradual rise in mean volume with the increase in top height. The Salai stratum is totally absent in the top height cla~ses above 20 metres.

86

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X .... CI) 2

Q w

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::::> l&I - ~ en

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W It) m 0:: .., - 1JJ 0:: ~ W t- o::: en LL. ::x: - -0 C I- ~ . , •

, I , !

0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 !!1 N 0') ..... U) 10 ¢ ", N

(£~) '\fH /'10/\ NY3W

37

;l 6.13 M~~n ~Ql~m~ ~ h~~lM 1 QY ~i~~ Ql~~~~s

The mean volume of all the three strata have been indicat.ed by Size classes in Table No.6. 13 T and the result is exhibited in bar diagram No. 6.13 D.

3 M~~n YQ1~lli~Lh~~ ~M-l in yariou~ Si~~ ~l~sses in all kh~ ~hre~ §.t.£ata ill. Dhuli~.dist.rict

Stratum'

Teak Salai Misc.

Regenera­tion <10 em

2.19

6.38

Size(diameter ) classes

Pole crop 10-20cm

15.28 27.42 16.61-

Small Timber

20-30ems

26.29 50.34 28.43

Big Mixed Timber size >30 ems.

68.24 3.48

37.48 48.09 42.02

It is seen that the mean volume of teak increase with increase of diameter, whereas in case of Salai stratum, the mean volume has gone down under the" class of big sized timber. This obviously indicates that in Salai stratum big sized t.imber is not available in Dhulia district . Similar is the, case of Miscell-aneous stratum also. The Miscellaneous stratum shows gradual rise of mean volume with the rise of diam~ter class upto 30 ems. In all the stratum, forest areas having mixed size.class (i.e where no particular diameter size is predominent) Teak, Salai and Miscellaneous species contri bute a lmost equally to" the gro'oYing stock.

-g!:2~iQg .§t.9£t Q;}C forest t.~·wi:t:h standarQ, erro!:_..

Table No. 6.14 gives distribution of total~ area, volume per ha. oC9ur~ing 'in different strata i . e. Teak, Salai and Hiscellaenous wi t.h percentage :;?tandard error calcu lated on the basis of no. of plots falling in each forest type. It 1ndicates that the pel~centage standard error in case of Teak

-foiest is considerably less. Salai forest which has less no. of sample pots attributed to it the standard error is higher. _,.£

In case of t.1iscellaenous forest type wh ich has much less representation than teak the standard error was found to be comparatively less. This may be due to more uniform nature of Miscellaenous forests.

88

~ ::3 0 .1. oCt en

Q LIJ ~. I

)( t- en ~

to UJ I 0

~ ~ Dl'J ~

U) z N ~

'It W

<l N

0::: cO en ~ ~ 0

S LIJ X

~

-----------------------------------------------~-------------

Crop composition

Area (ha. )

SE% Vol. Ihn. SE% Total SE% volume in 000 cub. rntr..

------------------------------------------------------~------

Teak 111,000 7.9 30.5078 9.2 3386.3658 12.1 ( 111 ) (105)

Salai 3O,000 18.3 43.1936 15.9 1299.4872 24.2 (30)

"'" (27)

Misc. 82;000 9.2 32.2324 16.2 2643.0568 18.6 (82) (72)

-------------------------------------------------------------

223,000 6.4 32.865 7.9 7328.9098 10.2 -------------------~------------------------------------------ -:

Note:- L SE% _""" deootes l?ercen_:tage. .

" standard error expressed

2. Figures in bracket denotes the no .. of observations on which the estimate is based.

90

as

, --------------------------------------~----------------------

Local Name Botanical Name

1 2

Natural order(Family of the plant).

3 ------------------------------_._------------------------_--_-

Al.

Amba Anjan

Apta - Arati

Asana Awali or Amla. Babul Bel­Beheda Bahawa

Bhendi Bhokar Bhutkes Bibla or Bija Boodara

Bor Chinch

Charoli Chinchola Dharnan Dhavada Dhudhi kuda Gadhad khai r.

Morinda tinctiraia Roxb.

Mangifera indica Linn. Hardwickia binata Roxb.

Bauhinia recemo::;a Larnk t!limosa hamata

Terminalia arjuna wight and Arn.

Bridelia r~tusa spreng. Embl ica officinal is Gaert.

Acacia arabic.a willd ... Aegle marmelos corr. Terminalia belerica Cassia fistula Linn.

