DemographyPopulation (2016): 64,631,0002.Density (2016): persons per sq mi 307.7,persons per sq km 118.8.

Sex distribution (20143): male 48.48%;female 51.52%.

Population projection: (2020) 65,683,000;(2030) 67,969,000.

Major cities/urban agglomerations(20133): Paris 2,229,621/10,601,122;Lyon 500,715/1,600,238; Marseille855,393/1,570,325; Lille 231,491/1,032,611; Nice 342,295/942,832; Toulouse 458,298/920,402;

Bordeaux 243,626/876,714; Nantes 292,718/612,782; Toulon 163,760/562,011; Grenoble 160,215/508,201;Douai-Lens (2010) 42,197, 35,032/504,353; Rouen 110,755/466,021; Strasbourg 275,718/456,759; Montpellier272,084/414,047; Saint-Étienne 172,023/373,346; Tours 134,803/350,628; Valenciennes (2010) 43,335/334,369;Rennes 211,373/322,247; Metz 118,634/286,811; Nancy 104,072/283,026.

Households (2010). Average household size (2006) 2.31; 1 person 34.0%, 2 persons 33.1%, 3 persons 14.5%, 4 persons 12.2%, 5 persons or more 6.2%.

Immigration: total immigrant population (2013) c. 5,800,000; immigrants admitted (2012) 230,000.

Eight months after coordinated attacks in Parisclaimed 130 lives, France was again rocked by amajor terrorist incident in 2016. On July 14 a man

with a history of violent crime, but no known ties to rad-ical Islam, drove a large delivery truck through a crowdin Nice, killing at least 83 people and injuring hundreds.The attacker drove through a police barricade on thePromenade des Anglais and into a pedestrian area wheretens of thousands had gathered to watch Bastille Day fire-works. Police killed the driver after a short gun battle, andPres. François Hollande vowed to continue the Frenchmilitary operation against the Islamic State in Iraq and theLevant (ISIL).

Urban-rural (2014):

France1

Official name: République Française (FrenchRepublic).

Form of government: republic with two legisla-tive houses (Parliament; Senate [348], NationalAssembly [577]).

Head of state: President François Hollande.Head of government: Prime Minister ManuelValls.

Capital: Paris.Official language: French.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: euro (>); valuation (Sept. 1, 2016)1 U.S.$ = >0.89; 1 £ = >1.19.

Area and populationarea population area population

Regions 20113 Regions 20113

Departments Capitals sq mi sq km estimate Departments Capitals sq mi sq km estimate

Alsace Strasbourg 1,852,325Bas-Rhin Strasbourg 1,836 4,755 1,099,269Haut-Rhin Colmar 1,361 3,525 753,056

Aquitaine Bordeaux 3,254,233Dordogne Périgueux 3,498 9,060 415,168Gironde Bordeaux 3,861 10,000 1,463,662Landes Mont-de-Marsan 3,569 9,243 387,929Lot-et-Garonne Agen 2,070 5,361 330,866Pyrénées-Atlantiques Pau 2,952 7,645 656,608

Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand 1,350,682Allier Moulins 2,834 7,340 342,729Cantal Aurillac 2,211 5,726 147,577Haute-Loire Le Puy-en-Velay 1,922 4,977 224,907Puy-de-Dôme Clermont-Ferrand 3,077 7,970 635,469

Basse-Normandie(Lower Normandy) Caen 1,475,684

Calvados Caen 2,142 5,548 685,262Manche Saint-Lô 2,293 5,938 499,531Orne Alençon 2,356 6,103 290,891

Bourgogne (Burgundy) Dijon 1,642,734Côte-d’Or Dijon 3,383 8,763 525,931Nièvre Nevers 2,632 6,817 218,341Saône-et-Loire Mâcon 3,311 8,575 555,999Yonne Auxerre 2,868 7,427 342,463

Bretagne (Brittany) Rennes 3,217,767Côtes-d’Armor Saint-Brieuc 2,656 6,878 594,375Finistère Quimper 2,600 6,733 899,870llle-et-Vilaine Rennes 2,616 6,775 996,439Morbihan Vannes 2,634 6,823 727,083

Centre Orléans 2,556,835Cher Bourges 2,793 7,235 311,694Eure-et-Loir Chartres 2,270 5,880 430,416Indre Châteauroux 2,622 6,791 230,175Indre-et-Loire Tours 2,366 6,127 593,683Loir-et-Cher Blois 2,449 6,343 331,280Loiret Orléans 2,616 6,775 659,587

