frazer 1911 goldenboughexcerpts midsummer
DESCRIPTION
midsummerTRANSCRIPT
II
I(
S I
L
MA
CM
ILL
AN
AN
DC
O.
LIM
ITE
D
LO
ND
ON
BO
MB
AY
CA
LC
UT
TA
MA
DR
AS
ME
LB
OU
RN
E
TH
EM
AC
MIL
LA
NC
OM
PA
NY
NE
WY
OR
KB
OS
TO
NC
UIC
AG
O
DA
LL
AS
SA
NF
RA
NC
ISC
O
TH
EM
AC
MIL
LA
NC
O.
OF
CA
NA
I)A
,L
TD
.
BA
LD
ER
TH
EB
EA
UT
IFU
L
THE
FIR
E-FE
STIV
ALS
OF
EUR
OPE
AN
DTH
ED
OC
TR
INE
OF
THE
EXTE
RN
AL
SOU
L
BY
J.G
.F
RA
ZE
R,
D.C
.L.,
LL
.D.,
LIT
T.D
.
FE
LL
OW
OF
TR
INIT
YC
OL
LE
GE
,C
AM
BR
IDG
E
PR
OF
ES
SO
RO
FS
OC
IAL
AN
TH
RO
PO
LO
GY
INT
HE
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
OF
LIV
ER
PO
OL
TNT
WO
VO
LU
ME
S
VO
L.
I
MA
CM
ILL
AN
AN
T)
CO
.,L
IMIT
ED
ST
.M
AR
TIN
’SS
TR
EE
T,
LO
ND
ON
1919
7
PR
EF
AC
E
INth
isconclu
din
gp
art
of
The
Go/
deit
IJo
uJt
Iha
ved
is
cuss
edth
epr
oble
mw
hich
give
sit
sti
tle
toth
ew
ho
lew
ork.
IfI
amri
ght,
the
Gol
den
Bou
ghov
erw
hich
the
Kin
gof
-th
eW
ood,
Dia
na’s
prie
stat
Ari
cia,
kep
tw
atch
and
war
d
was
nooth
erth
ana
bran
chof
mis
tlet
oegr
owin
gon
anoa
k
C)P
YE
IGH
Tw
ithi
nth
esa
cred
grov
ean
das
the
pluc
king
‘fth
ebo
ugh
was
ane
cess
ary
prel
ude
toth
edauhte
rof
the
prj
et,
I
BL
have
been
led
toin
stit
ute
apa
rall
elbet
ecu
the
Kin
gof
310
the
Woo
dat
Nem
ian
dth
eN
orse
god
Bal
der,
who
was
F7
wor
ship
ped
ina
sacr
edgr
ove
hei
dc
thç
beauti
tu.
Sogne
19
11
fior
dof
Nor
way
and
was
said
toha
vepe
rish
edby
ast
roke
v.1
0of
mis
tlet
oe,
whi
chal
one
ofal
lth
ings
onea
rth
orin
heav
encop.2
coul
dw
ound
him
.O
nth
eth
eiry
here
su,g
ete
dbo
th
Bal
der
and
the
Kin
gof
the
‘Woo
dpe
rson
ifie
din
ase
nse
the
sacr
edoa
kof
our
Ary
anfo
refa
ther
s,an
dbo
thha
d
tde
posi
ted
thei
rli
ves
orso
uls
for
sale
tin
the
Par
asit
ehi
ch
som
etin
es,
though
rare
ly,
isfo
und
goin
ing
onan
akan
d
byth
eve
ryra
rity
ofit-
sap
pea
rance
exei
tes
11w
onder
md
stim
ulat
esth
ede
voti
onof
ignora
nt
men
.T
hough
Iam
now
less
than
ever
dip
ose
dto
lay
wei
ght
onth
ean
Jog
y
betw
een
the
Ital
ian
prie
stan
dth
eN
oise
god,
1h
ae
allo
wed
itto
stan
dbe
caus
eit
furn
ishe
sm
ew
ith
apI
Lte
xt
for
disc
ussi
ngnot
only
the
gene
ral
ques
tion
ofth
eex
tern
al
soul
inpo
pula
rsu
per
:tit
ion,
but
also
the
fire
-fes
tiva
Lof
‘-E
urop
c,si
nce
fire
play
eda
par
tbo
thin
the
myth
ofB
alde
rra
fld
inth
eri
tual
ofth
eA
rici
angr
ove.
Th
us
Bal
der
the
V
viP
RE
FA
C’E
PI?
EF
AC
E
Bea
utif
ulin
my
hand
sis
ljtt
len
ioe
than
ast
alki
ng—
hors
e
toca
rry
two
heav
ypa
e1.—
luaJ
fact
s.A
ndw
hat
istr
ue
ofB
alde
rap
plie
seq
uall
yto
the
prie
stof
Nei
nihi
mse
lf,
the
nom
inal
hero
ofth
elo
ngtr
aged
yof
hum
anfo
lly
and
suff
erin
gw
hich
has
unro
lled
itse
lfbe
fore
the
read
ers
ofth
ese
volu
mes
,an
don
whi
chth
ecu
rtai
nis
now
abou
t
tofa
ll.II
c,tc
o,fo
ral
lth
equ
aint
garb
hew
ears
and
the
grav
ity
wit
hw
hich
hest
alks
acro
ssth
est
age,
ism
erel
ya
pupp
et,
and
itis
tim
eto
unm
ask
him
befo
rela
ying
him
up
inth
ebo
x.
lodro
pm
etap
hor,
whi
leno
min
ally
inves
tigat
ing
a
par
ticu
lar
prob
lem
ofan
cien
tm
ytho
logy
,I
have
real
ly
been
disc
ussi
nglu
esti
ons
ofm
ore
gene
ral
inte
rest
whi
ch
conc
ern
the
grad
ual
evol
utio
nof
hum
anth
ou
gh
tfr
om
sava
gery
toci
vili
zati
on.
The
enquir
yis
bese
tw
ith
cIi—
cult
ies
ofm
any
kind
s,fo
rth
ere
cord
ofm
an’s
men
tal
dev
elopm
ent
isev
enm
ore
impe
rfec
tth
anth
ere
cord
ofhi
s
phys
ical
deve
lopm
ent,
and
itis
har
der
tore
ad,
not
only
by
reas
onof
the
inco
mpar
ably
mor
esu
btle
and
com
plex
nat
ure
ofth
esu
bjec
t,bu
tbe
caus
eth
ere
ader
’sey
esar
eap
tto
be
dim
med
byth
ick
mis
tsof
pass
ion
and
prej
udic
e,w
hich
clou
din
afa
rle
ssde
gree
the
fiel
dsof
com
para
tive
anat
om
y
and
geol
ogy.
My
contr
ibuti
on
toth
ehis
tory
ofth
ehu
man
min
dco
nsis
tsof
litt
lem
ore
than
aro
ugh
and
pure
lyp
ro
visi
onal
clas
sifi
cati
onof
fact
sga
ther
edal
mos
ten
tire
lyfr
om
prin
ted
sour
ces.
Ifth
ere
ison
ege
nera
lco
nclu
sion
whi
ch
seem
sto
emer
gefr
omth
em
ass
ofpar
tici
iars
,I
vent
ure
to
thin
kth
atit
isth
ees
sent
ial
sim
ilar
ity
inth
ew
orki
ngof
the
less
deve
lope
dhu
man
min
dam
ong
all
race
s,w
hich
corr
e
spon
dsto
the
esse
ntia
lsi
mil
arit
yin
thei
rbo
dily
fram
e
reve
aled
byco
mpar
ativ
ean
atom
y.B
utw
hile
this
gene
ral
men
tal
sim
ilar
ity
may
,I
beli
eve,
beta
ken
ases
tabl
ishe
d,w
e
mus
tal
way
sbe
onou
rgu
ard
agai
nst
trac
ing
toit
am
ult
i
tude
ofp
arti
cula
rre
sem
blan
ces
whi
chm
aybe
and
ofte
nar
e
due
tosi
mpl
edi
ffus
ion,
sinc
eno
thin
gis
mor
ece
rtai
nth
an
that
the
vari
ous
race
sof
men
have
borr
owed
fro
mea
ch
oth
erm
any
ofth
eir
arts
and
craf
ts,
thei
rid
eas,
cust
oms,
and
inst
itut
ions
.T
osi
ftou
tth
eel
emen
tsof
cult
ure
whi
ch
ara
ceha
sin
dep
enden
tly
evol
ved
and
todi
stin
guis
hth
em
accu
rate
lyfr
omth
ose
whi
chit
has
deri
ved
from
othe
rra
ces
isa
task
ofex
trem
edi
ffic
ulty
and
deli
cacy
,w
hich
prom
ises
tooc
cupy
studen
tsof
man
for
alo
ngti
me
toco
me
;in
deed
soco
mpl
exar
eth
efa
cts
and
Sc)
impe
rfec
tin
mos
tca
ses
isth
ehi
stor
ical
reco
rdth
atit
may
bedo
ubte
dw
heth
eriu
rega
rdto
man
yof
the
low
erra
ces
we
shal
lev
erar
rive
at
mor
eth
at)
prob
able
conj
ectu
res.
Sin
ceth
ela
sted
itio
nof
The
Gol
den
Bou
ghw
aspub
lish
edso
me
thir
teen
yea
rsag
o,
Iha
vese
enre
ason
toch
ange
my
view
son
sev
eral
mat
ters
dsc
uss
edin
this
conc
ludi
ng
part
ofth
ew
ork,
and
thou
ghI
have
call
edatt
enti
on
to
thse
chan
ges
inth
ete
xt,
itm
aybe
wel
lfo
rth
esa
keo
f
clea
rnes
sto
reca
pit
ula
teth
emhe
re,
Inth
efi
rst
plac
e,th
ear
gum
ents
ofD
r.E
dwar
dW
este
r
mar
ckha
vesa
tisf
ied
me
that
the
sola
rth
eory
ofth
eE
uro
pea
n
fire
—fe
stiv
als,
whi
chI
acce
pted
from
\V.
i\la
nn
har
dt,
isve
ry
slig
htly
,if
atal
l,su
pport
edby
the
evid
ence
and
ispr
obab
ly
erro
neou
s.Ih
etr
ueex
pla
nat
ion
ofth
efe
stiv
als
Ino
w
beli
eve
tobe
the
one
advoca
ted
byD
r.W
este
rinar
ckhi
m-
self
,na
mel
yth
atth
eyar
cpu
rifm
cato
ryin
inte
ntio
n,th
efi
re
bein
gde
sign
edno
t,as
Ifo
rmer
lyhe
ld,
tore
info
rce
the
sun’
s
light
and
hea
tby
sym
pat
het
icm
agic
,bu
tm
erel
yto
burn
or
repe
lth
enoxio
us
thin
gs,
whet
her
conce
ived
asm
ater
ial
or
spir
itua
l,w
hich
thre
ate
nth
eli
feo
fm
an,
ofan
imal
s,an
dof
lant
sfh
isis
pcet
ofth
eflu
efe
stiv
dsh-
cdno
tw
holl
y
esca
ped
me
info
rmer
ed
itio
ns
,I
poin
ted
itou
tc\
pll
citl
y,
but,
bias
sed
per
hap
sby
the
gre
atau
thori
tyof
i\ia
nmih
ardt
,I
trea
ted
itas
seco
ndar
yan
dsu
bord
inat
eim
uste
acl
ofpri
mar
y
and
dom
inan
t.O
ut
ofde
fere
nce
toM
annhar
dt,
for
who
se
wor
kI
ente
rtai
nth
ehi
ghes
tre
spec
t,an
dbe
caus
eth
e
den
cefo
rth
epu
rifl
cato
ryth
eory
ofth
efi
res
isper
hap
s
I
vhi
1’J
EJ’i
UE
.
not
quit
eco
nclu
sive
,I
have
inth
ised
itio
nre
peat
edan
d
even
emfo
rced
the
argum
ents
or
the
sola
rth
eory
ofth
e
lest
ival
s,so
that
the
read
erm
ayse
efo
rhi
mse
lfw
hat
can
be
saId
onboth
side
sof
the
ques
tion
and
may
draw
his
own
Con
clus
ion
but
for
my
par
t1
cannot
but
thin
kth
atth
e
argum
ents
kr
the
puri
fica
tory
theo
ryfa
rou
twei
ghth
e
argum
ents
for
the
sola
rth
eory
.1)
r.W
este
rmar
ckba
sed
his
crit
icis
ms
larg
ely
onhi
sow
nob
serv
atio
nsof
tOe
Moh
am—
nied
anfi
re—
fest
ival
sof
Mor
occo
,w
hich
pres
ent
are
mar
kabl
e
rese
mbl
ance
toth
ose
of
Chri
stia
nE
urop
e,th
ough
ther
e
seem
sno
reas
on
toas
sum
eth
athe
rein
Afr
ica
has
borr
owed
from
Euro
pe
orE
uro
pe
from
Afr
ica.
So
far
asE
uro
pe
is
com
lccrm
mcz
(l,th
eev
iden
cete
nds
stro
ngly
tosh
ewth
atth
e
gran
dev
ilw
hich
the
fest
ival
sai
med
atco
mba
ting
was
wit
chcr
aft,
and
that
they
wer
eco
ncei
ved
toat
tain
thei
ren
d
hvac
tual
lyburn
ing
the
wit
ches
,w
heth
ervi
sibl
eor
invi
sibl
e,
inth
efl
ames
.If
that
was
so,
the
wid
epr
eval
ence
and
the
imm
ense
popula
rity
ofth
efi
re—
fest
ival
spr
ovid
esus
wit
ha
mea
sure
for
esti
mat
ing
the
exte
nt
ofth
eho
ldw
hich
the
1che
fin
wit
chcr
aft
had
onth
eE
uro
pea
nm
ind
befo
reth
e
rise
ofC
hri
stia
nit
yor
rath
erof
rati
onal
ism
;fo
rC
hris
tian
ity,
hot I
iC
atho
lic
and
Pro
test
ant,
acce
pted
the
old
beli
efan
d
enfo
rced
itin
the
old
way
byth
efa
ggot
and
the
stak
e.It
was
not
unti
lhum
anre
ason
atla
staw
oke
afte
rth
elo
ng
slum
ber
ofth
eM
iddl
eA
ges
that
this
drea
dful
obse
ssio
n
gra
dual
lypa
ssed
away
like
ada
rkcl
oud
from
the
inte
l
lect
ual
In)rm
zon
ofE
urop
e.
Yet
we
shou
ldde
ceiv
eou
rsel
ves
ifw
eim
agin
edth
atth
e
beli
etin
wit
chcr
aft
isev
enno
wde
adin
the
mas
sof
the
peop
leon
the
contr
ary
ther
eev
iden
ceto
shew
that
iton
lyhi
bern
ates
unde
rth
ech
illi
ngin
flue
nce
of
rati
onal
ism
,an
dth
atit
wou
ldst
art
into
acti
velif
eif
that
infl
uenc
ew
ere
ever
seri
ousl
yre
laxe
d.T
he
truth
seem
sto
beth
atto
this
day
the
pea
sant
rem
ains
apgau
and
sava
ge
athe
art
;hi
sci
vili
zati
onis
mer
ely
ath
inve
neer
whi
chth
e
PA
EF
l(J’
.’ix
hard
knoc
ksof
life
soon
abra
de,
exposi
ng
the
soli
dco
reof
pasm
and
sava
gery
hdow
,T
heda
nger
crea
ted
bya
bott
omle
ssla
yer
ofig
nora
nce
and
supe
rsti
tion
unde
rth
e
crus
tof
civi
lize
dso
ciet
yis
less
ened
,no
ton
lyby
the
natu
ral
torp
idit
yan
din
erti
aof
the
buco
lic
min
d,bu
tal
soby
the
prog
ress
ive
decr
ease
ofth
eru
ral
asco
mpa
red
wit
hth
eur
ban
popu
lati
onin
mod
ern
stat
es;
fcr
Ibe
liev
eit
will
befo
und
that
the
arti
sans
who
congre
gat
ein
tow
nsar
efa
rle
ss
rete
ntiv
eof
prim
itiv
em
odes
of
thought
than
thei
rru
stic
bret
hren
.In
ever
yag
eci
ties
have
been
the
cent
res
and
as
itw
ere
the
ligh
thou
ses
from
whi
chid
eas
radia
tein
toth
e
surr
ound
ing
dar
knes
s,ki
ndle
dby
the
fric
tion
of
min
dw
ith
min
din
the
crow
ded
hau
nts
ofm
en;
and
itis
nat
ura
lth
at
atth
ese
beac
ons
ofin
tell
ectu
alli
ght
all
shou
ldpar
take
in
som
em
easu
reof
the
gene
ral
illu
min
atio
n.N
odo
ubt
the
men
tal
ferm
ent
and
unre
stof
gre
atci
ties
have
thei
rda
rkas
wel
las
thei
rbri
ght
side
;bu
tam
ong
the
evil
sto
beappre
hend
edfr
omth
emth
ech
ance
sof
apa
gan
revi
val
need
har
dly
bere
ckon
ed.
Anoth
erpoin
ton
whi
chI
have
chan
ged
my
min
dis
the
nat
ure
ofth
egre
atA
ryan
god
who
mth
eR
oman
sca
lled
Jupit
eran
dth
eG
reek
sZ
eus.
‘Whe
reas
Ifo
rmer
lyar
gued
that
hew
aspri
mar
ily
ape
rson
ific
atio
nof
the
sacr
edoa
k
and
only
inth
ese
cond
plac
ea
per
sonif
icat
ion
ofth
eth
under
ing
sky,
Ino
win
vert
the
orde
rof
his
divi
nefu
nct
ions
and
beli
eve
that
hew
asa
sky-
god
befo
rehe
cam
eto
beas
soci
ated
wit
hth
eoa
k.In
fact
,I
reve
rtto
the
trad
itio
nal
view
of
Jupit
er,
reca
nt
my
here
sy,
and
amgat
her
edli
kea
lost
shee
p
into
the
fold
of
myt
holo
gica
lort
hodoxy.
