form no. ac08 jansons institute of technology - jitjit.ac.in/pdf/professional ethics.pdf · jansons...

Form No. AC08

of 10 Rev.No.00;Rev.Date xx.xx.2015

Jansons Institute of Technology Karumathampatti, Coimbatore – 641 659

COURSE DELIVERY PLAN

Faculty Name : Mr.S.Muthumanickam Staff code : jit0184

Subject Name : Professional ethics in engineering Subject code : GE6075

Academic Year : 2015 – 2016 Semester : VIII

Program & Branch : B.E Mechanical Engineering Section :

Sl. No. Course Objectives (As given in the Syllabus) Mapping with corresponding program objectives

1.

To enable the students to create an awareness on Engineering Ethics and Human Values, to instill Moral and Social Values and Loyalty and to appreciate the rights of others.

Sl. No. Course Outcome (As given in the Syllabus) Mapping with corresponding program outcome

1.

Upon completion of the course, the student should be able to

apply ethics in society, discuss the ethical issues related to

engineering and realize the responsibilities and rights in the

society

Form No. AC08


Lecture

Hour

Time

Allocated

(Mins)

Detailed Topics to be covered Actual

Completion

Deviations (with

reasons) if any

HOD Principal

Date Period

UNIT I - HUMAN VALUES Corresponding course objective No’s met: 01

1

50 Introduction

50 Introduction to Subject and Syllabi,

Course Objectives and Needs

2

50 Morals,values and ethics

25

10

15

Ø stages of moral development

Ø Types of values

Ø Types of ethics

3

50 Integrity,Work Ethics,Service learning

15

10

25

Ø Concept of integrity

Ø Principle of work ethics

Ø Learning strategy

4

50 Civic Virtue , Respect for Others

50 Ø Meaning of civic virtue

Ø How to respect for others

5 50 Living peacefully

Form No. AC08


50 Ø Steps to be followed living peacefully

6

50 Caring, Sharing and Honesty

50 Ø Definition with examples

7 50 Courage, Valuing Time, Co Operation

20

30

Ø Meaning

Ø Importance of Time and Co Operation

8

50 Commitment, Empathy, Self confidence

50

Ø Meaning with examples

9

50 Character, Spirituality, Introduction to Yoga and meditation

20

30

Ø Types of characters

Ø Stress management

UNIT II - ENGINEERING ETHICS Corresponding course objective No’s met: 01

10

50 Senses of Engineering Ethics

20

10

20

Ø Training in preventive ethics

Ø Impediments to responsibility

Ø Senses of expression of engineering ethics

11

50 Variety of Moral Issues

20

20

Ø Micro ethics

Ø Macro ethics

Form No. AC08


10

Ø Some examples

12

50 Types of inquiry

20

20

10

Ø Normative inquiry

Ø Conceptual inquiry

Ø Factual inquiry

13

50 Moral Dilemmas

15

15

20

Ø Vagueness

Ø Conflicting reasons

Ø Disagreement

14

50 Moral Autonomy

50

Ø Steps to be followed

15

50 Kohlberg’s and Gilligan Theories

30

20

Ø Kohlberg’s six stages of moral development

Ø Gilligan’s stages of cognitive development

16

50 Consensus and Controversy, Models of Professional Roles

20

20

Ø Definition

Ø Roles of profession

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10

Ø Six core qualities

17 50 Theories of right action, Self Interest

30

20

Ø Four ethical theories

Ø Meaning of self interest

18 50 Customs and Religion, Uses of Ethical Theories

25

25

Ø Description

Ø Applications

UNIT III - ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL EXPERIMENTATION Corresponding course objective No’s met: 01

19

50 Engineering as an Experimentation

25

25

Ø Similarities to standard experiments

Ø learning from the past with examples

20

50 Engineers as responsible Experiments

25

25

Ø Contrasts with standard experiments

o Experimental control

o Informed consent

Ø Features of morally responsible engineers in social

experimentation

21

50 Code of Ethics

25

25

Ø Early codes

Ø Newer codes

22

50 A Balanced Outlook on law

50 Ø Description

Form No. AC08


UNIT IV - SAFETY,RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS Corresponding course objective No’s met: 01

23

50 Safety and Risk

25

25

Ø Concept of safety

Ø Types of risk

24 50 Assessment of Safety and Risk

25 25

25

Ø Safety and the engineer

Ø Designing for safety

26

50 Risk Benefit analysis and reducing risk

25

25

Ø Description

Ø Accidents

o Procedural

o Engineer

o Systemic

27 50 Respect for Authority

28 50 Ø Description

29

50 Collective Bargaining

50 Ø Unionism

30 50 Confidentially

31

50

Ø Government organizations with examples

32 50 Conflicts of interest

Form No. AC08


33

34

50 Ø Solving conflict problems

50 Occupational Crime

35 50

Ø Types of crime

o Employee crime

o White collar crime

o Embezzlement and fraud

o Computer theft and trade secrets

36 50 Professional and employee rights,intellectual property rights (IPR)

and Discrimination.