Champagne-Ardenne Châlons-en-Champagne 1,336,053Ardennes Charleville-Mézières 2,019 5,229 283,110Aube Troyes 2,318 6,004 303,997Haute-Marne Chaumont 2,398 6,211 182,375Marne Châlons-en-Champagne 3,151 8,162 566,571

Corse (Corsica)4 Ajaccio 314,486Corse-du-Sud Ajaccio 1,550 4,014 145,846Haute-Corse Bastia 1,802 4,666 168,640

Franche-Comté Besançon 1,173,440Doubs Besançon 2,021 5,234 529,103Haute-Saône Vesoul 2,070 5,360 239,695Jura Lons-le-Saunier 1,930 4,999 261,294Territoire de Belfort Belfort 235 609 143,348

Haute-Normandie(Upper Normandy) Rouen 1,839,393

Eure Évreux 2,332 6,040 588,111Seine-Maritime Rouen 2,424 6,278 1,251,282

Île-de-France Paris 11,852,851Essonne Évry 696 1,804 1,225,191Hauts-de-Seine Nanterre 68 176 1,581,628Paris Paris 40 105 2,249,975Seine-et-Marne Melun 2,284 5,915 1,338,427Seine-Saint-Denis Bobigny 91 236 1,529,928Val-de-Marne Créteil 95 245 1,333,702Val-d’Oise Cergy/Pontoise 481 1,246 1,180,365Yvelines Versailles 882 2,284 1,413,635

Languedoc-Roussillon Montpellier 2,670,046Aude Carcassonne 2,370 6,139 359,967Gard Nîmes 2,260 5,853 718,357Hérault Montpellier 2,356 6,101 1,062,036Lozère Mende 1,995 5,167 77,156Pyrénées-Orientales Perpignan 1,589 4,116 452,530

Limousin Limoges 741,072Corrèze Tulle 2,261 5,857 242,454Creuse Guéret 2,149 5,565 122,560Haute-Vienne Limoges 2,131 5,520 376,058

© 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

World DataE N C Y C L O P Æ D I A

Britannica

National economyBudget (2013). Revenue: >1,118,700,000,000 (tax revenue53.7%, of which production and import taxes 29.3%,income and inheritance taxes 24.1%; social contributions35.7%). Expenditures: >1,208,200,000,000 (grants 34.8%;employee compensation 22.6%; use of goods and services 9.2%).

Gross national income (GNI; 2015)12: U.S.$2,711,408,000,000 (U.S.$40,580 per capita); purchasing power parity GNI(U.S.$40,470 per capita).

Public debt (2010): U.S.$2,003,150,000,000.Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2014): wheat 38,966,600, sugar beets 37,630,688, corn

(maize) 18,541,780, barley 11,770,680, potatoes 8,054,500, rapeseed 5,522,980, grapes 5,518,37113, triticale 2,022,500, apples1,737,48213, sunflower seeds 1,559,100, tomatoes 593,24913, dry peas 512,094, peaches and nectarines 233,75213, plums andsloes 170,96013, leeks 161,13713, pears 148,93813, apricots 133,64613, mushrooms and truffles 104,62113; livestock (number oflive animals) 19,248,411 cattle, 13,322,897 pigs, 7,208,148 sheep, 170,000,000 chickens, 26,200,000 ducks, 18,500,000 turkeys,789,22113 beehives; roundwood (2015) 52,640,779 cu m, of which fuelwood 52%; fisheries production 725,419 (from aquacul-ture 28%); aquatic plants production 58,812 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2013): limestone 9,721,000;gypsum 3,455,000; crude talc 450,000; kaolin 267,000. Manufacturing (value added in U.S.$’000,000; 2012): food and foodproducts 44,694; transportation equipment 32,388; machinery and apparatus 31,633; chemicals and chemical products 30,354;fabricated metal products 23,563; special purpose machinery 13,788; rubber and plastic products 12,978; cement, bricks, andceramics 10,294; electrical machinery and apparatus 10,018; furniture 9,089; textiles and wearing apparel 7,361; base metals

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2015): 12.4 (world avg. 19.5).Death rate per 1,000 population (2015): 9.2 (world avg. 8.1).Life expectancy at birth (2015): male 78.7 years; female 85.0years.