The
good
shep
herd
who
has
bro
ught
inc
back
ism
yfr
iend
Mr.
\V,
\Var
deF
ow
ler
He
has
rem
oved
the
ston
eov
erw
hich
1st
um
ble
din
the
wil
dern
ess
byex
pla
inin
gin
asi
mpl
ean
dnat
ura
lw
ayho
w
ago
dof
the
thunder
ing
sky
mig
htea
sily
com
eto
beaft
er
war
dsas
soci
ated
wit
hth
eoa
k.T
he
expla
nat
ion
turn
son
the
gre
atfr
eque
ncy
wit
hw
hich
,as
stat
isti
cspr
ove,
the
oak
xP
RE
FA
C’E
isst
ruck
byli
ghtn
ing
beyo
ndan
yoth
ertr
eeof
the
woo
din
Eur
ope.
To
our
rude
fore
fath
ers,
who
dwel
tin
the
gloo
my
dep
ths
ofth
epr
irna
eval
fore
st,
itm
ight
wel
lse
emth
atth
e
rive
nan
dbl
acke
ned
oaks
mus
tin
deed
befa
vour
ites
ofth
e
sky-
god,
who
soof
ten
desc
ende
don
them
from
the
mur
ky
clou
din
afl
ash
ofli
ghtn
ing
and
acr
ash
ofth
under
,
Th
isch
ange
ofvi
ewas
toth
egr
eat
Ary
ango
dn
eces
sari
lyaf
fect
sm
yin
terp
reta
tio
nof
the
Kin
gof
the
Woo
d,
the
prie
stof
Dia
naat
Ari
cia,
ifI
may
take
that
disc
arde
d
pu
pp
etou
tof
the
box
agai
nfo
ra
mom
ent.
On
my
theo
ry
the
prie
stre
pres
ente
dJu
pit
erin
the
fles
h,an
dac
cord
ingl
y,
ifJu
pit
erw
aspr
imar
ily
ask
y-go
d,hi
spr
iest
cannot
have
been
am
ere
inca
rnat
ion
ofth
esa
cred
oak,
but
mus
t,li
keth
e
deit
yw
hose
com
mis
sion
hebo
re,
have
been
inve
sted
inth
e
imag
inat
ion
ofhi
sw
orsh
ippe
rsw
ith
the
pow
erof
over
cast
ing
the
heav
enw
ith
clou
dsan
del
icit
ing
stor
ms
ofth
un
der
and
rain
from
the
cele
stia
lva
ult.
The
attr
ibuti
on
ofw
eath
er-
mak
ing
pow
ers
toki
ngs
orpr
iest
sis
very
com
mon
inpri
mi
tive
soci
ety,
and
isin
deed
one
ofth
epr
inci
pal
leve
rsby
whi
chsu
chpe
rson
ages
rais
eth
emse
lves
toa
posi
tion
of
super
iori
tyab
ove
thei
rfe
llow
s.T
here
isth
eref
ore
noim
pro
bab
ilit
yin
the
supp
osit
ion
that
asa
repre
senta
tive
of
Jupit
erth
epr
iest
ofD
ian
aen
joye
dth
isre
puta
tion,
though
posi
tive
evid
ence
ofit
appe
ars
tobe
lack
ing.
Las
tly,
inth
epre
sent
edit
ion
Iha
vesh
ewn
som
egr
ound
s
for
thin
kin
gth
atth
eG
olde
nB
ough
itse
lf,
orin
com
mon
parl
ance
the
mis
tlet
oeon
the
oak,
was
supp
osed
toha
vedr
oppe
dfr
omth
esk
yup
onth
etr
eein
afl
ash
ofli
ghtn
ing
and
ther
efor
eto
conta
inw
ithi
nit
self
the
seed
ofce
lest
ial
fire
,a
sort
ofsm
ould
erin
gth
under
bolt
.T
his
view
ofth
epr
iest
and
ofth
ebo
ugh
whi
chhe
guar
ded
atth
epe
ril
of
his
life
has
the
adv
anta
ge
of
acco
unti
ng
for
the
import
ance
whi
chth
esa
nct
uar
yat
Nem
iac
quir
edan
dth
etr
easu
rew
hich
itam
asse
dth
rough
the
offe
ring
sof
the
fait
hful
;fo
rth
esh
rine
wou
ldse
emto
have
been
toan
cien
tw
hat
Lor
eto
has
been
tom
oder
nIt
aly,
apl
ace
ofpi
lgri
mag
e,w
here
prin
ces
and
nobl
esas
wel
las
com
mon
ers
pour
edw
ealt
h
into
the
coff
ers
ofD
iana
inhe
rgr
een
rece
ssam
ong
the
Alb
anhi
lls,
just
asin
mod
ern
tim
eski
ngs
and
quee
nsvi
ed
wit
hea
chot
her
inen
rich
ing
the
blac
kV
irgin
who
from
l:ier
loly
Hou
seon
the
hill
side
atL
ore
tolo
oks
out
onth
ebl
ue
Adri
atic
and
the
purp
leA
penn
ines
.S
uch
piou
spro
dig
alit
y
beco
mes
mor
ein
tell
igib
leif
the
gre
ates
tof
the
gods
was
inde
edbe
liev
edto
dwel
lin
hum
ansh
ape
wit
hhi
sw
ife
amon
gth
ew
oods
ofN
emi.
Thes
ear
eth
epri
nci
pal
poin
tson
whi
chI
have
alte
red
my
opin
ion
sinc
eth
ela
sted
itio
nof
my
book
was
publ
ishe
d.
The
mer
ead
mis
sion
ofsu
chch
ange
sm
aysu
ffic
eto
indi
cate
the
doubt
and
unce
rtai
nty
whi
chat
tend
enqu
irie
sof
this
natu
re.
The
who
lefa
bric
ofan
cien
tm
yth
olo
gy
isso
fore
ign
toou
rm
oder
nw
ays
ofth
ought,
and
the
evid
ence
conc
erni
ng
itis
for
the
mos
tpar
tso
frag
men
tary
,ob
scur
e,an
dco
nfl
ict
ing
that
inou
rat
tem
pts
topi
ece
toget
her
and
inte
rpre
tit
we
can
har
dly
hope
tore
ach
conc
lusi
ons
that
will
com
plet
ely
sati
sfy
eith
erou
rsel
ves
orot
hers
.In
this
asin
oth
erhr
adch
es
ofst
udy
itis
the
fate
ofth
eori
esto
bew
ashe
daw
ayli
ke
chil
dren
’sca
stle
sof
sand
byth
eri
sing
tide
ofkn
owle
dge,
and
Iam
not
sopre
sum
ptu
ous
asto
expec
tor
desi
refo
r
min
ean
exem
pti
on
from
the
com
mon
lot.
Iho
ldth
emal
l
very
ligh
tly
and
have
used
them
chie
fly
asco
nven
ient
pegs
onw
hich
tohan
gm
yco
llec
tion
sof
fact
s,F
or
Ibe
liev
e
that
,w
hile
theo
ries
are
tran
sito
ry,
are
cord
offa
cts
has
a
per
man
ent
valu
e,an
dth
atas
ach
roni
cle
ofan
cien
tcu
stom
s
and
beli
efs
my
book
may
reta
init
suti
lity
whe
nm
yth
eori
es
are
asob
sole
teas
the
cust
oms
and
beli
efs
them
selv
es
dese
rve
tobe
.
Ica
nnot
dism
iss
wit
hout
som
enat
ura
lre
gret
ata
sk
whi
chha
soc
cupi
edan
dam
used
me
atin
terv
als
for
man
y
year
s.B
utth
ere
gret
iste
mpe
red
byth
ankfu
lnes
san
d
hope
.I
amth
ankfu
lth
atI
have
been
able
toco
nclu
de
I
I’A
’JgJ
G!E
atle
ast
one
chap
ter
ofth
ew
ork
Ipr
ojec
ted
alo
ngti
me
ago.
[am
hope
ful
that
Im
ayno
tno
wbç
tak
ing
afi
nal
leav
eof
my
indulg
ent
read
ers,
but
that
,a;
Iam
sens
ible
__
__
__
__
ofli
ttle
abat
emen
tin
my
bodi
lyst
rength
and
ofno
nein
my
ardour
for
stud
y,th
eyw
illbe
arw
ith
me
yet
aw
hile
itI
shou
ldat
tem
pt
toen
tert
ain
them
wit
hfr
esh
subj
ects
of
laughte
ran
dte
ars
draw
nfr
omth
eco
med
yan
dth
etr
aged
y
ofm
an’s
endl
ess
ques
taf
ter
hap
pin
ess
and
truth
.C
C)N
TE
NT
S
J.G
.F
RA
ZE
R.
PR
EF
AC
E.
..
..
Pp.
v-x
h
Ciubol:,
17//
i0,
/che
w1913.
ClL
Irr1
RL
—B
ET
WE
EN
ITE
AV
EN
AN
I)F
.lrl
iP
p.1—
3I
§t.
A’k
tIc
buck
Ike
Ear/
/i,
pp.
1i8
.-—
--iI
ieol
Aji
cia
and
the
Gol
den
Bou
gh,
Isq
.;
sacre
dk
iig
san
dl5s
mi
bidd
eno
lOud
iis
010
utot
wit
hth
eir
feet
,2—
4;
cert
ain
pers
ons
once
rtai
nO
ccsO
oIis
tcil
,io
,ten
to
touch
the
grou
ndw
ith
thei
rfe
et,
4-b
;sa
cred
pers
ons
app
aren
tly
tho
ug
ht
tobe
charg
ed
wit
ha
mys
teri
ous
virt
uew
hich
wil
lru
no
was
teci
expi
dc
byco
ntac
tw
ith
theg
roun
d,0
sq.
;th
ings
iste
Pa
pern
ur—
wit
hth
em
yste
riou
svi
rtue
ofho
line
ssor
tabo
oan
dth
errt
bre
kept
tin
t
cont
act
wit
hth
eg
rou
nd
,7
;te
stiv
alof
the
wil
dm
ango
,w
hich
isno
t
allo
wed
toto
uch
the
eart
h,
7—1
1;
oth
ersa
cred
bjee
tske
ntfr
omco
reac
t
wit
hth
eg
roun
d,
iisq
.sa
cred
todd
tt
alie
nis
Iti
tca
bti
eearl
ti,
13sq
.;
mag
ical
imp
lem
ents
and
rem
edie
sth
ou
gh
tto
liar
:th
eir
vu
byco
ntac
tw
ith
the
grou
nd,
4sq
.;
serp
entst
eggs
orsn
ake
ston
es,
15
sq.;
med
icin
alpl
ants
,w
ater
,et
c.,
iiit
allo
wed
Iii
touc
hth
eca
rtl -
I
§2
.lu
/to
siC
Ike
Su
n,
pj’.
15-2
1.-
—S
acre
dpe
rson
sno
tal
lOt-
itI
es
th5-t
ue.
tabo
oed
pers
ons
not
allo
wed
tose
eth
esu
n,so
;ce
rtai
npe
rson
s
forb
idd
ento
see
fire
,2
0sq
.;
the
story
of
Pri
nce
Sun
less
,at
CF
IAP
TE
RIl
.——
Tm
SE
CL
US
ION
OF
GIR
LS
AT
PU
IJE
R’v
..
..
.P
la2
2-1
00
iS
eclu
sion
ofG
irls
at
J’u
er/)
’—
-I;o
p.e
rtv
51—
bidd
ento
touc
hth
egr
ound
and
see
the
sun,
22
;se
clus
ion
otgi
rls
at
puber
tyat
tton
gth
eZ
ulus
and
kin
dre
dtr
ibes
,‘a
;am
ong
Ibe
A-K
anib
a
ofB
riti
shE
ast
i\fr
ica,
2i
aitt
ong
the
ilag
and
ao
f(
natr
al.\
Inca,
2;•-
amon
gth
etr
ibes
ofth
eT
anga
ityi
kap
late
au,
24
q.;
aiii
ong
the
trib
es‘1
Bri
tish
Cen
tral
Afr
ica,
25
sq.;
abst
inen
cefr
omsa
ltas
soci
ated
web
aru
le
of
chas
tity
inm
any
tri
bc’s
,26
—2
S;
reel
usio
nof
irIs
atpi
tber
t yan
tng
the
trib
esab
out
Lak
eN
yass
aan
don
the
Zat
eet.
25
si.
:.l
tlonp
the
Th
on
ga
ofD
elag
oaIl
ay,
29
sq.
;at
noit
gth
eC
aIt
retn
ties
it,o
ut
1A
ttic
a,
30
sq.
;am
ong
the
Bav
ili
ofth
eL
ower
Con
go,
31sq
.
IS
ill
CH
AP
TE
RIV
TIl
EF
IRE
-FE
ST
IVA
LS
OF
EU
RO
PE
§i.
The
Len
ten
Fir
es
Air
.ov
erE
uro
pe
the
pea
sants
have
been
accu
stom
edfr
om
tim
eim
mem
oria
lto
kind
lebo
nfir
eson
cert
ain
days
.of
the
year
,an
dto
danc
ero
und
orle
apov
erth
em.
Cus
tom
sof
this
kind
can
betr
aced
back
onhi
stor
ical
evid
ence
toth
e
Mid
dle
Age
s,’
and
thei
ran
alogy
tosi
mil
arcu
stom
sob
serv
ed
inan
tiquit
ygo
esw
ith
stro
ng
inte
rnal
evid
ence
topr
ove
that
thei
ror
igin
mus
the
sought
ina
peri
odlo
ngpr
ior
toth
e
spre
adof
Chri
stia
nit
y.
Inde
edth
eea
rlie
stpro
of
ofth
eir
obse
rvan
cein
Nort
her
nE
uro
pe
isfu
rnis
hed
byth
eat
tem
pts
mad
eby
Chr
isti
ansy
nods
inth
eei
ghth
centu
ryto
put
them
dow
nas
hea
then
ish
rite
s.2
Not
unco
mm
only
effi
gies
are
burn
edin
thes
efi
res,
ora
pret
ence
ism
ade
ofbu
rnin
ga
livi
ngpe
rson
inth
em;
and
ther
ear
egr
ound
sfo
rbe
liev
ing
that
anci
entl
yhum
anbe
ings
wer
eac
tual
lybu
rned
onth
ese
occa
sion
s.A
gene
ral
surv
eyof
the
cust
oms
inqu
esti
onw
ill
brin
gou
tth
etr
aces
of
hum
ansa
crif
ice,
and
will
serv
eat
the
sam
eti
me
toth
row
ligh
toi
lth
eir
mea
nin
g.
3
The
seas
ons
of
the
yea
rw
hen
thes
ebo
nfir
esar
em
ost
com
mon
lyli
tare
spri
ng
and
mid
sum
mer
;bu
tin
som
epl
aces
they
are
kind
led
also
atth
een
dof
autu
mn
orduri
ng
the
TH
EL
EJV
TE
JVF
IRE
S107
cour
seof
the
win
ter,
par
ticu
larl
yon
Hal
low
E’e
n(t
heth
irty
-
firs
tof
Oct
ober
),C
hris
tmas
Day
,an
dth
eE
veof
Tw
elft
h
Day
.W
esh
all
cons
ider
them
inth
eor
der
inw
hich
they
occu
rin
the
cale
ndar
year
.T
he
earl
iest
ofth
emis
the
win
ter
fest
ival
ofth
eE
ve
ofT
wel
fth
Day
(the
Iftl
lof
Januar
y);
but
asit
has
been
alre
ady
desc
ribe
din
anea
rlie
r
par
tof
this
work
we
shal
lpa
ssit
over
here
and
begi
n
wit
hth
efi
re-f
esti
vals
ofsp
ring
,w
hich
usua
lly
fall
onth
e
firs
tS
unday
ofL
ent
(Qua
drag
esi.w
aor
]iz
vocavit
),
2E
aste
r
Eve
,an
dM
ayD
ay.
The
cust
omof
kin
dli
ng
bonf
ires
onth
efi
rst
Sunday
inC
usto
n,
Lenti
ias
prev
aile
din
Bel
gium
,th
enort
hof
Fra
nce,
and
man
ypar
tsof
Ger
man
y.T
hus
inth
eB
elgi
anA
rden
iies
the
firs
t,,
Sun
day
in
for
aw
eekr
afo
rtnig
ht
befo
reth
eday
ofth
egre
atfi
re,L
asit
isca
llcd
chil
dren
goab
out
from
farm
tofa
rmco
llec
ting
Beb
ian
fuel
.A
tG
rand
sH
alic
ux
any
one
who
refu
ses
thei
rre
ques
tA
idL
airs
.
ispu
rsue
dnex
td’
byth
ech
ildr
en,
who
try
tobl
acke
nhi
s
face
wit
hth
eash
es
qf
the
exti
nct
fire
.W
hen
the
day
has
com
e,th
eycu
tdo
wn
ush
es,
espe
cial
lyju
nip
eran
dbr
oom
,
and
inth
eev
enin
ggre
tbo
nfir
esbl
aze
enal
lth
ehe
ight
s.
Itis
aco
mm
onsa
ying
th
seve
nbo
nfir
essh
ould
bese
enif
the
vill
age
isto
besa
fefr
onic
onfi
agra
tions.
Ifth
eM
euse
hap
pen
sto
befr
ozen
hard
attl
eti
me,
bonf
ires
arc
lit
also
onth
eic
e.A
tG
rand
Hall
euxhey
set
upa
pole
call
ed
rnak
rai,
or“t
he
wit
ch,”
inth
em
idt
5of
the
pile
,an
dth
efi
re
iski
ndle
dby
the
man
who
was
last
War
ned
inth
evi
llag
e.
Inth
ene
ighb
ourh
ood
of
Mor
lanw
elz
atr
aw
man
isbu
rnt
inth
efi
re.