37

25

25

Ø Engineers professional practice

Ø Confidential and proprietary information

UNIT V - GLOBAL ISSUES Corresponding course objective No’s met: 01

38

50 Multinational Corporations

20

30

Ø Benefits to MNCs

Ø Benefits to developing host countries

39 50 Environmental Ethics

40

10

20

20

Ø Description and Approaches

o Cost-oblivious approach

o cost benefit analysis

Form No. AC08


41

50 Computer Ethics

20

10

10

10

Ø Computer as the instrument of unethical behavior

Ø Computer as the object of unethical acts

Ø Autonomous computers

Ø computer code of ethics

42

50 Weapons Development

50 Ø Defense work

43

50 Engineers as Managers

50 Ø Responsibilities to employees,customers,clients and general

public

44 50 Consulting Engineers

45 50 Ø Safety inspection

46

50 Engineers as Expert Witness and Advisors,Moral leadership

20

20

10

Ø Public planning

Ø Policy making

Ø Community service

47 50 Code of conduct

48 50 Ø Role of codes

49 50 Corporate Social Responsibility

50 50

Ø Promoting the business interest

Note: where tutorial is included in the syllabus, course plan also to indicate the hours during which tutorials are planned meeting the syllabus

requirements on the total hours of tutorials to be covered.

Form No. AC08


Assignments (Minimum of 2 assignments):

Unit and Portions Mode of assignment* Planned Date Actual Date Remarks

1 unit & 2 unit

30 % of portions Home Assignments

2 unit & 3 unit


4 unit & 5 unit


Note(*): Mode of Assignment can be individual/ group/ class/ home assignments/ seminar presentations/ mini projects as decided by the individual faculty

etc.

CIA Test Planning:

Test No. Portions to be completed Portions covered in the test Date of test Remarks

1 1 unit & 2 unit - 30 % of portions



Any other method identified by the faculty in order to ensure the achievement of the course objective / outcome:

Method Supporting course objective Course Outcome Method of assessment

Form No. AC08


TEXT BOOKS:

1. Mike Martin and Roland Schinzinger, Ethics in Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York 1996.

2. Govindrajan.M,Natarajan.S,SenthilKumar.V.S, Engineering Ethics, Prentice Hall of India,Newdelhi,2004.

REFERENCES:

1. Charles D.Fledermann, Engineering Ethics, Pearson Education/Prentice hall, New jersey,2004(Indian Reprint now available)

2. Charles E Harris, Michael S. Protchard and Michael J Rabins, Engineering ethics – Concepts and cases, Wadsworth Thompson Leating, United States, 2000(Indian Reprint now available)

3. John R Boatright, Ethics and the Conduct of Business, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2003.

4. Edmund G seebauer and Robert L Barry, Fundamentals of Ethcis for Scientists and Engineers, Oxford University press, Oxford,2001.

5. K.Krishnaswamy,K.Thangaraj,G.Karmegam, Professional Ethics and Human Values,R.K Publishers,Coimbatore,2006.

Date: Course Faculty HOD Principal

12/4/2015

1

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN VALUES

• Values are individual in nature.

• Values are comprised of personal concepts of responsibility,

entitlement and respect.

• Values are shaped by personal experience, may change over

the span of a lifetime and may be influenced by lessons

learned.

• Values may vary according to an individual's cultural, ethic

and/or faith-based background.

12/4/2015 1 Human Values & Prof Ethics

“Never change your core values.”

In spite of all the change around you, decide upon what

you will never change: your core values.

Take your time to decide what they are but once you do, do

not compromise on them for any reason.

Integrity is one such value.


Why study ethics?

• When students enter the professional world,

they will be expected to follow an explicit or

implicit ethical code.

• To responsibly confront moral issues raised by

technological activity

• How to deal with ethical dilemmas in their

professional lives?

• To achieve moral autonomy


What Is Ethics?

Josephson Institute of Ethics

Ethics refers to standards of conduct . . .

that indicate how one should behave

based on . . .principles of right and

wrong. As a practical matter, ethics is

about how we meet the challenge of

doing the right thing


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2

MORALS

• Morals are guiding principles that every citizen should

hold.

