Freedom Trends and Assumptions

Cyber Dissidents: Global Successes and ChallengesGeorge W. Bush Institute

Dallas, TexasApril 19, 2010

FREEDOM TRENDS AND ASSUMPTIONS

FREEDOM TRENDS AND ASSUMPTIONS

• Post-Cold War period brings greater freedom

• Open, democratic standards dominant

• Onset of “Freedom Recession”

• Post-Cold War period brings greater freedom

• Open, democratic standards dominant

• Onset of “Freedom Recession”

TESTING THE ASSUMPTIONSTESTING THE

ASSUMPTIONS

• Economic Growth = Greater Freedom

• Globalization = Greater Freedom

• Internet = Greater Freedom

• Economic Growth = Greater Freedom

• Globalization = Greater Freedom

• Internet = Greater Freedom

NEW ASSUMPTIONSNEW ASSUMPTIONS

• Controlling everything is neither essential, nor desirable

• Censorship can be “commercialized”

• Authoritarianism 2.0 and the Internet

• Controlling everything is neither essential, nor desirable

• Censorship can be “commercialized”

• Authoritarianism 2.0 and the Internet

NET FREEDOM: A Global Assessment of Internet

and Digital Media

Cyber Dissidents: Global Successes and ChallengesGeorge W. Bush Institute

Dallas, TexasApril 19, 2010

What is Net Freedom?What is Net Freedom?

• What techniques are used to control and censor online content?

• What are the main threats to internet and digital media freedom?

• What are the positive trends and uses of these technologies?

• What techniques are used to control and censor online content?

• What are the main threats to internet and digital media freedom?

• What are the positive trends and uses of these technologies?

HOW DO WE MEASURE NET FREEDOM

HOW DO WE MEASURE NET FREEDOM

• Obstacles to Access

• Limits on Content

• Violations of User Rights

• Obstacles to Access

• Limits on Content

• Violations of User Rights

WHAT WE FOUND: WHAT WE FOUND:

MORE NET FREEDOM THAN PRESS FREEDOM

MORE NET FREEDOM THAN PRESS FREEDOM

• Every country except the UK scored better on FOTN than Freedom of the Press

• Differences most noticeable in partially free countries.

• Every country except the UK scored better on FOTN than Freedom of the Press

• Differences most noticeable in partially free countries.

GROWING CIVIC ACTIVISM

Bloggers and other internet users are using digital media in creative ways to mobilize:

• Facebook activists in Egypt

• Use of Twitter for political change in Moldova

• Text messages report election violence in Kenya

• “Sneakernets” in Cuba

Bloggers and other internet users are using digital media in creative ways to mobilize:

• Facebook activists in Egypt

• Use of Twitter for political change in Moldova

• Text messages report election violence in Kenya

• “Sneakernets” in Cuba

BUT ALSO…GROWING THREATSBUT ALSO…GROWING THREATS

• Conditions deteriorated in many countries over the review period.

• 11 of the 15 countries censored some political content.

• Six of the 15 countries sentenced a blogger or online journalist to prison.

• Five introduced new internet-restricting legislation.

• Conditions deteriorated in many countries over the review period.

• 11 of the 15 countries censored some political content.

• Six of the 15 countries sentenced a blogger or online journalist to prison.

• Five introduced new internet-restricting legislation.

LEGAL REPERCUSSIONS AND VIOLENCE

LEGAL REPERCUSSIONS AND VIOLENCE

• Legal repercussions:– Use of general media legislation

against online activities as well as development of internet-specific legislation

– “Libel Tourism” a danger in the UK

• Extra-legal harassment and violence:– Detentions, intimidation, torture– Technical violence: hacking, DDoS

attacks, Cyber espionage

• Surveillance and infringements on privacy in a wide range of environments

• Legal repercussions:– Use of general media legislation

against online activities as well as development of internet-specific legislation

– “Libel Tourism” a danger in the UK

• Extra-legal harassment and violence:– Detentions, intimidation, torture– Technical violence: hacking, DDoS

attacks, Cyber espionage

• Surveillance and infringements on privacy in a wide range of environments

RESTRICTING ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS

RESTRICTING ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS

• Seven of the 15 countries studied had blocked ‘Web 2.0’ applications such as:

– Facebook

– YouTube

– Twitter

– Flickr

• Iran restricts broadband and Mobile SMS

• Seven of the 15 countries studied had blocked ‘Web 2.0’ applications such as:

– Facebook

– YouTube

– Twitter

– Flickr

• Iran restricts broadband and Mobile SMS

CENSORSHIPCENSORSHIP• Some censorship in

every country studied, though not always political/social content.

• Wide range of techniques for removing content:– Technical filtering– Manual removal because of government directives,

judicial orders, intimidation

• China’s apparatus is the most sophisticated, multi-layered, and includes censored SMS.

• Significant lack of transparency in censorship procedures, including in some democracies.

• Some censorship in every country studied, though not always political/social content.

• Wide range of techniques for removing content:– Technical filtering– Manual removal because of government directives,

judicial orders, intimidation

• China’s apparatus is the most sophisticated, multi-layered, and includes censored SMS.

• Significant lack of transparency in censorship procedures, including in some democracies.

WHAT CENSORSHIP LOOKS LIKE

WHAT CENSORSHIP LOOKS LIKE

We compared the results from three searches using Google, a top search engine in the U.S. with results from Baidu, the top search engine in China.

The search terms were:•Freedom House•Falun Dafa•Tiananmen Square

We compared the results from three searches using Google, a top search engine in the U.S. with results from Baidu, the top search engine in China.

The search terms were:•Freedom House•Falun Dafa•Tiananmen Square

FREEDOM HOUSEFREEDOM HOUSE

FALUN DAFAFALUN DAFA

TIANANMEN SQUARETIANANMEN SQUARE

GOING THE DISTANCE FOR ACCESSGOING THE DISTANCE FOR ACCESS

Residents in the Xinjiang province of China faced crippling restrictions of email, SMS, and the Internet after the government clamped down on civil unrest in the area.

Business owners and residents of Xinjiang were forced to travel 24 hours by car and hundreds of miles by train and airplane to reach the nearest internet café.

Residents in the Xinjiang province of China faced crippling restrictions of email, SMS, and the Internet after the government clamped down on civil unrest in the area.

Business owners and residents of Xinjiang were forced to travel 24 hours by car and hundreds of miles by train and airplane to reach the nearest internet café.

Would you travel over 600 miles just to check your email?

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

• Foresight and creativity needed from democratic countries to establish policies to protect free expression online.

• Legislation such as GOFA would help prevention of technology transfer to repressive regimes.

• Funding for research and monitoring at both international and national levels.

• Support for in-country activists.

• Foresight and creativity needed from democratic countries to establish policies to protect free expression online.

• Legislation such as GOFA would help prevention of technology transfer to repressive regimes.

• Funding for research and monitoring at both international and national levels.

• Support for in-country activists.

Freedom House is an independent watchdog organization that supports the expansion of freedom around the world. Freedom House supports democratic change, monitors freedom, and advocates for democracy and human rights.

www.freedomhouse.org

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