Young
peop
lean
dcb
ildre
ndar
ice
and
sing
roun
dth
ebo
nfir
es,
and
leap
over
the
em
bers
pse
cure
good
crop
sor
ahap
py
mar
riag
ew
ithi
nth
eye
ar,
oras
am
eans
ofguar
din
gth
emse
lves
agai
nst
coli
c.In
Bra
bai
ton
the
sam
eS
unday
,do
wn
toth
ebe
ginn
ing
ofth
eni
nete
enth
cent
ury,
wom
enan
dm
endi
sgui
sed
infe
mal
eat
tire
scd
to
gow
ith
burn
ing
torc
hes
toth
efi
elds
,w
here
they
danc
ednd
sang
com
icso
ngs
for
the
purp
ose,
asth
eyal
lege
d,of
driv
ifig
away
“the
wic
ked
sow
er,”
who
ism
enti
oned
inth
eG
osp
et
for
the
day.
At
Mae
seyc
kan
din
man
yvi
llag
esof
Urn
-
CH
AP
.IV
1tr
opea
,C
SL
uof
kin
dli
ng
bonir
es(U
iCe
,tall
lay
ofth
year
,daneig
round
them
idlc
mg
over
Etl
igie
sar
e5,l
,leti
lttC
s
Lui
itii
the
fire
s.
Sea
sons
of
the
year
nw
lwh
the
hoil
ires
are
ht.
I [
1S
eeJa
Cob
Grt
tunt
,Dei
asck
eJl
yllio
—
loçie
4(B
erli
n,18
75—
1878
),i.
502,
510,
5th
.W
.M
annhar
dt,
Der
b’uu
rnku
ltus
der
G,m
unen
vsnd
jhnr
jV.’
clj6
ars1
am,n
e
(Ber
lin,
1875
),PP
i8
si.
Inth
eM
iow
ing
surv
eyof
thes
e
ttre
-Cus
totn
,I
toll
owch
iefl
yV
.M
an,s
bar
th,
Der
b’a
um
kal
ius,
kap.
vi.
pp.
4q7
sqq.
Com
par
eal
soJ.
Gri
mm
,
i)utx
he
Myth
ulo
5ie,
4i.
5oo
sqq.
Wal
ter
K,
Kel
ly,
Cur
iosi
ties
of
ho/a
Eur
opea
nT
radit
ion
and
Fol
k-
lore
(Lon
don,
1863
),pp
.46
sqq.;
F.
Vog
t,
“Seh
eiben
trei
b,s
nun
dF
ruhli
ngsf
euer
,”
Zei
tsth
rift
des
Ver
eins
fur
Voi
kski
end,
,
iii.
(189
3)PP
’349-3
t9;
ibid
.iv
.
(189
4)pp
.195-1
97.
ioó
tT
heS
cape
goat
,pp
.3
r6sq
q.
The
firs
tS
unda
yin
Len
tis
know
n
sIn
vaca
vit
from
the
firs
tw
ord
of
the
mas
sfo
rth
eda
y(0
.F
rh.
von
Rei
ns
ber
g.
Dti
riug
stel
d,F
ost-
Kol
ende
rcia
bohm
enp
67)
___
_p
—If
U
lit
In
I,t 11
t
tilt
Ite
I
1id ‘it
tIn
t.,.
tII
’1
tI
St
0(1
1
Ipt
I.
1J,
A.
E.
Kdl
iler
,V
uT’
sbra
nch,
,iL
ioçb
u/i
cn,
.((t
i,’t
’)/
iifl
(ian
dre
alte
I‘
oI)
cruli
’eii
jut
I‘
1/t
itle
Let
1oie,
I57,
p.3
7b
ilic
su
pers
titi
on
sic
—
lat
tig
tow
itch
esat
this
seas
onare
kig
ioo
.F
orin
stan
ce,
toSa
XO
n)’
and
Thu
[ifl
gia
any
one
who
labours
un
der
al1
vC
al
,lem
islt
can
easi
lyri
dhi
mse
lf01
Itby
tran
sfc
rrtn
git
totI
leW
ttvl
ieS
Ott
\\alp
uig
isN
ight
.li
ela
son
lyto
go
Out
10
acr
o-,s
-roa
d,it
take
Ilac
eC
EI)
15C
5
onth
ebl
ent t
ab,
ansa
y,‘‘
Inth
ena
me
of(i
od
the
Fat
her
,th
eS
on,
and
the
Hol
y(;
ho
5‘‘
Thu
sth
ehi
cuti
sh,
wha
t—cte
rIt
111w
be,
isle
fthe
ltin
dhi
mat
the
cros
s-ro
ad,
and
whe
nth
ew
itch
essw
eep
byon
thei
rw
ayto
the
Bro
cken
,th
eym
ust
lake
Itw
ith
them
,and
itst
icks
totl
tvm
henr
efor
tlt.
Mor
eove
r,th
ree
Lro
sses
chal
k:d
upon
the
do
ors
of
hous
esan
dca
ttle—
stal
lson
Wal
purg
isN
ight
will
effe
ctua
lly
prev
ent
any
of
the
infe
rnal
crew
from
ente
ring
and
loin
gha
rtit
tom
anor
beas
t.S
eeE
.S
otti
tite
r,.S
a’en
.j/
,r,-
hcn
turd
Gei
v-du
rch,
airs
t,ac/r
acit
and
i°hl
i/ui
i/,v
n(i
tali
c,18
46),
pp
.14
859
.;
Die
gesi
rry’
elte
Roc
kcnj
hilo
soph
ic(C
hem
nilz
,i75
9),
p.ii
6.
See
The
Sca
pego
at,
pp.
i8sq
q.
des
cend,
2A
sto
the
Mid
stim
mer
Fes
tiva
lof
Euro
pe
inge
nera
lse
eth
eev
iden
ce
coll
ecte
din
tite
‘‘
Spe
cim
enC
alut
tdar
iiG
enti
lis,
”ap
pen
ded
toth
eF
dd
aJl
hyth
mic
ase
uA
nti
quio
r,vu
/go
Sat
mra
uzdi
nadi
cta,
Par
sii
i.(C
open
hage
n,2828)
pp
.1086-1
097.
2jo
hnM
itch
ell
Ket
nble
,T
htS
axons
inE
ngla
nd,
New
Edi
tion
(Lon
don,
2876
),1.
36
1sq
.,qu
otin
g“an
anci
ent
MS
.w
ritt
enin
Engla
nd
,an
dn
ow
in
the
Har
leia
nC
olle
ctio
n,N
o.2345,
fol.
50.”
The
pass
age
isqu
oted
in
part
byJ.
Bra
nd,
i’o
jnla
r.-
lnii
qn
itie
s
of
Gre
atB
rita
in(L
ondo
n,18
82—
1883
),
i.29
8sq
.,by
R.
‘I’.
Hai
np
son
,M
cdii
Aev
iK
alen
dar
ium
(Lo
nd
on
,18
41),
I.300,
and
byW
Man
nh
ard
t,D
erB
an,n
kult
ur,
p.5
09
.‘l’
liesa
ute
ex
plan
atio
nsof
the
Mid
suni
mer
lire
,at
ol
ofth
ecu
stom
oftr
undl
ing
abu
rnin
g
whe
elon
Mid
suts
ttne
rE
vear
egi
ven
also
byJo
hn
Bel
eth,
aw
rite
rof
the
twel
fth
cent
ury.
See
his
Jiat
ian
ale
Div
iuio
,wm
QJj
icio
rum
(appended
to
the
Rat
ian
alt
Div
inoru
mO
jtci
oru,
n
of
C.[‘
1V.]
Dur
andu
s,L
yons
,58
4),
p.re
cta
‘‘S
o/c
ut
parr
o,tro
cte
rn-
pore
[the
Eve
ofSt
.Jo
hn
the
Bap
tist
]cx
vete
rica
nsue
tudi
nern
ortis
orzu
rnan
jin
n/ira
OS
lOco
mb
itri
,qu
odhu
jusm
adi
pr.
VII
.V
OL
.1
‘the
bout
-tir
es,
tie
torc
hes,
and
the
hurn
.ing
whe
els
ofth
efe
stiv
al.
lib
etO
iiguir
cu.r
.,S
un
ten
nn
Zn,
uuia
/ia,
qane
dra,
err
,.r
ppel
.’zr
nu;
1/5,
-cin
qurv
,ra,,
r,w
,nia
it:
acre
c-ca
nt,
iii
aqu
isir
alen
t,in
terr
aam
bu
lan
t.Sc
siqu
arrd
oin
acre
adli
bid
inem
con
cila
utu
r(q
uad
fete
fl)
eaef
cip
surn
sper
ma
vel
inp
ierc
es,
eel
inaqursfl
uIi
’s’S
iji,
ian
tea
qua
/et/
ia/s
iqu?
t’ro-
,rn
nu
s.-l
,ih
e,—
aU/1
0CC
erg’
nujn
sms’
di1.
’.(0
111/
tmest
reve
ctli
a,e,
iii
vu
S/i
,ci
ro,’
osin
assi
bar
con
sfru
cret
ur,
etun
Jbm
us
hu
jusm
adi
antn
ra/i
aJt
n,ar
et,
RI
qute
sala
d70
0XZ
—
thC
/1,1
5Ie
mj(
orej
o’/a
t.radii
C/i
/10
,,r,l
ooh
s’,u
eue/
uso/
aers
’,tt
ur...L
,,n
a,l:e
niit,n
,‘sl
t4a,s
i5:it
JI,a
n/c
/a’
iii
facu
las
good
Joh
ano
esfu
vri
lar
den
slu
cern
e,ci
gui
V/a
S.L
/ouo
inipree
1sara’
vs’r
it.
Ted
uod
‘bee
re/a
vet
-ta/
arla
nc
eaw
pu/a
nt
ttu
2In
cu
rnsu
cti/
urn
tu,r
c,,o
/a,c
ei:
aS
rut
:1/i
ra,,‘I
om
tao—
gre
di
acq
uit
,a
jua
,asg
Ilur1ia
u,g
t/,n
dsc
cnd
cre,
”T
hesu
bsta
nce
oftl
tep
ass
age
isre
peat
edin
oth
erw
ords
byC
.D
uran
dus
(Wil
h.D
urat
itis
),a
wri
ter
ofth
eth
irte
enth
cent
urY
,in
hi
B:
tion
ale
Div
inuru
mO
Jlni
orum
,Ii
i,.vt
t.cap
.14
(p.
442
verS
e,
ed.
Lyo
ns,
1584
).C
ompa
reJ.
Gri
ntn
,D
en/s
c/ic
Myth
oli
gIe
,4
1.526.
‘iVjt
hth
eno
tion
that
the
tir
is-
pois
oned
atnttd
5untn
ter
we
nay,.
-
1fa
4x6
oT
i/li
’/“
JJ/1
b-F
1e’
ST
If-”
’ii,
SO
FF
UJI
OI’
EC
it-v
P.
erra
nds.
On
this
wit
chin
gni
ght
chil
dren
inV
oig
tlan
dal
so
ligh
tbo
nfir
eson
the
heig
hts
and
leap
over
them
.M
oreo
ver,
they
wav
eht
trni
ngbr
oom
sor
toss
them
into
the
air.
So
far
a-ctil
e’Ii
hht
ofth
eb
ott
firc
reac
hes,
sofa
rw
illa
bles
sing
rest
onth
efi
elds
.T
he
kind
ling
ofth
efi
res
onW
alpurg
isN
ight
isct
dled
“dr
ivin
gaw
ayth
ew
itch
es,”
‘l’h
ecu
stom
of
Icitt
illin
gIi
res
onth
eev
eo
May
Day
(Wal
purg
isN
ight)
for
I In’
purp
ose
ofht
tt-ni
ngth
ew
itch
esis
,or
used
tobe
,w
ide—
spre
adin
the
Tyr
ol,
Mor
avia
,S
axo
ny
and
Sil
esia
.2
4.T
he.a
JJi,l
sum
iiie,
’F
in’s
But
the
seas
onat
whi
chth
ese
fire
—fe
stiv
als
have
been
mos
tly
gen
eral
lyhe
ldal
lov
erE
uro
pe
isth
esu
mm
erso
lsti
ce,
that
isM
itls
umin
erE
ve(t
hetw
enty
—th
ird
ofJu
ne’:.
orM
id
sum
mer
1)a
(til
etw
enty
—fo
urth
ofJu
ne).
Afa
int
ting
eof
Chr
istb
ttti
tyha
sbe
engi
ven
toth
emby
nam
ing
Mid
sum
mer
Day
afte
rS
t.Jo
hn
the
Bap
tist
,bu
tw
eca
nnot
doubt
that
the
cele
buat
ito
tda
tes
from
ati
me
long
befo
reth
ebe
ginn
ing
of
our
era.
Th
esu
mm
erso
lsti
ce,
orM
idsu
mm
erD
ay,
isth
e
gre
attu
rnin
g—po
int
inth
esu
n’s
care
er,
whe
n,af
ter
clim
bing
high
eran
dhig
her
day
byday
inth
esk
y,th
elu
min
ary
stop
s
and
then
cefo
rth
retr
aces
his
step
sdo
wn
the
heav
enly
road
.
Suc
ha
mom
ent
coul
dno
tbu
tbe
rega
rded
wit
han
xie
tyby
prim
itiv
em
anso
soon
ashe
bega
nto
obse
rve
and
pond
er
the
cour
ses
ofth
eg
reat
ligh
tsac
ross
the
cele
stia
lva
ult
;an
d
havi
ngst
ill
tole
arn
his
ow
npo
wer
less
ness
infa
ceof
the
vast
cycl
icch
ange
sof
natu
re,
hem
ayha
vefa
ncie
dth
athe
coul
d
-he
lpth
esu
nin
his
seem
ing
dcci
iite
-—co
ulci
prop
his
fail
ing
IvT
IlE1IJ
IDS
U.I
lJfE
Jt’
FJJ
IE.$
tGi
step
san
dre
kind
leth
esi
nkin
gfl
ame
ofth
ere
dla
mp
inhi
s
feeb
leha
nd.
Inso
t-ne
such
thoughts
asth
ese
the
mid
sum
mer
fest
ival
sof
our
Euro
pea
npea
santr
ym
ayper
hap
sha
veta
ken
thei
rri
se.
Wh
atev
erth
eir
orig
in,
they
hay
epr
evai
led
all
over
this
quar
ter
ofth
egl
obe,
from
Irel
and
onth
ew
est
toR
ussi
a
onth
eea
st,
and
from
Nor
way
and
Sw
eden
onth
eno
rth
to
Spa
inan
dG
reec
eon
the
sou
th.
1A
ccor
ding
toa
ined
iaiv
al
wri
ter,
the
thre
egre
atfe
atur
esof
the
mid
sum
nter
cele
brat
ion
wer
eth
ebo
nfir
es,
the
proc
essi
onw
ith
torc
hes
roun
dth
e
fiel
ds,
and
the
cust
omof
roll
ing
aw
heel
,i-
icte
lls
usth
at
boys
burn
edbo
nes
and
filt
hof
vari
ous
kind
sto
mak
ea
foul
smok
e,an
dth
atth
esm
oke
drov
eaw
ayce
rtai
nnoxio
us
drag
ons
whi
chat
this
tune
,ex
cite
dby
the
sum
mer
heat
,
copu
late
din
the
air
and
pois
oned
the
wel
lsan
dri
vet-
sby
dro
ppin
gth
eir
seed
into
them
;an
dhe
expla
ins
the
cust
omof
trundli
ng
aw
heel
tom
ean
that
tile
SU
H,
havi
ngno
wre
ache
d
the
high
est
poin
tin
the
ecli
ptic
,be
gins
then
cefo
rwar
dto
(7U
TI/
FJ/R
J’-
FT
IJi1
’riL
SO
FE
UR
OI’
Elv
771E
MJD
SlI
Mit
ER
FIR
ES
‘7
roam
];
som
etim
esth
eyar
edc
aply
burn
tan
dbl
acke
ned.
like
expla
nat
ion
ofth
emis
this
,j\
bout
mid
sum
mer
,bu
t
espe
cial
lyon
Mid
sunm
nmer
Day
,tw
osu
chho
les
arc
bore
d
oppo
site
each
othe
r,in
tou
hich
the
extr
emit
ies
ofa
stro
ng
pale
are
tixe
d,T
he
hole
sar
eth
enst
uffe
dw
ith
tow
stee
ped
inre
sin
and
oil
;a
rope
islo
oped
roun
dth
epo
le,
and
two
young
men
,w
hom
ust
bebro
ther
sor
mus
tha
veth
esa
me
bapt
ism
alna
me,
and
mus
tbe
ofth
esa
me
age,
pulltl
1een
ds
ofth
ero
peba
ckw
ards
and
forw
ards
soas
tom
ake
the
pole
revo
lve
rapid
ly,
till
sin
kcsp
irks
issu
efro
mth
etw
o
hole
sin
the
door
—po
sts.
The
spar
ksar
eca
ught
and
blow
n
upw
ith
tinder
,an
dth
isis
the
new
and
pure
fire
,th
e
aupea
rance
ofw
hich
isgr
eete
dw
ith
crie
sof
joy.
Ilea
ps
of
corn
hust
ible
mat
eria
lsar
eno
wig
nite
dw
ith
the
new
fire
,an
d
blaz
ing
bund
les
arc
ila
ced
onboar
ds
and
sent
floa
ting
dow
n
the
broo
k.T
he
boys
light
:to
rche
sat
the
new
fire
and
run
nao
tofu
mig
ate
the
past
ures
.T
his
isbe
liev
edto
driv
eaw
ayal
l
°‘‘Y
the
dem
ons
and
wit
ches
that
mol
est
the
catt
le.
Fin
ally
the
d,i
i,ons
torc
hes
are
thu
wn
ina
heap
onth
em
eado
wan
dal
low
edto
”I
III
burn
out
(in
thei
rw
iyb
n.I
thc
bo
SS
tiL
Wth
eis
hes
over
the
fiel
ds,
whi
chis
supp
osed
tom
ake
them
fert
ile,
Ifa
farm
erha
sta
ken
poss
essi
onof
ane
who
use,
or1if
serv
ants
have
chan
ged
mas
ters
,th
ebo
ysfu
mig
ate
the
ne\v
abod
ean
ti
ime
iew
nded
byth
efa
rmm
wIt
hsu
ppcr
Ml
Inhil
m_sm
ifr
omth
outh
est
crn
p’r
iof
the
Sudet
en
im
gIm
dno
>th
1st
wtr
d-e
fn
sL
ausi
tith
em
ounta
ins
are
abla
zew
ith
bonf
ires
anM
idsr
6m
erE
ve;
and
from
the
vall
eys
and
the
plai
lls
roun
daS
out
Leo
bsch
Utz
,N
eust
adt,
/oh
(id
Sir
idat
hIr
pla.