•Morals are foundational concepts defined on both an

individual and societal level.

• At the most basic level, morals are the knowledge of the

difference between right and wrong.


Stages of Moral Development

• Pre-conventional Level

Whatever benefits oneself or avoids

punishment

• Conventional Level

Uncritical acceptance of society’s rules

• Post-conventional Level

Moral autonomy


Ethics and Morality

• Morality: first-order set of beliefs and

practices about how to live a good life.

• Ethics: a second-order, conscious reflection on

the adequacy of our moral beliefs.


ETICS CONTINUUM

Ethics as an Ongoing Conversation

• World changes continually, and we have to interpret / construe it over and over again.

• We come back to ideas again and again, finding new meaning in them.

• Professional discussions of ethical issues in journals.


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3

What to Expect from Ethics?

Functions of theory:

• Describe (What?)

• Explain (Why?)

• Prescribe (How?)

• Give strength (Support)

– Open new possibilities and insights

– Wonder


Ethics and Law

• Law – the authority is external

• Ethics – the authority is internal

• Much of law, but not all, is based in morality

• Sometimes law is unethical

• Much of what is ethical is unaddressed by legal rules

Professional Ethics and Law

• There is a moral duty to obey the law (with

some caveats)

• Professional ethics covers more issues than

the law

• One can be unethical without behaving

illegally

• Rare – ethically must resist the law

Professional Ethics and Law

Be very careful not to embark in an exercise in ethical analysis when there is a clear legal rule in the situation that trumps the entire process of ethical analysis.

Be very careful not to assume that there is a legal rule for every situation. Often the gaps between legal rules require one to switch to an ethical analysis.

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4

13

Law vs. Ethics

• LAW

– Creates rules to guide

conduct

– Balances competing

values

– Punishes conduct that

is “illegal” through

formal structures

• ETHICS

– Offers guidance on

conduct

– Addresses situations in

which competing

values clash

– Incentives and

disincentives may be

created by “group”

(formal or informal)

12/4/2015 Human Values & Prof Ethics

ETHICS

SOCIETAL NORMATIVE SYSTEMS

LAW MORAL


Moral Reason versus Moral

Feeling

Morality is strictly a matter of

rational judgment:

Samuel Clarke (1675-1729)

– Since time of Plato: moral truths

exist in a spiritual realm.

– Moral truths like mathematical

truths are eternal.

Samuel Clarke

(1675-1729)


Moral Reason versus Moral

Feeling

Morality is strictly a matter of

feeling (emotion):

David Hume (1711-1729)

– We have a moral sense David Hume

(1711-1776)


12/4/2015

5

A Brave New World…





12/4/2015 19 Human Values & Prof Ethics 20

Consider This: “You and Al”

• You are the manager for Big-Mart, a large discount retailer. You recently fired Al, a sales clerk, after Al punched a customer during a dispute in the store (Al admitted this after the customer complained).

• Sue, manager of your competitor, Mega-Mart, calls you to tell you that Al has applied for a job at Mega-Mart, and to ask you whether Al is “good with customers.”

• WHAT DO YOU DO?


12/4/2015

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21

“An ethical dilemma?”

• Choice to be made

• Implicates competing values, rights, & goals

• Potential harm to decision maker?

• Potential harm to others?

• “Ripple effect:” long-term, far reaching

implications of decision to be made.

12/4/2015 Human Values & Prof Ethics 22

How to Resolve Ethical Dilemmas

• Identify relevant facts

• Identify relevant issue(s)

• Identify primary stakeholders

• Identify possible solutions

• Evaluate each possible solution

• Compare and assess consequences

• Decide on solution

• Take action


23

How to Evaluate Solutions: Some Theories

– Stakeholder/utilitarian theory: greatest good to the greatest number

– Rights Theory: Respecting and protecting individual rights to fair and equal treatment, privacy, freedom to advance, etc.

– Justice Theory: fair distribution of benefits and burdens: can harm to individual be justifiable?

– Categorical Imperative: “what if everyone took such action?”

– “Front Page Test:” What if my decision was reported on the front page of the Los Angeles Times?

PERSONAL ETHICS

•Simply put, all individuals are morally autonomous beings

with the power and right to choose their values, but it

does not follow that all choices and all value systems have

an equal claim to be called ethical.

•Actions and beliefs inconsistent with the Six Pillars of

Character - trustworthiness, respect, responsibility,

fairness, caring and citizenship - are simply not ethical.