Age breakdown (20103): Ethnic composition (2000):

Religious affiliation (2004):

Area and population (continued)area population area population

Regions 20113 Regions 20113

Departments Capitals sq mi sq km estimate Departments Capitals sq mi sq km estimate

Lorraine Metz 2,350,657Meurthe-et-Moselle Nancy 2,024 5,241 733,124Meuse Bar-le-Duc 2,400 6,216 193,557Moselle Metz 2,400 6,216 1,045,146Vosges Épinal 2,268 5,874 378,830

Midi-Pyrénées Toulouse 2,903,420Ariège Foix 1,888 4,890 152,286Aveyron Rodez 3,373 8,736 275,813Gers Auch 2,416 6,257 188,893Haute-Garonne Toulouse 2,436 6,309 1,260,226Haute-Pyrénées Tarbes 1,724 4,464 229,228Lot Cahors 2,014 5,217 174,754Tarn Albi 2,223 5,758 377,675Tarn-et-Garonne Montauban 1,435 3,718 244,545

Nord-Pas-de-Calais Lille 4,042,015Nord Lille 2,217 5,742 2,579,208Pas-de-Calais Arras 2,576 6,671 1,462,807

Pays de la Loire Nantes 3,601,113Loire-Atlantique Nantes 2,631 6,815 1,296,364Maine-et-Loire Angers 2,767 7,166 790,343Mayenne Laval 1,998 5,175 307,031Sarthe Le Mans 2,396 6,206 565,718Vendée La Roche-sur-Yon 2,595 6,720 641,657

Picardie (Picardy) Amiens 1,918,155Aisne Laon 2,845 7,369 541,302

Oise Beauvais 2,263 5,860 805,642Somme Amiens 2,382 6,170 571,211

Poitou-Charentes Poitiers 1,777,773Charente Angoulême 2,300 5,956 352,705Charente-Maritime La Rochelle 2,650 6,864 625,682Deux-Sèvres Niort 2,316 5,999 370,939Vienne Poitiers 2,699 6,990 428,447

Provence-Alpes–Côte d’Azur Marseille 4,916,069Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Digne 2,674 6,925 160,959Alpes-Maritimes Nice 1,660 4,299 1,081,244Bouches-du-Rhône Marseille 1,964 5,087 1,975,896Hautes-Alpes Gap 2,142 5,549 138,605Var Toulon 2,306 5,973 1,012,735Vaucluse Avignon 1,377 3,567 546,630

Rhône-Alpes Lyon 6,283,541Ain Bourg-en-Bresse 2,225 5,762 603,827Ardèche Privas 2,135 5,529 317,277Drôme Valence 2,521 6,530 487,993Haute-Savoie Annecy 1,694 4,388 746,994Isère Grenoble 2,869 7,431 1,215,212Loire Saint-Étienne 1,846 4,781 749,053Rhône Lyon 1,254 3,249 1,744,236Savoie Chambéry 2,327 6,028 418,949

TOTAL 210,0265 543,9655 63,070,344

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2013

in value % of total labour % of labour>’000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 32,100 1.5 783,100 2.8Mining and quarrying …7 …7 26,900 0.1Manufacturing 215,100 10.2 3,034,300 10.6Construction 113,900 5.4 1,693,200 5.9Public utilities 47,0007 2.27 404,300 1.4Transp. and commun. 88,7008 4.28 2,051,800 7.2Trade, hotels 337,2008 16.08 4,142,600 14.5Finance, real estate 569,100 26.9 4,038,900 14.1Pub. admin., defense 156,400 7.4 2,350,600 8.2Services 337,300 16.0 7,045,900 24.7Other 216,8009 10.29 3,005,10010 10.510

TOTAL 2,113,70011 100.0 28,576,60011 100.0

© 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

World DataE N C Y C L O P Æ D I A

Britannica

National economy (continued)6,141; paper and paper products 5,269; printing and publish-ing 4,379; wood and wood products 3,914.

Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2014–15)546,039,000,000 ([2012] 462,900,000,000), by source (2012):fossil fuels 7.8%; nuclear energy 75.0%; renewable energy15.2%; hard coal (metric tons; 2011) none (14,400,000); lignite (metric tons; 2011) none (82,000);crude petroleum (barrels; 2014–15) 5,720,000 ([2011] 477,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons;2012) 65,741,000 ([2011] 71,220,000); natural gas (cu m; 2012) 561,000,000 ([2011] 45,952,000,000).