1.‘
Lnw
(mi
tvhr
e’tv
inklu
tiuio
ugh
the
dI
imw
‘lo
om\V
lule
they
nesm
ould
erin
gm
ud
send
ing
fort
hvo
lum
ctgo
fsm
oke
acro
ssth
efi
elds
,yo
ung
men
kind
lebr
oom
—st
umps
,so
aked
inpi
tch,
atth
ebo
nfir
esan
d
then
,bra
ndis
hin
gth
est
umps
,w
hich
epit
show
ers
ofsp
arks
,
they
chas
eon
ean
oth
eror
danc
ew
ith
the
girl
sro
und
the
hum
no
pmk
,hots
too
iiSm
edm
dsh
out’
,I
used
fhe
tire,
the
swhk
e,th
esh
ots,
and
the
shou
tsar
eal
lin
tended
to
scar
eaw
ayth
ew
itch
es,
who
are
let
lous
eon
this
wit
chin
g
lay,
nd
who
wou
ldce
rtai
nly
wor
kha
rmto
the
crop
san
dth
e
catt
le,
ifth
eyw
ere
not
det
erre
dby
thes
esa
luta
rym
easu
res.
>C
.L
.l,
chii
oIz
,I6
uls
iwG
IIid
wund
Thac,
(Ber
lin,
1867
),ii.
144
sqq.
Mer
eco
nta
ctw
ith
tile
fire
brin
gsal
lso
rts
ot
bie-
,:dt
,s.
hen
cew
hen
the
bonf
ire
isburn
ing
low
,th
ela
dsle
ap—
over
it,
and
the
high
erth
eyho
und,
the
bet
ter
isth
elu
ckin
stor
efo
r
them
.H
ew
hoso
rpas
ses
his
1db
ws
issth
ishe
roof
the
day
and
ism
uch
adm
ired
bytim
evi
llag
e,gi
rls.
Itis
also
thought
tobe
very
good
for
the
eyes
tø’t
arc
stea
dily
atth
ebo
nfir
e
wit
hout
blin
king
;m
oreo
vt’r
hew
hodo
esso
will
not
drow
se
and
Imil
ash
ci>
bctm
ixs
muth
elo
utw
inte
lev
enin
gsO
n
Mid
sum
mer
Eve
,th
ew
indo
wS
and
door
soi
hous
esit
tS
esi
a
are
crow
necL
itl’
ufl
ower
s,es
peci
ally
wit
hth
ebl
ueco
rn—
flow
ers
and
the
bri
ght
corn
-ctc
kles
;in
sum
evil
laes
long
stim
ngc
ofg
Irla
nds
amid
nose
s>
5uc
stre
tched
LC
IOS
Sth
e
stre
ets.
The
peop
lebe
liev
eth
aton
that
ijig
htS
t.Jo
hn
com
esdo
wn
from
heav
ento
bles
sth
efl
ower
san
dto
keep
all
evil
thin
gs
from
hous
ean
dhom
e.1
In”
Den
mar
kan
dN
orw
ayal
soM
idsu
mm
ertir
esw
ere
kind
led
onS
t.Jo
hn’s
Eve
onro
ads,
open
spae
eC,
and
hill
s,
Peo
ple
inN
orw
ayth
ought
that
the
flie
sba
nish
edsi
ckne
ss
from
amon
gth
eca
ttle
.1
Eve
nyet
the
fire
sar
esa
idto
be
ligh
ted
all
over
Nor
way
onth
eni
ght
ofJu
ne
the
twen
ty—
thir
d,M
idsu
mm
erE
ve,
Old
Sty
le.
.sm
any
asfi
fty
or
six
tybo
nfir
esm
ayof
ten
beco
unte
dburn
ing
onth
ehi
lls
roun
dB
erge
n.S
omet
imes
fuel
ispi
led
onra
tts,
igni
ted,
and
allo
wed
todr
ift
blaz
ing
acro
ssth
efo
rds
inth
eda
rkne
ssof
nigh
t.T
he
fire
sar
eth
ought
tobe
kind
led
inor
der
toke
epK
eepi
ng
off
the
wit
ches
who
mre
stid
tohe
uIit
ftoi
l111
ii
that
nig
ht
toth
eB
lock
sber
g,w
here
the
big
wit
chli
ves
.5
sin
5011
10cr
tIres
111
Sli
d
Nor
way
.
‘P
hilo
‘CO
Ol
Wal
de,
Sell/
es/C
Oin
.I.C
UII
IIli
/al/
CS
(Ber
lin,
NO
.),
p.
12
4P
aul
1)ie
cl,s
lcr.
.5//
/e,
16at
oll,
itii
dL
olkg
glau
bein
.ScI
t/esi
n(L
eipic
,
1903_1906),
1.13
6S
q.
J.O
rim
m.
Det
i/sc/
icdfv
tlw
lgl/
e,4
i.517
sq.
Fro
ntin
form
ati
on
5111
1)11
(16
by
Mr.
Sig
urd.
K.
Ilei
bei
g,
pie
er,
01
Ber
gen,
Nor
way
,W
hOII
his
I)/911006
regu
larl
ycoll
ecte
dfu
elfo
rth
efi
res.
I
have
toth
ank
SIes
And
erso
n,of
liar
.
511lo
otin
g,M
auch
hne,
Ayr
shir
e,fo
r
kin
dly
pro
curi
ng
the
II)f000atl
on
for
mc
Irom
Mr.
I’le
tber
g.‘t
heB
lock
sber
g,w
here
(,,e
[Iu
aO
as
wel
las
Nor
weg
ian
wit
ches
gat
her
for
thei
rgr
eat
isal
bad
ts01
1th
eE
ve
of
May
1kw
(WaI
pir
gis
Nig
ht)
and
Mid
.
solo
n/e
rE
s’.
jS
1ti
ll/I
IllS
111.0
1
wit
hth
eB
loC
kS),
the
Og
ICC
Ipea
sot
the
11are
mou
ntai
ns.
Iut
inM
eek
len
her
s’,
l’n,r
lItt
ia,
il/I
lel
i’.
witc
i ii,
vill
ages
have
thei
r01
10
IC
at
Iilo
eksb
erg,
whi
chis
gene
rall
ya
hill
IIop
nlia
—ii
i11
.1II
dIflO
1110
anu
mbe
rof
p11/
esil
llO
tOr/
Sti
iSgIl
19’
Ilie
nam
eof
thi’
Blo
eksl
crg.
See
j.
Grj
,,,n,
.D
,,.’
16.i
7t’
llaIs
.1
ii.57
5
sq.
;E
ltic
hho
,1f
,.re,
/1rs
’e)t
///C
Zau
/str
ciin
.Its
tnat
ern
(13/
esia
ti,i8
86),
II’
417
.l6
.I
3.1’
sat
,‘.
Jim
.
1)/
C)it
11)/
li/‘
C’,
snS
atti
n,
iaS
t,
329.
CH
AP
IVT
IlE
LE
A’T
EV
FiR
ES
107
CIT
\P1L
RTV
1H
iP1
11
1t
[lv
ii8
01
1U
RO
1P
iIk
eL
èntl
nIn
e’s
over
Euro
pe
the
peaants
have
been
accu
stom
edfr
om
1m
b1
nm
1110
11ii
to1
indl
c_bo
nuir
con
ccrt
undt
sof
the
rim
dto
dni
ceioun
orIt
ipov
mr
thcm
Cus
tom
sof
this
Im
dc
uhr
.ti
accd
hic
kon
hist
oiic
tlcx
iden
ceto
the
Mid
dle
r\,
ira!
thcu
mnogy
tosi
mil
arcu
stom
sobse
red
mnut
tmui
txgo
’sw
ith
stro
ngin
tcrn
alev
idcn
ccto
pro
&th
at
hrU
01it
nm
u,t
bou
ght
ina
ixiio
dlo
ng)1
101
toth
e
,ptc
ido
(hi
ttm
int
3ln
dcc
dti
nc
uhcs
tpio
of
ofth
eir
ohscm
VL
UL
.ii
iN
urth
ciii
Iuw
pcis
fpin
ishe
dby
thc
ttcin
pt
P01(
11by
Cli
iii
insv
itod
sin
the
cn,h
thC
entu
ry
toput
tla_m
dox0
Ls
he-m
thc
nisn
rit
cs
Not
unqonm
onl
eff
igic
sir
t
bui
Or
Iin1tO
to.
firc
s,
rom
picte
nce
iin
tdof
buif
ling
1
lixit
pi
inth
cmm
dth
erc
-mrc
giu
rici
sfo
rbe
lit_v
in
ihrt
LiI
cici
}t13
liun
inbc
ins
xxcit
.ic
tuti
lyburn
edon
thcc
Or
r151005
d_,
cnci
iis
irxr
y&
the
cust
oms
inqu
csti
onw
ill
hin
out
tht
trIc
es
of
hum
ins
rcri
fici
_m
dit
jise
rxr.
atth
e
sii
nr
IIif
l&to
itlu
owli_
,ht
onth
eir
nit
mnhil
g$
Ihc
scof
Cit
xcu
whc
iith
ese
boii
hr
irc
mos
t
cum
mon
lyli
tI.
S1
1I1L
iiitl
PPi(
lSU
ifli
iici
but
insom
ep1
icL
S
tiir
vti
ckn
irile
mI
risu
itth
rcu
rlof
iutu
mn
01
duti
ng
the
Ce
J0
nmI)
e1sch
Jfj/
ho-
407
sq.
Com
pare
also
J.G
rim
in,
/(I
1/18
75ti
tOI
502
/8nO
r/i
c1I
5/II
/190
i500
S1
51),
I0-
Wai
ter
K.
Kel
ly,
Cur
/eel
//es
rmf
Judo
WM
annhar
dt,
i9-
b’iu
,nki
dlem
sL
uro
jeai
79a
diti
onan
nlo
1k-
iorc
dot
Ge,
nrn,
jmns
rul
i/r,
-or\
iehdin
s!th
ime
(London,
iSb
;),pp
.40
s-qq
.F
.V
ogt,
(hen
ii
i5.
“S
ehei
ben
trei
ben
und
Fru
hiin
pnfe
ucr
,’’
Inli
ii-
iii
niito
yof
thes
eZ
eite
clir
iRdc
sV
erel
anf/u
1b/ie
s/.u
rnd/
,
iii
e-0/r
IOI
foll
owch
ieui
W.
Man
n-fi
t.(i
Sq;)
pp.
549-3
69;
ibid
.iv
.
har
di,
13cr
Rau
mku
ltui
s,ka
p.vi
.pp
.11
894)
pp.
195-1
97.
106
cour
seof
the
win
ter,
par
ticu
larl
yon
Hal
low
E’e
n(ti
me
thir
ty-
firs
tof
Oct
obci
),C
hiis
tmas
Diy
and
Ca
Ixc
of
Iwr
11th
I)my
We
shal
lco
nsid
cmth
ciq
inC
it.id
iin
whi
chth
cy
occu
rin
thc
cale
ndar
yea
r1
heca
tIn_
stof
thr
inis
thm
—
win
tcr
fest
ivii
oflth
eE
veof
fix
clit
h1)
ry(t
hfi
lth
of
Januai
y)
,nb
Ut
asit
has
becn
alre
ady
desc
ribc
din
iii
Lili
d
pL
itof
this
wor
k1
wc
shill
pass
itox
cihe
reni
dbc
iii
wit
hth
eInc
fest
iial
sf
spi 1
n,
whi
chn_
stim
ilyfa
llon
thc
fist
Sunday
of
Lcnt
(Qua
dia.
çosz
ma
01
JHvo
caSn
l),
Iis
tcr
Lxç
and
Mmy
1)ay
Ihi
.ciN
tOtf
lof
kin
dli
ng
bont
mrc
son
the
fitst
Suo
dmy
in(
nto
rn
Lcnth
as
picx
iilc
din
Bcl
giut
nth
cno
rth
ofI
rmnc
cin
ch
man
ypar
tsof
Gci
mm
yfh
uin
thc
Bcl
_,i
inA
rdcn
nco
thr
fit
for
aw
ck
orfo
itnm
ht
bcfu
reth
e‘
diy
ofth
mrt
atft
c
iSc
thlc
dth
ildic
ngn
but
fion
ifu
unto
Iinn
clh
ctin
gII
Irn
fuel
.A
tra
nd
Hal
leux
any
one
who
refu
ses
thei
rre
ques
tU
oe.n
urs.
ispu
isuc
cl1\et
day
byth
cch
ilcl
rcn
who
try
tobi
ickc
nhi
’s
face
wit
hti
me
5m
shes
ofth
ucx
tinct
firc
\\hc
ntii
c(tay,
has
coni
cth
cycu
t,do
wn
bush
eses
pcci
dly
Juni
per
nid
b(oo
m
and
inth
eev
dnin
gnr
cit
bonf
ues
hiL
Zc
onal
l1i
ehc
q,ht
s
Itis
aco
mm
ontyni
that
scvc
nbo
nfnc
ssh
ould
besc
nif
the
vi1l
a.c
isto
bsafc
from
cool
]im
p-i
tio
nsIf
thu
\lcu
sc
hm
ppen
sto
beIt
oh_n
Iiir
dit
thu
tim
e,hon
Iic
sti
clit
also
onth
cic
cA
tG
ia5nd
Iiil
lcux
thcy
sut
upi.
oin
cnh
d
mak
rril
or‘t
he
xxit
ch,
inth
cnm
nnist
ofth
epm
cni
dtim
hi
c
iski
ridl
cdby
thc
man
Who
xxis
last
mar
ricd
itt
thc
xiii
icc
Inth
ci
cii.,
hbou
ihoo
doi
’M
oila
nxx
eli
mst
ili
xfl
Lii
15bu
tnt
inth
cfi
rcY
ounr
,pc
oplc
nd
chtl
dicn
itm
cc
and
sing
roun
dth
ebo
nflr
cs,
and
IcL
i,ov
ert1
cmbc
ms
to-c
cuie
good
crop
sor
ahap
py
man
iac
wit
hin
thc
yc
m1,
oris
iin
cans
ofgu
nrd
inth
cmse
ives
agai
nst
coli
cIn
Ihobit
iton
tin.
sam
uS
und
nydo
wn
toth
ebeth
hnig
of1k
mnum
ctc
enth
ccntu
ryxx
ow
cn
in4
7nef
lls
guis
cin
fcni
tit
itti
rrU
’-r
rIto
gow
ith
butn
nmng
tom
chcs
toth
cfi
clds
xxIn
_ic
thcy
dtn
ccd
ansi
san,
ços1
licso
nqs
for
thc
purp
osu
asdi
rx
tlln
td
ofdn
ixin
i,
awmy
“th
cmx
ml
cdso
wcr
who
ism
entt
oit
ciin
tile
Co
pcI
foi
thu
dmy
At
Ma
scy
ckan
din
inmn
ydxi
iiiç
csof
Iun
nuas
sfo
rth
hda
y(0
.1°
rhvo
nR
uins
-
berg
-If
ktri
npsf
r/ld
,iG
e/-
JOt/
cade
taz
us
iu%
lum
cn,
67.
cusl
nre
/of
kin
unit,
ii
tuom
uhre
snun
uris
fl
ninn
ynO
iht
vein
,
iii
/0/1
/4
rn,run
uult
tnuiu
i
amnc
itn
njn/
/un
/01
i$un,n
uus
ru/u
Snuu/u
ctI
nu/r
burr
nt
un
tine
tn/e
s
Seas
n’iro
ofik
eye
arnu
t
nvtn
iiuire
Iu/
uS
ru, S
lie
It.
1T
heSi
apuW
oa/,
pp.
316
su/q
.
2T
hefi
rst
Sunday
inL
ent
ISknow
n
asJa
vec
avit
from
the
lust
wor
dof
the
TH
EF
JRE
-F/S
ST
JVA
LS
01”
EU
RO
PE
lvT
HE
MID
SU
MM
ER
FIR
ES
173
CH
AP
.
InS
weden
the
Eve
ofS
t.Jo
hn(S
t.H
ans)
isth
em
ost
j)y
UU
Sni
ght.
ofth
ew
hole
year
.T
hro
ughout
som
epar
tsof
the
cou
ntr
y,
esp
ecia
lly
inth
epr
ovin
ces
ofB
ohus
and
Sca
nia
and
indi
stri
cts
bord
erin
gon
Norw
ay,
itis
cele—
bra
ted
1wth
efr
equen
td
isch
arg
eof
fire
arm
san
dby
huge
bo!l
bre-
,fo
rmerl
yca
lled
Bal
der’
sB
alef
ires
(Ba/
dir
’sB
J/ar
),w
hich
are
kind
led
atdu
skon
hill
san
dem
inen
ces
and
thro
wa
glar
eof
ligh
tov
erth
esu
rrou
ndin
gla
ndsc
ape.
The
po
ple
danc
ero
und
the
fire
san
dle
apov
eror
thro
ugh
them
.In
part
sof
Nor
rlan
don
St.