Thespesia populne~ corr. Cordia dichotoma -Forst F. Elaeodendron Ilaucum Pterocarpus rnars\:lp.iuT!!

Lagers~roemia parviflora_ Roxb. Zizyphus roauritiana Lamk Tamarindus indica Linn.

Buchanania lanzan spreng. Albizzia lebbek Grewia tiliaefolia vahl.. Anogeissus latifolia Wall Holarrhena antidysenterica (BR) wall. Acacia i'erruginea willd

Ghatbor Zizyphus xylopyra willd. Ghelo.(Gel) Randia dumetorum larnk

91

Rubiaceae

Anancardiaceae Legurninosae (Caesalpineae)

-do­Leguminosae. (Mimoseae)_ Cornbretaceae ......

Euphorbiacep.e. -do-

Legurninosae(Mimoseae) Rutaceae. Combretaceae. Leguminosae

..... (Ca.esalpineae ) Malvaceae. Boragineae. Ce 1 astraceae. Leguminosae (Papilionaceae) Lythraceae

Rhamhaceae. Leguminosae (Caesalpineae) Anacardiaceae Leguminosae(Mimoseae) Tiliaceae. Combretaceae Apocynaceae

Leguminosae (Mimoseae) Rhamnaceae

-do-

Garad H&d (Haladu) (Hal£tclwan)

Albezzia procera benth Ad-l.na.cor-difolia Hook-F

Hingan Belanites aegyptiaca Del. Hirda Terminalia chebula Retz. Hiwar Acacia leucophloea willd. Humb Saccopetalum

.Jambul

Kadai Kaddhaman Kttkad Kamala

Kalamb

tomentosum H.f&t Syzygium curnini (Linn) skeels Sterculia urens roxb Grewia villoso. Garuga pinnata roxb Mallotus philippinensis Muel. Stephegyne parvifolia Roxb) -korth.

3

Leguminosae(Mimoseae) Rubiac eae

Simarabeae . Combretaceae. Leguminosae Anonaceae

Myrtaceae.

Sterculiaceae Tiliaceae. Burseraceae. Euphorbiaceae.

Rubiaceae.

Kal&. siras Albizzia odoratissima bength Leg'\:ulIi n osae (:tv1imoseae )

Kansar Karanj

Albizzia amara bength Pongamia pinnata(linn.) Pierre. ~

Khair. Acacia catechu~willd. Koshimb Schliechera oleosa (I\usuk) (Lour)Oken. Kudi(Kodai) Wrightia tinctoria Br. Kumbi Careya arborea Roxb. ~edsing Dolichandrone falcata seem Modal' Lannea c'orornandelica(Hort) (Mobin) Merl::-a. Mahuwa t-'ladhuca indica Gmel. (Moowro.) Nana Lagerstro~mfa lanceolata

Dalz &. Gibs. Nirnb(Neem) Azadirachta indica Juss Nimbar,a Melia dubio. Heirn. Palas

Pangar'a Petara Phasi

Pimpal Payar' (Pirnpri) Ritha Robin Sadada

Butea monosperma (Lamk)Taub. Erythrina indica Lam. Gar(jenia ·l;11rg,i·da Roxb ,­DaJ.bergia paniculata IWxb.

Ficus religiosa Linn. Ficus Pumphii Blume

Sapindus emarginatus Vahl Soymida febrifuga Adr.Fuss Terminalia tomentosa ' Wight and Arn .

92

-do-Leguminosae (Papilionaceae) Leguminosae(Mimoseae) Sap i nd aceae .

,_ Apocynaceae. Mytrabeae, . -Bignoniaceae Anacardiaceae

Sapotaceae.

~ythraceae.

Mel i-aceae -do­

Leguminosae (Papilionaceae) -0.0-

P..ubiaceae Leguwinosae (Papi I ionacea). TJrticaseae.

-do

Sopindaceae. Meliaceae .. Combretaceae

Sag Salai Sawar (Semf1..1) Shewga Srli wa11 Sissl.l. (Shisham) Kinhai

Tembhuri

Tiwas

Umbar WaJi

Tectona grandis Linn. Boswellia serrata Roxb. Salmalia malabrica {D.C. Schott and End 1. Moringa oleifera Lamk Gmelina arboria Linn. Dalbergia latifolik (Roxb)

Albizzia pracera Benth.