12/4/2015

7

PERSONAL ETHICS - everyday examples

• Software piracy

• Expense account padding

• Copying of homework or tests

• Income taxes

• “Borrowing” nuts and bolts, office supplies from employer

• Copying of Videos or CD’s

• Plagiarism

• Using the copy machine at work 12/4/2015 25 Human Values & Prof Ethics

RELIGION AND ETHICS

• The “Golden Rule” is a basic tenet in almost all religions:

Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Confucian, Buddhist, Muslim.

• “Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.”

• “Treat others as you would like them to treat you” (Christian).

• “Hurt not others with that which pains you” (Buddhist)

• “What is hateful to yourself do not do to your fellow men”

(Judaism)

• “No man is a true believer unless he desires for his brother

that which he desires for himself” (Islam)


Moral Autonomy

• Autonomous individuals think for themselves and do not

assume that customs are always right.

• They seek to reason and live by general principles.

• Their motivation is to do what is morally reasonable for

its own sake, maintaining integrity, self-respect, and

respect for others.


An example:

“One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and willingly accepts the penalty… is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law.” Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1963.


12/4/2015

8

MORALITY AND ETHICS

• Concerns the goodness of voluntary human conduct that affects

the self or other living things

•Morality (Latin mores) usually refers to any aspect of human action

•Ethics (Greek ethos) commonly refers only to professional behavior

• Ethics consist of the application of fundamental moral principles

and reflect our dedication to fair treatment of each other, and of

society as a whole.

• An individual's own values can result in acceptance or rejection of

society's ethical standards because even thoughtfully developed

ethical rules can conflict with individual values


ASPECTS OF ETHICS

There are two aspects to ethics:

•The first involves the ability to discern right from wrong, good

from evil and propriety from impropriety.

•The second involves the commitment to do what is right, good

and proper. Ethics entails action.

An ALGEBRA course will teach you ALGEBRA.

A HISTORY course will teach you HISTORY.

A MANAGEMENT course will teach you principles of

MANAGEMENT.

But, Will an ETHICS course teach you to be ETHICAL?

Think !


12/4/2015

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1

UNIT II - ENGINEERING ETHICS

“Technology can have no legitimacy unless it inflicts no harm”-Adm.H.G. Rickover, father of the US nuclear

navy.

– What does Adm. Rickover mean by this?

– Should engineers avoid technology that has the

potential for inflicting harm on a society or its members?

• Engineers have an ethical and social responsibility to

themselves, their clients and society.

• Practically (although there is much debate about this), engineering ethics is about balancing cost,

schedule, and risk.

2

ENGINEERING ETHICS is:

• the study of moral issues and decisions confronting individuals and organizations involved

in engineering and

• the study of related questions about moral

ideals, character, policies and relationships of

people and organizations involved in technological activity.

TRAINING IN PREVENTIVE ETHICS

• Stimulating the moral imagination

• Recognizing ethical issues • Developing analytical skills

• Eliciting a sense of responsibility

• Tolerating disagreement and ambiguity

3

IMPEDIMENTS TO RESPONSIBILITY

• Self-interest.

• Fear.

• Self-deception.

• Ignorance.

• Egocentric tendencies. • Microscopic vision.

• Groupthink.

QUESTIONABLE ENGINEERING PRACTICES

• Trimming – “smoothing of irregularities to make data look

extremely accurate and precise” • Cooking – “retaining only those results that fit the theory

and discarding others”.

• Forging – “inventing some or all of the research data…”

• Plagiarism – misappropriating intellectual property.

• Conflicts of interest (such as accepting gifts.) – actual ,l potential ,– apparent

4

CLEARLY WRONG ENGINEERING PRACTICES

• Lying • Deliberate deception

• Withholding information

• Failing to adequately promote the dissemination of

information

• Failure to seek out the truth • Revealing confidential or proprietary information

• Allowing one‟s judgment to be corrupted.

12/4/2015

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5

SENSES OF EXPRESSION OF ENGG. ETHICS

Ethics is an activity and area of inquiry. It is the activity of understanding moral values, resolving moral

issues and the area of study resulting from that

activity.

When we speak of ethical problems, issues and

controversies, we mean to distinguish them from non moral problems.

Ethics is used to refer to the particular set of beliefs,

attitudes and habits that a person or group displays

concerning moralities.

Ethics and its grammatical variants can be used as synonyms for „morally correct‟.

6

VARIETIES or APPROACHES OF MORAL ISSUES

MICRO-ETHICS emphasizes typically everyday problems that can take on significant proportions in an engineer‟s

life or entire engineering office.