John
’sE
veth
ebon
fire
sar
eli
tat
the
cros
s-ro
ads,
Th
efu
elco
nsis
tsof
nine
clil
fere
ntso
rts
of
woo
d,an
dth
esp
ecta
tors
cast
into
the
flam
esa
kind
ofto
ad-s
tool
?3
irau
)in
orde
rto
counte
ract
the
pw
erof
the
Tro
lls
and
othe
rev
ilS
piri
ts,
who
are
beli
eved
tobe
abro
adth
atnig
ht
;fo
rat
that
mys
tic
seas
onth
em
ounta
ins
open
and
from
thei
rca
vern
ous
dep
ths
the
unca
nny
crew
pour
sfo
rth
toda
nce
and
dis
port
them
selv
esfo
ra
tim
e.T
he
pea
sants
beli
eve
that
shou
ldan
yof
the
Tro
lls
bein
the
vici
nity
they
will
shew
them
selv
es;
and
ifan
anim
al,
for
exam
ple
ahe
orsh
ego
at,
happ
ens
tobe
SC
Cfl
itea
rth
ebl
azin
g,cr
ackl
ing
pile
,th
epe
asat
tts
are
firm
lypers
ttle
dth
atit
isno
oth
erth
anth
eE
vil
One
inpe
rson
.’F
urt
her
,it
dese
rves
tole
rem
arke
dth
atin
Sw
eden
St.
John
’sE
veis
afe
stiv
al
ol
wate
ras
wel
las
offi
re;
for
cert
ain
holy
s)ri
ngs
arc
then
supp
osed
tohe
endo
wed
wit
hw
onde
rful
med
icin
alvi
rtue
s,an
dm
ati’
sick
peop
lere
sort
toth
emfo
rth
ehe
alin
gof
thei
rin
firm
itie
s.2
InS
wit
zerl
and
onM
idsu
mm
erfv
efi
res
are,
orus
edto
be,
kind
led
onhie
hpl
aces
inth
eca
nton
sof
Ber
n,N
euch
atel
,\TM
ais
,an
dG
enev
idIn
Aus
tria
the
mid
sum
mer
cust
oms
aud
supe
rsti
tion
sre
sem
ble
thos
eof
Ger
man
y.T
hu
sin
som
epar
tsof
the
Tyr
olbo
nfir
esar
eki
ndle
dan
dburn
ing
disc
shu
rled
into
the
air
.4
Inth
elo
wer
vall
eyof
the
Inn
ata
ter—
(lem
alia
nef
figy
isca
rted
abo
ut
the
vill
age
onM
idsu
mm
er1
L.
Llo
yd,
Jia
sat
!/e
inSw
eden
imn
ola
tia
“(L
.L
loyd
,op
.ci
t.p.
(I)i
tdO
fl,
18
70
),PP
.2
59
,z6.
26
2L
.ll
oyd,
c/.
cit.
pp.
261
sq.
F.
IIoft
man
n-k
rayer
,F
m/c
nod
1lose
spii
are
-alc
d‘‘
sacri
tic
isI
Ii
iit,
hc’
des
.Srh
zuei
serz
’e/k
es(Z
uric
h,Pu
t-i’
’(C/i
rkà
.’m
)an
Iir
e‘‘
sotI
lled
19
I31
,P.
1114
.be
caus
eii
iIi
eatl
wii
tim
es
the
lim
bsof
1Jg
naz
V.
Zin
gerl
e,S
it/e
n,
Rrd
ucii
eth
esl
angli
terd
vict
im,
whet
her
man
‘nod
Jlie
inun
gcn
des
7’ir
oier
Vde
kes
2or
beas
t,w
ere
here
was
hed
prio
rto
(Innsb
ruek
,18
71),
ii.p.
159,
§1
35
4.
Day
and
then
burn
ed.
He
isca
lled
the
Lett
er,
whi
chha
sE
ttigi
es
been
corr
upte
din
toL
uth
er.
At
Am
bras
,on
eof
the
vii
ages
whe
reM
arti
nL
uth
eris
thus
burn
edin
effi
gy,
they
say
that
ifyo
ugo
thro
ugh
the
vill
age
betw
een
elev
enan
dtw
elve
onS
t.Jo
hn’s
Nig
ht
and
was
hyours
elf
inth
ree
wel
ls,
‘o
ui
will
see
all
who
are
todi
ein
the
foll
owin
gyea
r.1
c\t
Gra
tzon
St.
John
’sE
ve
(the
twen
ty-t
hir
dof
June)
the
com
mon
peop
leus
edto
mak
ea
puppet
call
edth
eT
ater
man
n,w
hich
they
dra
gged
toth
ebl
each
ing
grou
nd,
and
pel
tel
wit
hIi
nrui
ngbe
som
sti
llit
took
fire
.2
At
Reu
tte,
intI
eT
vrol
,pe
ople
beli
eved
that
the
flax
wou
ldgr
owas
high
asth
eyle
aped
over
the
mid
sum
mer
bonf
ire,
and
they
took
pie
ces
of
char
red
woo
dfr
omth
efi
rean
dst
uck
them
inth
eir
flax
-fie
lds
the
sam
eni
ght,
leav
ing
them
ther
etil
lth
etax
harv
est
had
been
got
in.
3In
Low
erA
ust
ria
fire
sar
elit
inth
efi
elds
,co
mm
only
infr
ont
of
acr
oss,
and
the
peop
leda
nce
and
sing
roun
dth
eman
dth
row
flow
ers
into
the
ilam
es.
Bef
ore
each
hand
ful
offl
ower
sis
toss
edin
toth
efi
re,
ase
tpcc
cbis
mad
e;
then
the
danc
eis
resu
med
and
the
danc
ers
sing
inch
orus
the
last
wor
dsof
the
spee
ch.
At
even
ing
bo
nfi
res
are
kind
led
onth
ehe
ight
s,an
dth
ebo
ysca
per
roun
dth
em,
bra
ndis
hin
gli
ghte
dto
rche
sdr
ench
edin
pitc
h.W
ho
ever
jum
ps
thri
ceac
ross
the
fire
will
not
suff
erfr
on
feve
rw
ithi
nth
eye
ar.
Car
t-w
heel
sar
eof
ten
smea
red
wit
hpi
tch,
Bur
ning
igni
ted,
and
sent
roll
ing
and
blaz
ing
dow
nth
ehii
loid
es.
4A
llov
erB
ohem
iabo
nfir
esst
ill
burn
on
Mid
sum
mer
do
wn
hIt
Eve
.In
the
afte
rnoo
nbo
ysgo
about
wit
hhan
dca
rts
Mid
from
hous
eto
hous
eco
llec
ting
fuel
,su
chas
stic
ks,
bru
sh-
woo
d,ol
dbe
som
s,an
dso
fort
h.T
hey
mak
eth
eir
recl
uest
Beh
em
it.
atea
chho
use
inrh
ym
ing
vers
es,
thre
aten
ing
wit
hev
ilco
nseq
uenc
esth
ecu
rmud
geon
sw
hore
fuse
them
ado
le.
Som
etim
sth
eyoung
men
fell
ata
llst
raig
ht
fir
inth
ew
oods
an
set
itup
ona
heig
ht,
whe
reth
egi
rls
deck
itw
ith
nose
gays
,w
reat
hsof
leav
es,
and
red
ribb
ons.
The
nbr
ushw
ood
ispi
led
about
it,an
dat
nigh
tfal
lth
ew
hole
isse
ton
fire
.W
hile
the
flam
esbr
eak
out,
the
young
men
clim
b
172
1I.
V.
Zin
gerl
e,e.
cit.
).
I59
,§
1353
,1
35
5.
1356;
W.
Man
nh
ard
t,.D
erB
au,,r%
’Ult
us,
p.5
13
.2
wM
annhar
dl,
i.e.
F.
Pan
zer,
Bei
trag
zzcr
deut
sche
Jfy
iIo
/g1ic
(Munic
h,
1848
1855
),i.
p.2
10
,§
23
1.
rhod
‘irn
alk
eit
,le
’t%
nunit
Bra
ise/
icde
sId
ikcs
inQ
este
rrei
chi
(Vie
nna,
1859
),pp
.307
sq.
TH
EF
JRE
EE
ST
JVA
LS
OF
EU
A’O
I’]f
cirr
.
the
tree
and
htc
hdo
wn
the
wre
aths
whi
chth
egi
rls
had
plac
edon
it.A
fter
that
,la
dsan
dla
sses
stan
don
oppo
site
side
sof
the
fire
and
look
aton
ean
oth
erth
rough
the
wre
aths
tose
ew
heth
erth
eyw
illbe
true
toea
choth
eran
dm
arry
wit
hin
the
year
.A
lso
the
girl
sth
row
the
vre
aths
acro
ss
the
flam
esto
the
men
,an
dw
oeto
the
awkw
ard
swai
nw
ho
fail
sto
catc
hth
ew
reat
hth
row
nhi
mby
his
swee
thea
rt.
When
the
blaz
eha
sdi
eddo
wn,
each
coup
leta
kes
hand
s.
and
leap
sth
rice
acro
ssth
efi
re.
He
orsh
ew
hodo
esso
will
befr
eefr
omag
ueth
roughout
the
year
,an
dth
efl
ax
will
grow
ashi
ghas
the
youn
gfo
lks
leap
.A
girl
who
sees
flif
lCbo
ntir
eson
Mid
sum
mer
Eve
will
mar
rybe
fore
the
year
isou
t.T
he
sing
edw
reat
hsar
eca
rrie
dho
me
and
care
full
y
pres
erve
dth
roughout
the
year
.D
urin
gth
under
storm
sa
bit
ofth
ew
reat
his
burn
edon
the
hea
rth
wit
ha
pra
yer
som
eof
itis
give
nto
kine
that
are
sick
orca
lvin
g,an
dso
me
ofh
serv
esto
fum
igat
eho
use
and
cattl
e—st
all,
that
man
and
beas
tm
ayke
epha
lean
dw
ell.
Som
etim
esan
old
cart
whe
elis
smea
red
wit
hre
sin,
igni
ted,
and
sent
roll
ing
dow
n
the
hill.
Oft
enth
ebo
ysco
llec
tal
lth
ew
orn-
out
beso
ms
they
can
get
hold
of,
dip
them
inpi
tch,
and
havi
ngse
tth
em
onfi
rew
ave
them
abou
tor
thro
wth
emhi
ghin
toth
eai
r.
Or
they
rush
dow
nth
ehi
llsi
dein
troo
ps,
bra
ndis
hin
gth
e
flam
ing
broo
ms
and
shou
ting
,on
lyho
wev
erto
retu
rnto
the
bun
fire
onth
esu
mm
itw
hen
the
broo
ms
have
burn
tou
t.
The
stum
ps
ofth
ebr
oom
san
dem
bers
from
the
fire
are
pre
serv
elan
dst
uck
inca
bbag
egar
den
sto
pro
tect
the
cabb
ages
froi
iica
terp
illa
rsan
dgu
am.
Som
epe
ople
inse
rt
char
red
stic
ksa
nd
ashe
sfr
omth
ebo
nfir
ein
thei
rso
wn
fiel
dsan
dm
eado
ws,
inth
eir
gard
ei
and
the
roof
sof
thei
r
hous
es,
asa
tali
sman
agai
nst
lightn
ing
and
foul
wea
ther
orth
eyfa
ncy
that
the
ashe
spl
aced
inth
ero
ofw
illpre
ven
t
any
fire
from
brea
king
out
inth
eho
use.
Inso
me
dis
tric
ts
they
crow
nor
grtl
them
selv
esw
ith
mug
wor
tw
hile
the
mid
sum
mer
fire
isbu
rnin
g,fo
rth
isis
supp
osed
tobe
apro
tect
ion
agai
nst
ghos
ts,
wit
ches
,an
dsi
ckne
ss;
inpa
rtic
ular
,
aw
reat
hof
mug
wor
tis
asu
repr
even
tive
ofso
reey
es.
Som
etim
esth
egi
rls
look
atth
ebo
nfir
esth
rough
garl
ands
ofw
ildfl
ower
s,pra
yin
gth
efi
reto
stre
ngth
enth
eir
eyes
and
eyel
ids.
She
who
does
this
thri
cew
ill
have
noso
reey
es
ivT
i/F
MJJ
J.U
JtJi/
I/F
1FfR
E.S
all
that
year
.In
soni
cpar
tsof
Boh
emia
they
used
todr
ive
cate
e
the
cow
sth
rough
the
mid
sum
mer
fire
togu
ard
them
agai
nst
wit
chcr
aft.
’v.
aje
rait
.
The
Ger
man
sof
Mor
avia
inli
kem
anner
stil
lli
ght
The
Miii
bonf
ires
onop
engr
ound
san
dhi
ghpl
aces
onM
idsu
mm
er
Eve
;an
dth
eyki
ndle
beso
ms
inth
efl
ames
and
then
Mor
avia
,
stic
kth
ech
arre
dst
um
ps
inth
eca
bbag
e-fl
clds
as
a
pow
erfu
lpro
tect
ion
agai
nst
cate
rpil
lars
.O
nth
esa
me
the
diat
tict
myst
icev
enin
gM
orav
ian
gir
lsgath
er
flo
wers
of
nine
sort
s
and
lay
them
under
thei
rpi
llow
whe
nth
eygo
tosl
eep
thei
ith
eydr
eam
ever
yon
eof
him
who
isto
behe
rpar
tner
for
life.
For
ii,
Mor
avia
mai
dens
inth
eir
beds
asw
ell
as
poet
sby
hau
nte
dst
ream
sha
veth
eir
i\1id
sum
iner
\ighit
’s
dre
ams.
2In
Aust
rian
Sil
esia
the
custo
mal
sopr
evai
lsof
lighti
ng
gre
atbo
nfir
eson
hill
tops
onM
idsu
mm
erE
ve,
and
here
too
the
boys
swin
gbl
azin
gbe
som
sor
hurl
them
hkh
inth
eai
r,w
hile
they
shou
tan
d:le
apan
dda
nce
wil
dly.
Nex
tm
orni
ngev
ery
door
isde
cked
wit
hfl
ower
san
dhi
rche
n
sapl
ings
.’In
the
dis
tric
tof
Cra
cow
,es
peci
ally
tow
ards
the
Car
pat
hia
nM
ount
ains
,gre
atfi
res
are
kind
led
bth
e
pea
sants
inth
efi
elds
oron
the
hei
ghts
atni
ghtf
all
on
Mid
sum
mer
Eve
,w
hich
amon
gth
emgo
esby
the
nam
eof
Kup
alo’
sN
ight
.T
he
fire
mus
tbe
kin
dle
dby
the
fric
tion
Fir
e
oftw
ost
icks
‘1.he
youn
peop
leda
nce
ion
ndo,
hp
oci
,
it;
and
aba
ndof
sturd
yfe
llow
sru
na
race
wit
hli
ghte
dof
woo
d,
torc
hes,
the
win
ner
bein
gre
war
ded
wit
ha
peac
ock’
sfe
athe
r,
whi
chhe
keep
sth
roughout
the
yea
rdi
stin
ctio
n.C
attl
e
also
are
driv
enro
und
the
tire
inth
ebe
lief
that
this
isa
char
mag
ainst
pest
ilen
cean
ddi
seas
eof
ever
yso
rt,
4
174
\Vre
ath
thro
wn
era
sti
elir
e. IYvi
tide
fth
e
ri1t
lr,.
Ftur
ititiO
roliu
dii
otv
ttli
ii.
trie
rsii
tie
hi
stii
akin
nil
hous
esas
ata
lon.
it
agai
ttat
Iigl
itni
LII
II
ti:it5
r:itt
oii
.
0,t
it
Itig
wor
t.
1J
Gri
mm
,D
euts
che5i1t/
10.
/04/c
,4
i.51
9;
Theo
dor
V&
’rna
ieke
u,
slfy
t/ie
nund
Bré
iuch
cat
ss/.
dkcs
inO
utst
crri
chV
ienna,
1559
),p.
o8
Jose
phV
irgi
lG
rohm
ann,
A1tr
/ul:
n
imd
(;c/1
ZU
cii
Cail
sS
o/o
nto
and
/fa/r
cu
(Pra
gue
and
Lei
joit
:,86
4),
p.So
,§
636
;R
eins
ier
g-I
)tir
ings
tdld
,
Just
-Fe/
code
rne
arB
ohm
en(P
ragu
e,
N.o.)
,pp
.306-3
11;
Br.
Jeli
nd:,
Mat
eria
lien
cur
Vor
gesr
hich
tete
nd
\Tolk
slutn
de
I d1tt
nen
s,”
JJJi
tthci
lunç
re,e
dee
anth
ropo
/çgi
sche
nG
ese/
lsch
aft
in(‘
Vie
n,xx
i.(1
891)
p.13
;A
bs
John,
Sdt
e,Ir
auch
un,:i
Vi/k
sg/d
eehe
/to
i/eu
ro/e
nIf
cat/
how
,:(I
ragu,
1905),
pp.
84.8
6
tVil
ljha
iil
Iiil
iir.
J?ei
f,dg
csti
r
Io/
eski
in/e
ocr
/)e:i
t(O
tis
en
_1!o
Ol5
ie
(Vie
nna
and
Oln
tttt
z,18
93),
pp.
263-
265.
Ant
uit
Pet
er,
1h/k
athe
sm/i
c/tc
sot
isO
ster
rczc
/usc
is-
Sc/i
/tsi:
n(T
ropp
itit
.it
.257.
‘J’h
.V
erna
leke
tt,
/biI
3en
toil
5,/
tic/c
aFt
f,/k
csin
On
terr
e/c
/i
(‘ti
emta
,18
59),
pp.
oS
,rg.
76T
IlE
FIR
Jf-
FF
S77L
IlS
OF
EU
RO
PE
CH
AP
.lv
TiL
EJtI
IDS
(Lrj
Jp
FiR
ES
17
The
Mid
-Il
iena
me
ofK
upal
u’s
Nig
ilt,
appl
ied
inth
ispar
tof
Sun
ril
icia
to\I
Idum
nR
rIc
rem
ind’
,us
thit
eha
ano
wti
res
anio
ng
the
Sla
yspa
ssed
from
Ger
man
toS
lavo
nic
grou
nd;
even
inB
ohem
ia01
RU
SS
Ia.
the
mid
sum
mer
cele
brat
ion
isco
mm
onto
Sla
ys
and
Ger
man
s.W
eha
veal
read
yse
enth
atin
Rus
sia
the
sum
mer
sols
tice
orE
veof
St.
Joh
nis
cele
brat
edby
young
men
and
mai
dcnc
,w
hoju
mp
over
abo
nfir
ein
coup
les
carr
yin
ga
stra
wef
figy
ofK
upal
oin
thei
rar
ms.