Diospyros peregrina (Gaerth) Gurke. Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb. )Hochveut. Ficus glomerata (Rixb) Ficus bengalensis Linn.

Ati Helicteres isdra Linn. Murudsheng Bhamini (13haman) Dhatti

GhanerI Ghoti Shaypat Henkal

Karwi

Karwand Kanguli (Bandgul) Kutri

Nivdung Nirgudi Parhenkal Rantulas Rui Sabri Sabar Tarwad

Turan Thor Velatur (Vurtuli)

Colebroockia Oppositifolia(Smith) Woodfordia fruticosa· 5a1igb Lantana camara L. ZizYph1..ls XJllopy.ra Wii1d. Agave cantala Schaver Gymnosporia spinos(Forsk) Fiori Carvia~~allosa Wight and Arn. Carissa carandas-Linn. Dendrophthoe falcata

Solanum gigenteum Linn. (Lecg. ) Opuntia dilleni mi~l(Haw) Vitex magundo Roxb. Flacourtia indica Roxb. Ocimunbasilycum(Canum)Sims. Calotropis gigantea Br. Euphorbia nerifolia Dalz

Cassia auriculata L.

Zizyphus· rugosa Lam Euphorbia ligularia L~ Dichrostachys cinerea Wight and Arr.

Verbenaceae. Burseracea.e Malvaceae.

Morginceae. ·Verbenaceae. Leguminosae. (Papi 1 ionaceae) . Leguminosae (Mimosoae) Ebenaceae.

Leguminosae (Papol ionacea.e) . U rt i caceae .

-do-

St'erculiaceae.

Lebiatae.

Lythreceae

Verbenaceae. ·Rhamnaceae. Amaryllidaceae. Celastraceae.

Acanthanceae.

Apocynanceae. Loranthaceae.

Solanaceae

Cactaceae Verbenaceae. Bixaceae. Labiatae Asceepiadaceae. Euphorbiaceae.

LaguminoGae (Caesalpineae) . Rhamnaceae. Euphorbiaceae. Leguminosae ( Mimoseae)

bhinguli

Rankel (Chivni) 'far-ota. (Takla) Safed musali

Argar

Indieofera 0nnaephylla Linn.

Ensete superbum{Roxb) cheesman. Cassia tara W & A.

Asparagus adseendens Bak

Millettia fiuriculata

Alsi Dalbergia ~olubilia Roxb. Chilhar Caesalpinia se.:piaria Roxb. (Chillari) Charnbuli Baubinia vihili N & A p~rod. Gunj Abrus precatoriu5 Linn. Kantherbal Capparis sepiaria Linn~ Modwel Conbretu~ ovalifolium-Roxb. PalasweJ. Butea .JJ_up/?,,(ba Hoxh.

Ukshi Calycopteris floribunda Lam.

Kashti Man-weI, 1, 'f ol:.ar ) Bamboos.

Bambosft arundinacea willa Dendrocalamus strictus Neos

, Bhuti~ Aristida funiculata Bora Andropogan halepensis Pers. Gondwel Andropogen pumilus Roxb. ( Tarnadg-ota) Hariyali Cynodon dactylon pars Husali Heteropogon contortus Linn. (Kusali) "'" K_athora Kunda Kowla Marvel Moshi Pavanya Phulia Hosha

Sbeda

Bothriochlo<rpertu8li Is chaemum pi 1 osum (Fl acl~s ) Setaria glauca Beauv. Dichanthiurn anrlulut;,u lTl Iseilefua laxum Hack Sehima sulcatum Apluda varia Hack Cymoopogon martini ( Roxb. ) h1<i·t:;. SAhirna nervosum

84

i.,t"!gl lm·-l[lOSae

(Papilionaoeae) Scitamineae.

Legumino~,;ae (Fapilionaceae) Liliaceae

Legurninosae. (Papilionaceae)

--do­Leguminosae (Caesalpineae)

-do--do-{Papilionaceae)

Caparidaceae. Combretaeeae. Legulfl inos ae {Pepilionaceae) Comb-ret,aeeee.

Gramineae. -do-

Gra.!fJineae(Poaceae) -do--do-

- .... fo---do--

-rlo--do--do--do--do---do--do--do-

-do--

1.

2.

3.

4.

Working Plans of North Dhulia district.

Working Plans of We~t Dhulia district.

Socio-.economic Review and District Statistical Abstract of Dhulia district(1981-82)

District Census Hand Book (Dhulia District 1981)

*******

95