Retail trade (value of sales in >’000,000; 2004): large food stores 162,600; large nonfood stores 136,400;auto repair shops 120,400; pharmacies and stores selling orthopedic equipment 32,600; shops sellingbread, pastries, or meat 31,800; small food stores and boutiques 15,300.

Population economically active (2015): total 28,740,000; participation rates: ages 15–64, male 60.9%;female 51.6%; unemployed 10.4%, of which youth (ages 15–24) 24.7%.

Land use as % of total land area (2009): in temporary crops 26.5%, left fallow 1.3%, in permanentcrops 1.9%, in pasture 23.8%, forest area 29.0%.

Foreign tradeImports (2013): U.S.$668,658,100,000 (machinery and appa-ratus 19.4%, of which general industrial machinery 11.1%,electrical machinery/apparatus/parts 8.3%; transportationequipment 13.5%, of which road vehicles 4.7%; mineralfuels 12.1%, of which crude petroleum 6.8%, refinedpetroleum 5.2%; chemicals and chemical products 11.7%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013): U.S.$566,879,000,000 (machinery and appa-ratus 19.4%, of which general industrial machinery 11.5%,electrical machinery/apparatus/parts 7.9%; transportationequipment 18.8%, of which aircraft and spacecraft 8.6%,motor vehicles and parts 6.3%; chemicals and chemicalproducts 16.5%, of which medicines and pharmaceuticals6.5%; food and food products 10.4%; base and fabricatedmetals 7.1%).Major export destinations:

HealthHealth (2011): physicians (2013)203,433 (1 per 313 persons);hospital beds 415,209 (1 per152 persons); infant mortalityrate per 1,000 live births (2015)3.3; undernourished population(2006–08) less than 5% of totalpopulation.

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2013): route length (in operation;2014) 18,417 mi, 29,640 km; passenger-km 102,600,-000,000; metric ton-km cargo 31,931,800,000. Roads(2013): total length (2010) 639,045 mi, 1,028,446 km(paved 100%); passenger-km 871,700,000,000; metricton-km cargo 288,745,000,000. Vehicles (20133): pas-senger cars 31,033,000; trucks and buses 6,538,000.

1Since 2005 international and country sources are more likely to combine social and economic data for the four French overseas departments (FODs; that is, French Guiana,Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion) with metropolitan France. Britannica World Data continues to compile separate pages for the four FODs and acknowledges that somedata are without a doubt double-counted. Data for France are footnoted if taken from an international source that clearly cites the inclusion of the FODs. 2Excludes populationof four FODs totaling approximately 1,900,000 people in mid-2016. 3January 1. 4Commonly referred to as a region but officially a territorial collectivity with special status. 5Areaincluding four FODs equals 244,317 sq mi (632,777 sq km). 6Of which practicing, c. 8.0%. 7Public utilities includes mining and quarrying. 8Trade includes transportation. 9Taxeson products less subsidies. 10Includes 2,813,100 unemployed. 11Detail does not add to total given because of rounding. 12Includes the four FODs. 132013. 14Data are end of yearunless otherwise indicated. 15Period average. 16About 20,000 troops are stationed outside of metropolitan France, including 2,000 in Germany, 1,700 in Djibouti, 1,680 in Mali,and 1,250 in Chad. 17Includes military pensions. 18Subscribers.

Internet resource for further information:• National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies www.insee.fr/en

MilitaryTotal active duty person-nel (November 2015):208,95016 (army 53.4%,navy 17.3%, air force20.9%, other staff8.4%). Military expendi-ture as percentage ofGDP (2015): 1.9%12, 17;per capita expenditureU.S.$70212, 17.

Breakdown of 15.2% renewable energy (2012):

Financial aggregates14

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Exchange rate, > per:U.S. dollar 0.68 0.72 0.69 0.75 0.77 0.76£ 1.36 1.05 1.12 1.17 1.19 1.20SDR 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.15 1.19 1.16

Interest and pricesCentral bank discount (%) … … … … … …Govt. bond yield (%) 4.30 4.23 3.65 3.12 3.32 2.54Industrial share prices(2005 = 100)15 134.3 101.8 78.3 87.9 84.3 78.5

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 66,68118 1,02618

Landline 2015 38,929 599

Internet users 2009 44,625 716Broadband 2015 26,86718 41318

© 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

World DataE N C Y C L O P Æ D I A

Britannica