1In
som
epar
tsof
Rus
sia
anim
age
ofK
upal
ois
burn
tor
thro
wn
into
ast
ream
onS
t.Jo
lJn’
sN
igh
t.2
Aga
in,
inso
me
dist
rict
s
ofR
ussi
ath
eyo
ung
folk
wea
rgar
lands
offl
ower
san
d
gird
les
ofho
lyhe
rbs
whe
nth
eysp
ring
thro
ugh
the
smok
e
Cat
tle
orfl
ames
;an
dso
met
imes
they
driv
eth
eca
ttle
also
thro
ugh
tcte
dth
etu
ein
oid
uto
prot
(at
the
amm
usag
ainst
izard
san
dw
,ish
craf
t.w
itch
es,
who
are
then
rave
nous
afte
rm
ilk.
8In
Lit
tle
Rus
sia
ast
ake
isdr
iven
into
the
grou
ndon
St.
John
’sN
ight
,w
rapt
inst
raw
,an
dse
ton
fire
.A
sth
efl
ames
rise
the
casa
nt
wom
enth
row
birc
hen
boug
hsin
toth
em,
The
ttis
sayi
ng,
i\li
iym
yfl
axbe
asta
llas
this
boug
hI”
Inlid
1iY
Ruth
enia
the
bonf
ires
are
ligh
ted
bya
flam
epr
ocur
edby
ofw
ood,
the
fric
tion
ofw
ood.
Whi
leth
eel
ders
ofth
ep
arty
are
engag
edin
thu
s“c
hurn
ing”
the
fire
,th
ere
stm
ainta
ina
resp
ectf
ulsi
lenc
e;
but
whe
nth
efl
ame
burs
tsfr
omth
ew
ood,
they
brea
kfo
rth
into
joyo
usso
ngs.
As
soon
asth
ebi
infi
rcs
are
kind
led,
the
youn
gpe
ople
take
hand
san
dle
apin
isli
rsth
rou
gh
the
smok
e,if
not
thro
ug
hth
efl
ames
;an
daf
ter
that
the
catt
lein
thei
rtu
rnar
edr
iven
thro
ugh
the
fire
.5
The
Mid
-In
man
ypa
rts
ofP
russ
iaan
dL
ith
uan
iagre
atfi
res
are
unin
wr
kin
dle
do
nM
idsu
mm
erE
ve.
All
the
hei
ghts
are
abla
zeP
russ
iaan
dw
ith
them
,as
far
asth
eey
eca
nse
e.T
he
fire
sar
esu
ppos
edto
bea
prot
ecti
onag
ainst
witc
l’ic
raft
,th
unde
r,ha
il,
and
prot
ect
catt
ledi
seas
e,es
peci
ally
ifnex
tm
orni
ngth
eca
ttle
are
wit
chcr
aft,
driv
enov
erth
eP
lace
sw
here
the
fire
sbu
rned
.A
bove
all,
thun
der,
the
boni
ires
ensu
reth
efa
rmer
awai
nst
the
arts
ofw
itch
es,
hail
,an
dis
canto
who
try
tost
eal
the
mil
kfro
mhi
sco
ws
bych
arm
san
ddi
seas
e.
spel
ls.
Th
atis
why
next
morn
ing
you
may
see
tile
youn
gfe
llow
sw
holi
tth
ebo
nfir
ego
ing
from
hous
eto
hous
ean
dre
ceiv
ing
jugf
uls
ofm
ilk.
And
for
the
sam
ere
ason
they
stic
kbu
rsan
dm
ugw
ort
onth
ega
teor
the
hedg
eth
rough
whi
chth
eco
ws
goto
past
ure,
beca
use
that
issu
ppos
edto
bea
preservati
ve
again
st
wit
chcr
aft.
’In
Mas
uren
,a
dis
tric
tT
he
tire
).
..
kizt
da,d
byof
Eas
tern
Iru
ssia
inhab
ited
bya
bran
chof
the
1ol
ish
iii,
’fr
,to
nrn
ily
,it
isth
ecu
stom
onth
eev
enin
gof
Mid
sum
mer
Day
ofan
od.
toput
ou
tal
lth
efi
res
inth
evi
llag
e.T
hen
anoa
ken
stak
eis
driv
enin
toth
egr
ound
and
aw
heel
isfi
xed
onit
ason
anax
le.
Thi
sw
heel
the
vill
ager
s,w
orki
ngby
rela
ys,
caus
eto
revo
lve
wit
hg
reat
rapid
ity
till
fire
ispr
oduc
edby
fric
tion
.E
ver
yon
eta
kes
hom
ea
ligh
ted
bra
nd
from
the
new
fire
and
wit
hit
rek
indle
sth
efi
reon
the
dom
esti
chea
rth.
2In
tile
sixte
enth
centu
ryM
arti
nofLTrz
edow
,a
Pol
ish
prie
st,
deno
unce
dth
ehea
then
prac
tice
sof
the
wom
enw
hoon
St.
John
’sE
ve(M
idsu
mm
erE
ve)
kind
led
fire
sby
the
fric
tion
of
woo
d,da
nced
,an
dsa
ng
so
ng
sin
hono
urof
the
dev
il.
1A
mong
tile
Let
tsw
hoin
hab
itth
eB
alti
cpr
ovin
ces
ofT
heM
idsu
mm
erK
ussi
ath
em
ost
joyi
ulfe
stiv
alol
the
yea
ris
held
onM
idsu
mm
erD
ay.
ihe
peop
ledr
ink
and
danc
ean
dsi
ngan
dth
eL
ens
elad
orn
them
selv
esan
dth
eir
hous
esw
ith
flow
ers
and
bran
ches
.C
hopp
edbo
ughs
of
fir
are
stre
wn
abou
tth
ero
om
s,
and
leav
esar
est
uck
inth
ero
ofs.
Inev
er’
tarn
l-va
i-d
abi
rch
tree
isse
tup
,an
dev
ery
pers
onof
the
nam
e’of
Jnlt
nw
hoen
ters
tile
farm
that
day
mu
stbr
eak
off
atw
igfr
om
the
tree
and
han
gup
onit
sbr
anch
esin
retu
rn
asm
all
pres
ent
(hr
the
fam
ily.
Whe
nth
ese
rene
twil
ight
of
the
sum
mer
nigh
tha
sve
iled
the
ian
dsc
pe,
bonf
imes
lcam
onal
lth
ehi
lls
nd
wil
dsh
outs
of“
Lig
hoI
igho
echo
from
the
woo
dsm
dfi
elds
.In
Rig
ath
eday
isa
fest
ival
offl
ower
s.F
rom
all
the
neig
hbou
rhoo
dth
epea
sants
stre
amin
toth
eci
tyla
den
wit
hfl
ower
san
dga
rlan
ds.
Am
arket
offl
ower
sis
held
inan
open
squar
ean
don
tile
chie
fbri
dge
over
the
rive
r;
here
wreath
so
fin
lmorte
lles
whi
chgr
oww
ild
inth
em
eadow
sand
wo
od
s,
are
so
ldin
great
profusio
nand
deck
the
hous
esW
.J.
A.
von
Tet
ixu
undJ,
D.
H.
AIa
zier
e,S
(Dan
zig,
1867
),p.
71.
Tem
me,
Die
Vol
kssa
ge,,
OS
tprC
:IS
SC
,ZS
,und
Wis
,-zu
sscn
s(B
erli
n,F’
.8.
Kra
uss,
Alh
,las-
jscb
e18
37),
p.2
77
.F
etie
rgew
innung”
Glo
ur,
lix.
(i8c
i)‘
M.
foppeu
,.l
1D
i1ii
/,’,
,3
iS.
Pt’
.V
ii.
VO
L.
1
17h
zD
ying
Gd
,p.
26
2.
Com
pare
M.
Kow
alew
sky,
inFo
lk-l
ore,
l.(1
890)
p.4
f7.
\\‘.
R.
S.R
alst
on
,&
ggs
‘f(li
eR
u,w
ian
Peop
le,
Sec
ond
Ed
itio
n(L
ou’
don,
iS
7),
p.240.
‘J.
Gri
mm
,D
euts
che
iWyt
holo
gie,
4i.
519;
V.
R.
S.R
alst
on,
Song
sof
the
Jt’u
.rsi
anPi
gple
(Lon
don,
88
72
),
pp.
240,
391.
‘tV.
FLS
.R
alst
nn,
op.
cit.
p.240.
‘.V.
R.
S.R
alst
on,
i.e.
N
178
CH
AP
.Iv
TH
EJI
!DS
UM
IIE
RF
IRE
S179
TI/
ifF
IR1
f-F
ES
TJL
’AL
SO
FE
UR
OP
E
ofR
iafo
rlo
ngaf
terw
ards
.R
oses
,to
o,ar
eno
wat
the
prim
eof
thei
rbe
auty
,an
dm
asses
ofth
emad
orn
the
flow
er-
stal
ls.
Til
lfa
rin
toth
enig
ht
gay
crow
dspar
ade
the
stre
ets
tom
usic
orfl
oat
onth
eri
ver
ingo
ndol
asde
cked
wit
h
f1,w
ers)
So
long
ago
inan
cien
tR
ome
bar
ges
crow
ned
wit
hfl
ower
san
dcr
owde
dw
ith
reve
ller
sus
edto
floa
tdo
wn
the
Tib
eron
Mid
sum
mer
Day
,th
etw
enty
-fourt
hof
June,
2an
d
nodoubt
the
stra
ins
ofm
usic
wer
ew
afte
das
swee
tly
acro
ss
the
wat
erto
list
ener
son
the
ban
ks
asth
eyst
ill
are
toth
e
thro
ngs
ofm
erry
mak
ers
atR
iga.
Bon
fIre
sar
eco
mm
only
kind
led
byth
eS
outh
Sla
voni
an
pea
santr
yon
Mid
sum
mer
Eve
,an
dla
dsan
dla
sses
danc
e
and
shou
tro
und
them
inth
eus
ual
way
.T
he
very
nam
es
ofS
t.Jo
lin’s
Day
(fvan
jk)
and
the
St.
John
’sfi
res
(kri
es)
are
said
toact
like
elec
tric
spar
kson
the
hea
rts
and
min
ds
ofth
ese
swai
ns,
kin
dli
ng
ath
ousa
nd
wil
d,m
erry
,an
dhap
py
fanc
ies
and
idea
sin
thei
rru
stic
brea
sts.
At
Kam
enag
ora
inC
roat
iath
ehe
rdsm
enth
row
nine
thre
e-yea
rol
dvi
nes
into
the
bonf
ire,
and
whe
nth
ese
burs
tin
tofl
ames
the
youn
gm
en
who
are
candid
ates
for
mat
rim
ony
jum
pth
rough
the
blaz
e.
I Ic
who
succ
eeds
inle
apin
gov
erth
efi
rew
itho
utsin
gein
g
him
self
will
hem
arri
edw
ithi
nth
eye
ar.
At
Vid
ovec
in
Cro
atia
part
ies
oftw
ogi
rls
and
one
lad
unit
eto
kind
lea
Mid
sum
mer
bonf
ire
and
tole
apth
rough
the
flam
es;
heor
she
who
leap
sfu
rthe
stw
illso
ones
tved
.A
fter
war
dsla
ds
and
lass
esda
nce
inse
par
ate
rings,
but
the
ring
of
lads
bum
psup
agai
nst
the
rin
go
fgi
rls
and
brea
ksit
,an
dth
e
girl
who
has
tole
tgo
her
neig
hbou
r’s
han
dw
illfo
rsak
eh
er
true
love
her
eaft
er.
InS
ervi
aon
Mid
sum
mer
Eve
herd
s—
men
light
torc
hes
ofbi
rch
bark
and
mar
chro
und
the
shee
pfol
dsan
dca
ttle—
stal
ls;
then
they
clim
bth
ehi
lls
and
there
allo
wth
eto
rche
sto
burn
out.
1
Am
ong
the
Mag
yars
inH
ungar
yth
em
idsu
mm
erfi
re-
fest
ival
ism
arke
dby
the
sam
efe
atur
esth
atm
eet
usin
so
man
ypar
tsof
Eur
ope,
On
Mid
sum
mer
Eve
inm
any
IJ
0.
1oh1
,D
ieio
i/sc
hros
sisc
iiin
this
?tt
vin
’zfl
ue.
sdcn
and
Iei
p.h
,1
84
1),
1.m
78
l$O
,ii
,sq
.L
igh
oas
anol
dhe
alhe
nde
ity,
who
sejo
yous
lev
it
vat
ued
Is1s
tIin
spri
ng.
i,/hti,
o.
77
sqq.
plac
esit
iscu
stom
ary
toki
ndle
bonf
ires
oii
hei
ghts
and
tole
apov
erth
em,
and
from
the
man
ner
inw
hich
the
yl/u
ngpe
ople
leap
the
byst
ander
spre
dic
tw
het
her
they
will
narr
yso
on.
At
Nog
rad
—L
udan
yth
eyo
ung
men
and
won
men
,ea
chcarryin
ga
trus
sof
stra
w,
repa
irto
am
eado
w,
whe
reth
eypi
leth
est
raw
inse
ven
ortw
elve
hea
ps
and
set
iton
fire
.T
hen
they
goro
und
the
fire
sing
ing,
and
h1d
abu
nch
ofir
on—
wor
tin
the
smok
e,w
hile
they
say,
No
boil
onm
ybo
dy,
nosp
rain
inm
yfo
ot“
This
hold
ing
ofth
efl
ower
sov
erth
efl
ames
isre
gard
ed,
we
are
old
,as
equal
lyim
port
ant
wit
hth
epra
ctic
eof
wal
king
thro
ugh
the
fire
bare
foot
and
sta
mpin
git
out.
On
this
day
also
man
yIl
ungar
ian
swin
eher
dsm
ake
fire
byro
tati
ng
aw
heel
toun
da
woo
den
axle
wra
pt
inhe
mp,
and
thro
ugh
the
fire
thus
mad
eth
eydr
ive
thei
rpi
gsto
pres
erve
them
from
sick
ness
.’In
vill
ages
onth
eD
anub
e,w
here
the
popu
lati
onis
atr
uss
betw
een
Mag
yar
and
Ger
man
,th
eyoung
men
and
mai
dens
goto
the
high
bank
sof
the
rive
ron
Mid
sum
mer
Eve
and
whi
leth
egi
rls
post
them
selv
eslo
wdo
wn
the
slop
e.tL
iads
onth
ehei
ght
abov
ese
tfi
reto
litt
lew
oode
nw
heel
san
d,aft
er
sw
ing
ing
them
toan
dfr
oat
the
end
ofa
wan
d,se
ndth
emw
hirl
ing
thro
ugh
the
air
tofa
llin
toth
eD
anub
e.A
sli
edo
esso
,ea
chla
dsi
ngs
out
the
nam
eof
his
swee
thea
rt,
and
she
list
ens
wel
lpl
ease
ddo
wn
bel
ow
.2
The
Est
honia
ns
of
Rus
sia,
who
,li
keth
eM
agya
rs,
belo
ng‘I
’iu
Mid
-to
the
gre
atfu
rania
nfa
mil
yo
fm
anki
nd,
also
cele
brat
eth
esuir
uner
sols
tice
inth
eus
ual
way
.O
nth
eE
veof
St.
John
the
Est
hon
all
the
peo
pe
of
afa
rm,
avi
llag
e,or
aimes
tate
,w
alk
sole
mnl
yit
ipr
oces
sion
,th
egi
rls
deck
edw
ith
flow
ers,
the
men
wit
hle
aves
amid
carr
yin
gb
un
dle
sof
stra
wunder
thei
rar
ms.
The
lads
carr
yli
ghte
dto
rche
sor
flam
ing
hoop
sst
eepe
din
tar
atth
eto
pof
long
pole
s.T
hus
they
gosi
ngin
gto
the
catt
le-s
heds
,th
egr
anar
ies,
and
sofo
rth,
and
afte
rwar
dsm
arch
thri
cero
und
the
dwel
ling—
hous
e.F’
iria
lly,
prec
eded
byth
esh
rill
mus
icof
the
bagp
ipes
and
shaw
ms,
they
repa
irto
anei
ghbouri
ng
bill
,w
here
the
mat
eria
lsof
abo
nfir
eha
ve
Mtd
sum
tIer
Day
inS
Itele
lit
Igut
ne.
1li
eiv
iiml
sum
leer
tire
sam
ong
the
Sou
tit
Slay
s.
‘rite
Md
—
sH
un
ner
tires
anto
ngth
eM
agya
rsof
1111
1)g
iI}
.F
ried
erw
hS.
Kra
uss,
Si/
feund
Lda
moa
,Icr
S/I
LL
irc,
z(V
ienn
a,iS
S),
PP-
176
sq.
J.G
rim
m,
De:
ttsh
eJ!
j’/1
ia/’
çse,
4I.
l9.
1J
von
Wli
sloe
ki,
Voi
ksgi
auhe
and
reiis
,’Iös
erR
I-in
chti
er/J
Dgy
ar(M
hnsle
r
i.W
.,i8,
P1-
40
.44
.
vun
JpD
yi,
“li
enra
gezu
r
deut
sche
nii
lytI
toio
gie.
aus
Ungar
n,”
/ci/
sch
riji
/3ir
amtr
cke
AL
/ho/
tg’i
ist
ud.S
u/I
c,i
’iu
nn
c’,
i.([
S53)
Ii’-
.7t)
TH
EF
1R
EF
ES
TJV
iLS
0/’
EU
RO
1’E
ChA
PIV
TIl
EM
iDS
UM
ME
RF
iRE
Si8
i
been
co
llecte
d.