MACRO-ETHICS addresses societal problems that are

often shunted aside and are not addressed until they

unexpectedly resurface on a regional or national scale. MORAL PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING

(SOME EXAMPLES)

4.1. An inspector discovered faulty construction equipment

and applied a violation tag, preventing its use. The

supervisor, a construction manager viewed the case as a minor abrasion of the safety regulations and ordered the

removal of the tag to speed up the project. When the

inspector objected to this, he was threatened with

disciplinary action.

7

4.2. An electric utility company applied for a permit to

operate a nuclear power plant. The licensing agency was

interested in knowing what emergency measures had

been established for humans safety in case of reactor

malfunctioning. The utility engineers described the alarm

system and arrangements with local hospitals for

treatment. They did not emphasize that this measures

applied to plant personnel only and that they had no plans

for the surrounding population. When enquired about their

omission, they said it was not their responsibility.

8

4.3. A chemical plant dumped wastes in a landfill.

Hazardous substances found their way into the

underground water table. The plant‟s engineers were

aware of the situation but did not change the method of

disposal because their competitors did it the same cheap

way, and no law explicitly forbade the practice.

4.4. Electronics Company ABC geared up for production

of its own version of a popular new item. The product was

not yet ready for sale, but even so, pictures and impressive specifications appeared in advertisements.

Prospective customers were led to believe that it was

available off the shelf and were drawn away from

competing lines.

12/4/2015

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9

TYPES OF INQUIRIES

1. NORMATIVE INQUIRY These are about „what ought to be‟ and „what is

good‟. These questions identify and also justify the

morally desirable norms or standards.

Some of the questions are:

A. How far engineers are obligated to protect public safety in given situations?

B. When should engineers start whistle blowing on

dangerous practices of their employers?

C. Whose values are primary in taking a moral

decision, employee, public or govt? D. Why are engineers obligated to protect public

safety?

E. When is govt justified in interfering on such issues

and why? 10

2. CONCEPTUAL INQUIRY:

These questions should lead to clarifications on

concepts, principles and issues in ethics. Examples

are:

A) What is „SAFETY‟ and how is it related to „RISK‟

B) „Protect the safety, health and welfare of public‟-

What does this statement mean?

C) What is a bribe?

D) What is a „profession‟ and who are

„professionals‟?

11

3. FACTUAL (DESCRIPTIVE) INQUIRIES

These are inquiries used to uncover information using

scientific techniques. These inquiries get to information

about business realities, history of engineering profession,

procedures used in assessment of risks and engineers

psychology.

Why study ENGINEERING ETHICS ENGINEERING

ETHICS is a means to increase the ability of concerned

engineers, managers, citizens and others to responsibly

confront moral issues raised by technological activities. 12

MORAL DILEMMMA

There are three types of complexities. VAGUENESS: This complexity arises due to the fact

that it is not clear to individuals as to which moral

considerations or principles apply to their situation.

CONFLICTING REASONS: Even when it is perfectly clear as to which moral principle is applicable to one‟s

situation, there could develop a situation where in two or

more clearly applicable moral principles come into

conflict.

DISAGREEMENT: Individuals and groups may

disagree how to interpret, apply and balance moral

reasons in particular situations.

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4

13

Steps in confronting MORAL DILEMMAS:

i) Identify the relevant moral factors and reasons. ii) Gather all available facts that are pertinent to the

moral factors involved.

iii) Rank the moral considerations in the order of their

importance as they apply to the situation.

iv) Consider alternative course of action, tracing the full implications of each, as ways of solving dilemma.

v) Talk with colleagues, seeking the suggestions and

perspectives of the dilemma.

vi) Arrive at a carefully reasoned judgment by weighing

all the relevant moral factors and reasons in light of facts.

All the above steps are distinct, even though they are

inter-related and can often be taken jointly

14

MORAL AUTONOMY

• This is viewed as the skill and habit of thinking rationally about ethical issues on the basis of moral concerns

independently or by self-determination.

• Autonomous individuals think for themselves and do not

assume that customs are always right.

• They seek to reason and live by general principles. • Their motivation is to do what is morally reasonable for

its own sake, maintaining integrity, self-respect, and

respect for others.

“One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly,

lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that

conscience tells him is unjust and willingly accepts the

penalty… is in reality expressing the highest respect for

the law.” Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Letter from a

Birmingham Jail, 1963.

15

form no. ac08 jansons institute of technology - jitjit.ac.in/pdf/professional ethics.pdf · jansons...

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