Tar
-bar
rels
fille
dw
ith
com
bust
ible
sar
e
hung
onpo
les,
orth
etr
un
kof
afe
Lled
tree
has
been
set
up
wit
ha
gre
atm
ass
ofju
nip
erpi
led
abou
tit
inth
efo
nnof
a
pyra
mid
.W
hen
ali
ght
has
been
set
toth
epi
le,
old
and
youn
ggat
her
abou
tit
and
pass
the
tim
em
erri
lyw
ith
song
and
mus
icti
llbr
eak
ofda
y.E
very
one
who
com
esbr
ings
fres
hfu
elfo
rth
efi
re,
and
they
say,
“N
oww
eal
lgat
her
toget
her
,w
here
St.
John
’sfi
rebu
rns.
He
who
com
esno
t
toS
t.Jo
hns
fire
will
have
his
barl
eyfu
llof
this
tles
,an
dhi
s
oats
full
ofw
eeds
.”T
hre
elo
gsar
eth
row
nin
toth
efi
re
wit
hsp
ecia
lce
rem
ony
;in
thro
win
gth
efi
rst
they
say,
Gol
dof
plea
sure
(ap
lan
tw
ith
yell
owfl
ower
s)in
toth
e
fire
“in
thro
win
gth
ese
cond
they
say,
“\V
eeds
toth
e
utip
loug
hed
land
“bu
tin
thro
win
gth
eth
ird
they
cry,
hia
xon
nwfi
eld
“T
he
fire
issa
idto
keep
the
wit
ches
from
the
catt
le.’
Acc
ordi
ngto
othe
rs,
iten
sure
sth
atfo
r
the
who
leye
arth
em
ilk
shal
lbe
“as
pure
assi
lver
and
as
the
star
sin
the
sky,
and
the
bu
tter
asye
llow
asth
esu
n
and
the
fire
and
the
gold
.”‘
Inth
eE
sth
on
ian
isla
ndof
()es
el,
whi
leth
eyth
row
fuel
into
the
mid
sum
mer
fire
,th
ey
call
out,
Wee
dsto
the
fire
,fl
axto
the
fiel
d,”
orth
eyfl
ing
thre
ebi
llet
sin
toth
efl
ames
,sa
ying
,F
lax
grow
long
And
they
tak
ech
arre
dst
icks
from
the
bonf
ire
hom
ew
ith
them
and
keep
them
tom
ake
the
catt
leth
rive
.In
som
e
par
tsof
the
isla
ndth
ebo
nfir
eis
form
edby
pili
ngbr
ushw
ood
and
oth
erco
mbu
stib
les
roun
di
tree
,at
the
top
ofw
hich
a
flag
flie
s.\V
hoov
ersu
ccee
dsin
knoc
king
dow
nth
efl
ag
wit
ha
pole
befO
reit
begi
nsto
burn
will
have
good
luck
.
Form
erly
the
fest
ivit
ies
last
edti
llday
bre
ak,
and
ende
din
scen
esof
deb
auch
ery
whi
chlo
oked
doub
lyhi
deou
sby
the
grow
ing
ligh
tof
asu
mm
erm
orni
ng.’
Sti
llfa
rthe
rno
rth,
among
ape
ople
ofth
esa
me
Tura
nia
n
stoc
k,w
ele
arn
from
aney
e-w
itne
ssth
atM
idsu
mm
erN
ight
used
tow
itne
ssa
sort
ofw
itch
es’
sabbat
hon
the
top
ofev
ery
hill
inF
inla
nd.
The
bonf
ire
was
mad
eby
sett
ing
upfo
urta
llbi
rche
sin
asq
uare
and
pili
ngth
ein
term
edia
tesp
ace
wit
hfu
el.
Rou
ndth
ero
arin
gfl
ames
the
peop
lesa
ngan
dci
rank
and
gam
boll
edin
the
usw
ilw
ay,’
Far
ther
east
,in
the
vall
eyof
the
Vol
ga,
the
Che
rem
iss
cele
brat
eab
out
mid
sum
mer
afe
stiv
alw
hich
Hax
thau
sen
rega
rded
asid
enti
cal
wit
hth
em
idsu
mm
erce
rem
onie
sof
the
rest
ofE
uro
pe.
Asa
cred
tree
inth
efo
rest
,ge
nera
lly
ata
llan
dso
lita
ryoa
k,m
arks
the
scen
eof
the
sole
mni
ty.
All
the
mal
esas
sem
ble
ther
e,hu
tno
wom
anm
aybe
pres
ent.
Ahea
then
prie
stli
ghts
seve
nfi
res
ina
row
from
nort
h-w
est
toso
uth
-eas
t;
catt
lear
esa
crii
ced
and
thei
rbl
ood
pour
edin
the
fire
s,ea
chof
whi
chis
dedi
cate
dto
ase
par
ate
deit
y.A
fter
war
dsth
eho
lyto
eis
illu
min
edby
ligh
ted
cand
ies
plac
edon
its
bran
ches
;th
e15
0pl
efO
ilon
thei
rkn
ees
and
wit
hfa
ces
bow
edto
the
eart
hpra
yth
atG
odw
ould
bepl
ease
dto
bles
sth
em,
thei
rch
ildr
en,
thei
rca
ttle
,an
dth
eir
bees
,g
ran
tth
emsu
cces
sin
trad
e,in
trav
el,
and
irjth
ech
ase,
enab
leth
emto
pty
the
Cza
r’s
taxe
s,an
dso
fort
h.
2 Vhe
nv
epa
ssI’m
omth
eis
tto
thc
e‘t
ot1
UI
ee
rs\1
s1
stil
lfi
ndth
esu
mm
erso
lsti
cece
kbi
itcd
wit
hri
tcof
the
sam
ege
nera
lch
artc
ter
Dow
nto
ibont
the
mid
dle
ofti
nF
rsnc
e
nin
etee
nth
centu
ryth
ecu
stom
ofli
ghti
ng
bonf
ires
Ltm
idsu
mm
erpr
evai
led
soco
mm
only
inF
rance
that
ther
ew
ashar
dly
ato
wn
ora
vill
age,
we
are
told
,w
here
they
wer
eno
tki
ndle
d.T
hough
the
agnn
orig
inof
the
cust
omm
ayhe
rega
rded
asccrt
iin,_
thC
atho
lic
Chuic
hth
rvC
hiis
tiin
cio-
tkov
erit
bybo
ldly
decl
arin
gth
itth
ebnhrc
ierc
litin
toke
nof
the
gene
ril
rejo
icin
gat
the
birt
hof
the
Bip
tist
who
opport
unel
yca
me
into
the
wor
ldat
the
so!s
tice
ofsu
mm
erju
stas
his
gre
ater
succ
esso
rdi
dit
thso
ICC
ciii
ntc
r,
soth
atth
ehole
yar
mig
htbe
siid
om
co
hc
on
1J
Koh
lD
ie&
i,scI
s,us
srehei
,sL
rend
ers
the
6zd
6eh
eniu
Osi
reep
iin
so
II44
7tq
Wi
IIL
1,1
(515,1
H(0
0’.
1184
7)1.
2J
H.
Geo
rgi,
JdS
I7iS
CI3
00
gal
/c,
44
tsq
q.Ii
Ta/i
onen
des
russ
isci
jen
Re/
c/is
(Si.
Pete
rsburg
,1
77
6),
p.36
;A
ugus
tA
lfre
dde
Nno
,(el/
am
es..1/i
/hcs
Fre
t’is
I rvo
nH
a\l
h,i
itn
S/u
iin
u”r,
ci/
,ad
i,
,/
die
inn
,e
Des
/ani
ledo
sJ’
a/’s
lr4e
nn
od
(Par
isin
SL
yons
iS
b)
119
The
Mid
’100(1
1101
ites
oiio
ng15
7le
ros
and
Cho
re,o
hsof
Rus
si(L
USe
.1id
-
sub
ne-r
fire
sin
Oes
el.
1j,
(H
oist
,/e
/,i(
f,/L
-,U
SS
ZS
,IiC
fl
Os/
see/
I’ln
sefl
,ii.
268
sq.
F.
\Vie
dem
an
n,
Ail
s1
/Cm
iflW
)C1L
(111
5/
auss
o-en
/,ebe
nde
s//
is/e
n(S
t.P
eter
sH
ag,
x876
),p.
362.
The
wor
dw
hich
Iha
veir
.s,i
dst
,d‘
WI-
all
”is
inl/
alli
i,ia
ii/.:
.t,i
,inla
,11
11,r
iiah
i
eiit
lyit
i,th
eIi
aII
Ie
asi
-s-i
,t
kii
5dol
wet
-ri.
Fr.
Kre
utzw
at,I
nod
11.
Neu
s,
i/v/h
/sc/
itundM
a1is
che
Iin
/er
dir
Ehs/
en(S
t.P
eter
sburg
,iS
54
),p.
62.
J.B.
Hol
zina
yer,
Osi
lian
a,”
Ver
han&
unge
ilde
rgel
ehrt
enE
stfl
isc/
iCfl
Ges
ells
cith
ftIl
li)
orp
at,
vii.
(187
2)
Pp
62
sq.
Wie
de,n
ann
also
obse
rves
iha:
the
spor
tsin
whi
chy
ou
ng
co
up
les
enga
geni
the
woo
dson
this
ev
en
ing
are
n,si
atw
ays
deco
rous
(_-lu
sde
niii
,nr,
’i,
itud
dose
enL
eben
dcr
if/i
s/e
n,
p.36
2).
™
ChA
PV
ON
TIl
EIN
GE
NE
RA
L
CH
AP
TE
RV
TH
EIN
TE
RP
RE
TA
TIO
NO
FT
HE
FIR
E-F
ES
TIV
AL
S
§i.
On
1/ic
Fir
e-Js
1iv
als
inge
nera
l
Tii
ifo
rego
ing
surv
eyof
the
popu
lar
fire
-fes
tiva
lsof
Eur
ope
sugg
ests
som
ege
nera
lob
serv
atio
ns,
Inth
efi
rst
plac
ew
can
har
dly
help
bein
gst
ruck
byth
ere
sem
blan
cew
hich
the
cere
mon
ies
bear
toeach
othe
r,at
wha
teve
rti
me
ofth
year
and
inw
hate
ver
par
tof
Eu
rop
eth
eyar
ece
lebr
ated
Th
ecu
stom
ofki
ndli
ngg
reat
bonf
ires
,le
apin
gov
erth
enan
ddr
ivin
gca
ttle
thro
ugh
orro
und
them
wou
ldse
emto
have
been
pra
ctic
ally
univ
ersa
lth
rou
gh
ou
tE
urop
e,an
dth
esa
me
may
besa
idof
the
proc
essi
ons
orra
ces
wit
hbl
azin
gto
rche
sro
und
fiel
ds,
orch
ards
,pa
stur
es,
orca
ttle—
stal
ls.
Les
sw
ides
prea
dar
eth
ecu
stom
sof
hurl
ing
ligh
ted
disc
sin
toth
eai
r1
and
trund
lin
ga
burn
ing
whe
eldo
wn
hill
2fo
rtoj
byth
eev
iden
cew
hich
Iha
veco
llec
ted
thes
em
odes
ofdis
trib
uti
ng
the
bene
fici
alin
flue
nce
ofth
efi
reha
vebe
enco
nfin
edin
the
mai
nto
Cen
tral
Eur
ope,
The
cere
mon
ial
ofth
eY
ule
log
isd
isti
ng
uis
hed
from
that
ofth
eoth
erfir
e—fe
stiv
als
byth
epr
ivac
yan
ddom
esti
city
whi
chch
arac
teri
zeit
;bu
t,as
we
have
alre
ady
seen
,th
isdi
stin
ctio
nm
ayw
ell
hedu
esi
mpl
yto
the
roug
hw
eath
erof
mid
win
ter,
whi
chis
apt
not
only
tore
nder
apu
blic
asse
mbl
yin
the
open
air
dis
agre
eabl
e,bu
tal
soat
any
mom
ent
tode
feat
the
obje
ctof
the
asse
mbl
yby
exti
ng
uis
hin
gth
eal
l-im
po
rtan
tfi
reun
der
ado
wnp
our
ofra
inor
afa
llof
snow
.A
par
tfr
omth
ese
loca
lor
seas
onal
diff
eren
ces,
the
gene
ral
rese
mbl
ance
betw
een
1A
bove
,pp
.I
16sq
.,1
19
,14
3,ib
,i6
6,
168
sq.,
172.
Abo
ve,
pp.
ii6
,1
17
rq.,
11
9,
the
fire
-fes
tiva
lsat
all
tim
es
of
the
year
and
inal
lpl
aces
is
tole
rably
clos
e.A
ndas
the
cere
monie
sth
emse
lves
rese
mble
each
oth
er,
sodo
the
ben
efit
sw
hich
the
peo
ple
exp
ect
tO
reap
from
them
.W
het
her
appl
ied
inth
efo
rmof
bonf
ires
blaz
ing
atfi
xed
poin
ts,
orof
torc
hes
carr
ied
about
from
plac
eto
plac
e,or
ofem
bers
and
ashe
sta
ken
from
the
smou
lder
ing
heap
offu
el,
the
fire
isbe
liev
edto
prom
ote
the
grow
thof
the
crop
san
dth
ew
elfa
reof
man
and
beast,
eit
her
posi
tive
lyby
stim
ula
ting
them
,or
nega
tive
lYby
aver
ting
the
dan
ger
san
dca
lam
itie
sw
hich
thre
aten
them
from
such
caus
es
asth
under
and
ligh
tnin
g,co
nf)a
grat
ion,
blig
ht,
mil
dew
,ve
rmin
,
ster
ilit
y,di
seas
e,an
dnot
leas
tof
all
wit
chcr
aft.
But
we
nat
ura
lly
ask,
How
did
itco
me
abou
tth
atbe
ne-
Tw
opia
fla
tOw
fits
sog
reat
and
man
ifol
dw
ere
supp
osed
tobe
atta
ined
bysu
gges
ted
mean
sosi
mple
?In
wha
tw
aydi
dpe
ople
imag
ine
that
oft
tire-
they
coul
dpr
ocur
eso
man
ygo
ods
or
avoid
som
any
ills
byg
the
appli
cati
on
offi
rean
dsm
oke,
ofem
bers
and
ashes
?In
shor
t,w
hat
theo
ryunder
lay
an
dpro
mpte
dth
epr
acti
ceof
1hey
tose
cUre
ath
ese
cust
oms?
Fo
rth
atth
ein
stit
uti
oll
ofth
efe
stiv
als
are
char
nO
was
the
ou
tco
me
of
ad
efi
nit
etr
ain
of
reaso
nin
gm
ay
be
supp
lyof
tak
en
for
gra
nte
d;
the
view
that
pri
mit
ive
man
acte
dfi
rst
and
inve
nted
his
reas
ons
tosu
ithi
sacti
on
saft
erw
ard
s,
isto
Dr.l
not
born
eou
tby
wha
tw
ekn
owof
his
nea
rest
livi
ngre
pre
sent
ativ
es,
the
sava
gean
dth
epe
asan
t.T
wo
diff
eren
tth
eyar
e
expla
nat
ions
of
the
fire
fest
iVal
Sha
vebe
engi
ven
bym
oder
n
enqu
irer
s.O
nth
eon
ehan
dit
has
been
held
that
they
are
bein
gin
-
sun-
char
ms
orm
agic
alce
rem
onie
sin
tended
,o
nth
ep
rin
cip
le
ofim
itat
ive
mag
ic,
toen
sure
ane
edfu
lsu
pply
of
suns
hineer
1aII
for
men
,an
imal
s,an
dpla
nts
bykin
dli
ng
fire
sw
hich
mim
icnf
luen
ces.
onea
rth
the
gre
atso
urce
ofli
ght
and
hea
tin
the
sky.
This
was
the
view
ofW
ilhe
lmM
annhar
dt.
’It
may
beca
lled
the
sola
rth
eory
.O
nth
eot
her
han
dit
has
been
main
tain
ed
that
the
cere
mon
ial
fire
sha
ven
on
ecessary
refe
renc
eto
the
sun
but
are
sim
ply
puri
fica
tory
inin
tenti
on,
bein
gde
sign
ed
tobu
rnup
and
des
troy
all
harm
ful
infl
uenc
es,
whe
ther
thes
e-
are
conc
eive
din
ape
rson
alfo
rmas
wit
ches
,de
mon
s,an
d
mon
ster
s,or
inan
impe
rson
alfo
rmasa
sort
ofpe
rvad
ing
tain
tor
corr
upti
on
ofth
eai
r.T
his
isth
ev
iew
of
Dr.
1W
.M
annh
ardt
,D
erlJ
au.i,
ikul
iia
dee
Ger
man
efl
und
ilu
er4y
wii
bar
’
s/am
ine
(Ber
lin,
t875
),pp
.521
sqq
.
14
1,
143,
i6,
16
2sq
.,16
3sq
.,i6
6,
17
3,
19
1,
201.
32
8
edit
ions
ofth
isw
ork
;bu
t
heW
cstc
nnar
ck,
‘M
idsu
mm
erC
usto
ms
inh
occo
,”So
/he/
ore,
xvi.
(1905)
pp.
44eg
g.;
dL,
The
Ori
gin
enS
Dev
e/ap
men
tof
the
Mor
alid
eas
(Lo
nd
on
,1906
1908
),1.
56;
id,,
Css
m,m
ies
and
Be/
iefr
conn
ecte
dw
ith
.dir
icu/
ture
,ce
rtai
nD
ates
of
the
Sol
arL
iar,
and
the
1’ f/c
othe
rin
ilfor
occo
(Hel
sing
fors
,1
91
3),
PP-
93-1
02.
S.
Mo
gk
,“
Sit
tcn
und
Geb
rau
che
inK
reis
lau
fd
esah
res,
”in
R.
Vutt
ke’
sSh
tchs
isch
eV
olks
kund
e2
Dre
sden
,190
I),
ps
310
sq.
The
Go/
den
iGoG
h,S
econ
dE
di
no
n(L
ondo
n,1900
),ii
i.3
12
“Ih
eeu
x’on
sof
leap
ing
over
the
fire
330
[iV
EE
RP
RE
TA
PlO
t’!
OF
TH
EF
IRE
-FE
ST
IVA
LS
CH
AP
vO
NT
IlE
FIR
EF
ES
T/V
Ai>
LV
GE
NE
RA
L
Edw
ard
Wes
term
arck
and
app
aren
tly
ofP
rofe
ssor
Eug
enM
ogk.
’It
may
beca
lled
the
puri
flca
tory
theo
ry.
Ob
viou
sly
the
two
theo
ries
post
ulat
etw
ove
rydi
ffer
ent
con
cept
ions
ofth
cflu
ew
hich
phys
the
prin
cipa
lp
ait
inth
eri
tes
On
the
one
view
,th
efi
re,
like
suns
hine
inou
rla
titu
de,
isa
geni
alcr
eati
vepo
wer
whi
chfo
ster
sth
egr
owth
ofpl
ants
anc
the
dev
elopm
ent
ofal
lth
atm
akes
for
hea
lth
arid
happ
ines
son
the
oth
ervi
ew,
the
fire
isa
fier
cedes
truct
ive
pow
erw
hich
blas
tsan
dco
nsum
esal
lth
eno
xiou
sel
emen
ts,
whe
the.
spir
itua
lor
mat
eria
l,th
atm
enac
eth
elif
eof
men
,of
anim
’an
dof
plan
ts.
Acc
ordi
ngto
the
one
theo
ryth
efi
reis
stim
ula
nt,
acco
rdin
gto
the
oth
erit
isa
disi
nfec
tant
;on
t
one
view
its
virt
ueis
posi
tive
,on
the
othe
rit
isne
gati
ve.
Yet
the
two
exp
lan
atio
ns,
diff
eren
tas
they
are
inL
char
acte
rw
hich
they
attr
ibute
toth
efi
re,
are
per
hap
sno
tw
holl
yir
reco
ncil
able
,If
we
assu
me
that
the
fire
ski
ndle
dat
thes
efe
stiv
als
wer
epri
mar
ily
inte
nded
toim
itat
eti
sun’
sli
ght
and
heat
,m
ayw
en
ot
rega
rdth
epu
rifi
cato
rydi
sinf
ecti
ngqu
alit
ies,
whi
chp
op
ula
rop
inio
nce
rtai
nly
appe
art
toha
veas
crib
edto
them
,as
attr
ibute
sde
rive
ddi
rect
lyfr
onth
epu
rifi
cato
ryan
ddi
sinf
ecti
ngqu
alit
ies
ofsu
nsh
ine?
Ith
isw
ayw
em
ight
conc
lude
that
,w
hile
the
imit
atio
nsu
nshi
nein
thes
ece
rem
onie
sw
asp
rim
ary
and
orig
inal
,ft
puri
fica
tion
attr
ibute
dto
them
was
seco
ndar
yan
dde
riva
tiv
Suc
ha
conc
lusi
on,
occu
pyin
gan
inte
rmed
iate
posi
tion
Itw
een
the
two
oppo
sing
theo
ries
and
reco
gniz
ing
anel
emof
truth
inbo
thof
them
,w
asad
opte
dby
me
inea
rlie
:in
the
mea
nti
me
Dr.
Wes
ter
end
do
sin
gca
ttle
thro
ug
hIt
may
bein
tended
,on
the
one
hand
,to
secu
refo
rm
anan
dbe
ast
ash
are
of
the
vita
’en
ergy
ofth
eS
un,
and,
onth
eot
hand
,to
purg
eth
empf
all
cv,,
fluen
ces;
for
toth
epri
mit
ive
min
dii
isth
em
ost
pow
erfu
lof
all
puri
fica
toag
en
ts”;
and
agai
n,id
,ii
i.31
4“
isqu
ite
poss
ible
that
inth
ese
cust
omth
eid
eaof
the
qu
ick
enin
gpo
wer
cfi
rem
aybe
com
bine
dw
ith
the
con
cept
ion
ofit
as
apurg
ativ
eag
ent
foth
eex
puls
ion
Or
des
truct
ion
of
cvi
bein
gs,
such
asw
itch
esan
dth
eve
rmil
that
dest
roy
the
frui
tsof
the
eart
hC
erta
inly
the
fire
sar
eof
ten
intc
33
1
mar
ckha
sar
gued
pow
erfu
lly
infa
vour
ofth
epu
rifi
cato
ry
theo
ryal
one,
and
Iam
boun
dto
say
that
his
argu
men
ts
carr
ygre
atw
eigh
t,an
dth
aton
afu
ller
revi
ewof
the
fact
s
the
bala
nce
ofev
iden
cese
ems
tom
eto
incl
ine
deci
dedl
yin
his
favo
ur.
How
ever
,th
eca
seis
not
socl
ear
asto
just
ify
usin
dism
issi
ngth
eso
lar
theo
ryw
itho
utdi
scus
sion
,an
d
acco
rdin
gly
Ipr
opos
eto
addu
ceth
eco
nsid
erat
ions
whi
ch
tell
for
itbe
fore
proc
eedi
ngto
noti
ceth
ose
whi
chte
ll
agai
nst
it.A
theo
ryw
hich
had
the
support
ofso
lear
ned
and
sag;
tcio
usan
inves
tigat
or
asW
.M
annhar
dt
isen
titl
ed
toa
resp
ectf
ulhe
arin
g.
§2.
The
So
/ar
The
ory
of
the
Fir
e-Js
tival
S
Inan
earl
ier
par
tof
this
wor
kw
esa
wth
atsa
vage
sT
heor
y
reso
rtto
char
ms
for
mak
ing
suns
hine
,’an
dit
wou
ldhe
noth
e
won
der
ifpr
imit
ive
man
inE
uro
pe
did
the
sam
e.In
deed
,etw
ls
whe
nw
eco
nsid
erth
een
dan
dcl
oudy
clim
ate
ofE
uro
pe
duri
ng
agre
atp
art
ofth
eye
ar,
we
shal
lfi
ndit
nat
ura
lth
atP
P
sun-
char
ms
shou
ldha
vepl
ayed
am
uch
mor
epro
min
ent
one.
par
tam
ong
the
supe
rsti
tiou
spr
acti
ces
ofE
uro
pea
npe
ople
s
than
amon
gth
ose
ofsa
vage
sw
holi
venea
rer
the
equat
or
and
who
conse
quen
tly
are
apt
toge
tin
the
cour
seof
nat
ure
mor
esu
nshi
neth
anth
eyw
ant.
This
view
ofth
efe
stiv
als
may
besu
pport
edby
vari
ous
argum
ents
draw
np
artl
y
from
thei
rda
tes,
par
tly
from
the
nat
ure
ofth
eri
tes,
and
par
tly
from
the
infl
uenc
e’w
hich
they
are
beli
eved
toex
ert
upon
the
wea
ther
and
onve
geta
tion
.
Fir
st,
inre
gard
toth
eda
tes
ofth
efe
stiv
als
itca
nhe
no(/o
hle
i
mer
eac
cide
ntth
attw
oof
the
mos
tim
po
rtan
tan
dw
idel
yde
uce
oftW
Oof
tile
spre
adof
the
fest
ival
sar
eti
med
toco
inci
dem
ore
orle
ssle
stiv
als
exac
tly
wit
hth
esu
mm
eran
dw
inte
rso
isti
ces,
that
is,
wit
h
the
two
turn
ing-p
oin
tsin
the
sun’
sap
par
ent
cour
sein
the
sky
whe
nhe
reac
hes
resp
ecti
vely
his
hig
hes
tan
dhi
slo
wes
t
elev
atio
nat
noon
.In
dee
dw
ith
resp
ect
toth
em
idw
inte
r
cele
brat
ion
ofC
hris
tmas
we
are
not
left
toco
nje
ctu
re;
we
pre
ted
inth
ela
tter
way
byth
epe
rson
scl
ass
ofca
ses
this
aspe
ctof
file
nii
y
who
ligh
tth
enl
;an
dth
ispurg
ativ
ebe
seco
ndar
y,if
inde
edit
ism
ore
use
ofti
lecl
emen
tco
nIes
out
very
than
ala
ter
mis
inte
rpre
tati
on
ofth
e
pro
min
entl
y,
asw
eha
vese
en,
inth
ecu
slon
3.”
gen
eral
explI
lSiO
nof
dem
ons
fro
m1
The
Ahg
gde
Art
and
the
livo
/uti
on
tow
nsan
dvi
llag
es.
But
inth
epr
esen
to/
Ain
ge,
i.31
Isq
q.
know
fron
the
exp
ress
test
imony
ofth
ean
cien
tsth
atit
win
stii
ute
dby
the
chur
chto
supe
rsed
ean
old
heat
hen
fest
ir’
ofth
ebi
rth
ofth
esu
n,’
whi
chw
asap
par
entl
yco
ncei
ved
tobe
born
agai
non
the
sho
rtes
tday
ofth
eye
ar,
afte
rw
hich
his
ligh
tan
dh
eat
wer
ese
ento
gro
wti
llth
eyat
tain
edti
_:
full
mat
uri
tyat
mid
sum
mer
.T
her
efore
itis
nove
ryfa
rfe
tche
dco
njec
ture
tosu
ppos
eth
atth
eY
ule
log,
whk
figu
res
sop
rom
inen
tly
inth
epo
pula
rce
lebr
atio
nof
Ch
rist
rr,
was
orig
inal
lyde
sign
edto
help
the
labo
urin
gsu
nof
mid
—v
intc
rto
reki
ndle
his
seem
ingl
yex
pir
ing
ligh
t.T
he
idea
that
byli
ghti
nga
log
onea
rth
you
can
rek
iz’
afi
rein
heav
enor
fan
itin
toa
bri
gh
ter
blaz
e,nat
ura
llse
ems
tous
absu
rd;
but
toth
esa
vage
min
dit
wea
rsdi
ffer
ent
aspe
ct.
and
the
inst
itu
tio
nof
the
gre
atfi
re—
fest
ival
sw
hich
we
are
cons
ider
ing
prob
ably
date
sfr
oma
‘tim
ew
hen
Ft
i °p
‘iis
stil
lsu
nkin
six
orit
mos
tin
bir
bati
smN
owit
can
besh
ewn
that
inor
der
toin
crea
seth
ece
lest
ial
sourc
eof
hea
tat
mid
win
ter
sava
ges
reso
rtto
apr
acti
cean
alog
ous
toth
atof
our
Yul
elo
g,if
the
kind
ling
oftL
Yul
elo
gw
asor
igin
ally
am
agic
alri
tein
tended
tore
kind
leth
esu
n,In
the
south
ern
hem
isph
ere,
whe
reth
eor
der
ofth
ese
ason
sis
the
reve
rse
ofou
rs,
the
risi
ngof
Sir
ius
orth
eI)
ogS
tar
inJu
lym
arks
the
seas
onof
the
gre
ates
tin
stea
dof
,as
wit
hus
,th
eg
reat
est
hea
t;
and
just
asth
cci
vili
zed
anci
ents
ascr
ibed
the
torr
idh
eat
ofm
idsu
mm
ert
that
bril
lian
tst
ar,
2so
the
mod
ern
sava
geof
Sou
thA
fric
aat
trib
ute
sto
itth
epi
erci
ngco
ldof
mid
win
ter
and
seek
sto
mit
igat
eit
sri
gour
byw
arm
ing
upth
ech
illy
star
wth
ege
nial
hea
tof
the
su
n.
How
hedo
esso
may
bede
scri
bed
inhi
sow
nw
ords
asfo
llow
s:_
1
“The
Bus
hmen
perc
eiv
eC
an
op
us,
they
say
toa
chil
d
‘Giv
em
eyonder
piec
eof
woo
d,th
atm
aypu
tth
een
dof
itin
the
fire
,th
atI
may
poin
tit
burn
ing
tow
ards
gra
nd
mot
her,
for
gra
nd
mo
ther
carr
ies
Bus
hman
rice
;gra
ndm
oth
er
shal
lm
ake
ali
ttle
war
mth
for
usfo
rsh
eco
ldly
com
esou
t
the
sun
shal
lw
arm
gra
nd
mo
th’5
eye
for
us.’
Sir
ius
com
es
out
;th
epe
ople
call
out
toon
ean
oth
er‘
Sir
ius
com
es
yonder
;‘th
eysa
yto
one
anoth
er:
Ye
mus
tbu
rna
stic
kfo
r
usto
war
dsS
iriu
s.’
They
say
toon
ean
oth
er‘W
how
asit
who
saw
Sir
ius?
’O
nem
ansa
ysto
the
oth
er‘O
urbro
ther
saw
Siri
us.’
The
oth
erm
ansa
ysto
him
:‘
IS
tLV
Siri
us.’
The
othe
rm
ansa
ysto
him
‘1w
ish
thee
tobu
rna
stic
k
for
usto
war
dsS
iriu
s;
that
the
sun
may
shin
ing
com
eout
for
usth
atS
iriu
sm
aynot
cold
lyco
me
out.’
Th
eoth
er
man
(the
one
wh
osa
wS
iriu
s)sa
ysto
his
son
‘B
ring
me
the
smal
lpi
ece
ofw
ood
yond
er,
that
Im
ayput
the
end
ofit
inth
efi
re,
that
Im
aybu
rnit
tow
ards
gra
nd
mo
ther
that
gra
ndm
oth
erm
ayas
cend
the
sky,
like
the
oth
eron
e,
Can
opus
.’T
he
chil
dbr
ings
him
the
piec
eof
woo
d,he
(the
fath
er)
hold
sth
een
dof
itin
the
fire
.H
epo
ints
itburn
ing
tow
ards
Sir
ius
;he
says
that
Sir
ius
shal
ltw
inkl
eli
ke
Can
opus
.H
esi
ngs
hesi
ngs
abou
tC
anopS
,he
sin
gs
about
Sir
ius
;he
poin
tsto
them
wit
hfi
re,
2th
atth
eym
ay
twin
kle
like
each
othe
r.H
eth
row
sfi
reat
them
.H
e
cove
rshi
mse
lfU
enti
rely
(inc
ludi
nghi
she
ad)
inhi
sk
aro
ss
and
lies
dow
n.H
ear
ises
,he
sits
dow
nw
hile
hedo
esno
t
ag
ain
lie
clow
nbe
caus
ehe
feel
sth
athe
has
wor
ked,
pntt
iitg
Sir
ius
into
the
sun’
sw
arm
th;
soth
atS
iriu
sm
ay
warm
ly
com
eou
t.T
he
wom
engo
out
earl
yto
seek
for
Bus
hman
rice
;th
eyw
alk,
sunn
ing
thei
rsh
ould
erbl
ades
,”\V
ha
the
Bus
hmen
thus
doto
tem
per
the
cold
ofm
idw
inte
rin
the
sout
hern
hem
isph
ere
bybl
owin
gup
the
cele
stia
lfi
res
may
have
been
doae
byou
rru
defo
refa
ther
sat
the
corr
csp
o1
itig
seas
onin
the
nort
her
nhem
ispher
pass
age
Iha
veom
itte
dth
ebr
acke
tsS
pec/
mci
’sof
Bm
lim
aii
Fol
k/or
e).
whi
chth
eed
itor
sp
rin
tfo
rth
epu
rpoS
e2
“W
ith
the
stic
kth
athe
bad
held
ofin
dica
ting
the
wor
dsw
hich
a,e
lflth
eir
e,m
ovin
git
upam
icl
own
impl
ied,
hut
not
expr
c’se
d,in
the
quic
kly
‘(E
dito
rs).
orig
inal
teat
.‘“
hey
take
one
xi
ni
ct
olth
e
‘‘
The
sun
isa
litt
lew
arm
.w
hen
kar
,ss,
ther
eby
i.xpoi1
ikone
this
star
appea
inw
inte
r’(E
dit
ors
ofbl
ade
toth
esu
n”
332
hV
TJa
Il//
IL.’
!li
ON
01”
TIl
l’.
J’JJ
?b,I
’Jt.
SiI
k’A
LS
CH
AP
SO
LA
Ry
l/JI
OR
YO
FT
ILEJ.
7RJ-J.’
ES
lIL
’l
333
Att
enip
tuf
the
I3us
hm
ento
war
mU
p
the
tire
ot
Sir
ius
inm
idw
inte
r
livki
ridl
uig
stic
ks.
Sc
1dm
/c,
.1/f
is.
(b/i
Li,
Sec
ndI
P54
S/.
.1\lm,ii
lium
,.‘
IcI,
onun,.
V.
201)
sqi.
‘‘
‘l
,n,:
toin
s’i/
uS
si,
r’,f
,‘tc
/fi,
’z,I
iS
!,ia
fus,
]/..
tr’
urq
ue
Cai
zi’s
,la
fiaf
jitc
Cv
ii’
(u/
af/
vu
mas
I/f
ia/i
?,‘
ue
soc
,mci
iiiua
fqui
in’
,,‘n
iia/i
s,u
/ic/i
/ac,’
,n‘i
l-)
15
ia/ios
1’uc
?ii
,fl’
,’iI
fi,’
ct’
.
I’Ii
nt’,
,Vfu
,a/i
sii
is,,
cc,
xv
ii.
20
)
sq.
J’iw
nrd,,
i,i
jtiS
ffz
:duu
m/‘
re
,el’i
,,iie
conj
essu
inin
fer
oii
ines
Sr/
US
ing
ois
quad
,anL
rin
.fii
c’t
7’O
Ca,
iiii
S,
OilS
far/
rnp”i
mam
leon
ki,
,rcs
so.
J./’
cñ’
A°
1so
.’sfl
fcu
.’n
l,’,V
fJ/.
die.
Sen
lian
i/1
,,zar
iaci
icrr
ae,
mu//
acve
roet
fera
c,o
fcu/s
bc/
sd
ixim
us.
iVeq
ucv
iu
civ
encr
ailo
quas
ude
scri
ptis
iniS
s/c/
/ic,
acce
ndui
que
so/c
mci
ma,
i,’nr
noac
s/le
sok
//ne
ten
uesa
rn.
.i/eim
en
.ro
fB
us/u
man
Fol
k/or
e,,‘
ulle
cted
byth
ela
teW
.1-
1.I.
I/le
ek,
Ii,.
1).,
and
L.
C.
Llo
yd(L
c..2
iqii
),
339,
34t.
Inqu
otin
g11