freight primer: an introduction to freight modes in michigan

Freight Primer: An Introduction to Freight Modesin Michigan

Published: October 2015

Freight Primer: An Introduction to Freight Modes in Michigan

Introduction ........................................................................... 1

Mode by Mode Overview ..................................................... 2

Trucking in Michigan ......................................................... 2

Michigan’s Rail System .................................................... 4

Marine Transportation ....................................................... 6

Air Freight ......................................................................... 8

Pipelines ......................................................................... 10

Public versus Private Infrastructure ................................. 11

Freight Definitions and Terminology ................................. 12 General Terminology ....................................................... 12

Trucking Terminology ...................................................... 15

Rail Terminology ............................................................. 19

Marine Terminology ........................................................ 22

Air Terminology ............................................................... 26


1

An efficient and well-maintained transportation system serves as the backbone for all economic activity. Efficient transportation systems move goods and people throughout local, regional, state, national and international economies in a safe, timely, and reliable manner. The freight transportation system of Michigan is an important element of economic competitiveness, especially as the state continues to expand its role as a major domestic and global trade partner.

Freight is defined as any good, product, or raw material carried by a commercial means of transportation – including air, highway, rail, water, and pipeline. The activities involved in the management of how and where freight moves are defined as logistics. This is becoming a significant challenge due to the growing need for freight services resulting from increased consumer demand, congestion, and the ability of the transportation infrastructure to support such demand. In light of existing market forces, rising fuel prices, and other factors that will increase the cost of moving goods, freight planning is an important component of the statewide and metropolitan planning process.

The following summary provides an overview and description of freight modes of transportation found in Michigan, including definitions and terminology that are commonly used in the freight industry. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list, but one tailored to Michigan from a statewide and multi-modal perspective.


2

Mode by Mode OverviewThe following information includes a brief overview of each mode, the major commodities handled, their share of the total tonnage traveling into, out of, within, and through Michigan, as well as a few facts and figures. Data included is from 2013 or 2014, which is the most recent data available.

Trucking in MichiganCarrying more than half of the total freight in Michigan, the trucking industry is a large and complex component of the state’s total transportation system and a major contributor to economic activity. In 2013, 338.1 million tons of freight were moved by truck, accounting for 67 percent of the tonnage moved in the state. The value of freight moved by truck was $563.6 billion, accounting for 74 percent of all traffic. Nearly every consumer product is moved by truck at one point en route to the end user. Trucks are a necessary element of all industrial sectors – especially Michigan’s manufacturing, agriculture, wholesale, retail,

and construction industries. Michigan’s economy continues to move forward with noticeable contributions from the commercial trucking industry. The top 10 commodities moved by truck are indicated in the chart below, and account for approximately 85 percent of the total tonnage handled in the state.

Source: IHS Transearch Database

65.712.313.0

13.8

20.0

20.0

32.9

33.539.1

39.2

Nonmetallic Ores andMinerals, 65.7

Farm Products, 39.2

Waste or Scrap Materials, 39.1

Food Products, 33.5

Secondary Traffic, 32.9

Primary Metal Products, 20.0

Clay, Cement, Glass orStone Products, 20.0

Chemical Products, 13.8

Transportation Equipment, 13.0

Petroleum orCoal Products, 12.3

Top 10 Commodities Moved by Truck(Millions of Tons, 2013)


3

Michigan law allows for heavier overall truck weights than most other states, where the maximum gross vehicle weight adheres to the federal standard of 80,000 pounds. In Michigan, the maximum gross vehicle weight is more than double at 164,000 pounds and remains so due to a grandfather clause. This may seem to have a direct connection to the condition of Michigan roadways, but research has found that pavement damage is directly related to axle load, not gross vehicle weight. To ensure that Michigan’s higher gross vehicle weight inflicts the least possible damage to roadways, the weight-per-axle guidelines require additional axles as gross vehicle weight increases, with most trucks carrying between 13,000 and 16,000 pounds per axle, which is less than the average of 17,000 to 20,000 pounds per axle under the federal 80,000 pound gross vehicle weight standard.

State Trunkline System

Source: Michigan Department of Transportation

State Trunkline SystemFreewaysNon-Freeways

GRAND RAPIDS

LANSING

KALAMAZOO

TRAVERSE CITY

MARQUETTE

ESCANABA

SAULT STE. MARIE

FLINT

DETROITANN ARBOR

SAGINAW

ALPENA

JACKSON


4

Michigan’s Rail SystemThe freight railroad industry is almost exclusively privately owned and financed, with railroad companies owning and maintaining a vast majority of the track infrastructure throughout the state. The State of Michigan owns and maintains 665 miles of track throughout the state that were saved from abandonment, and is involved in an ongoing process of divestiture to return commercially viable rail operations to the private sector as market conditions allow. In 2013, 100.4 million tons of freight were moved by rail, accounting for 20 percent of the tonnage moved in the state. The value of freight moved by rail was $160.9 billion, accounting for 21 percent of all traffic. Rail is a cost-effective alternative for heavy and bulk commodities, and is commonly the preferred transport method for hazardous materials. Intermodal rail is growing rapidly within the railroad industry. Container movement between truck and rail offer efficiencies in long-distance freight movements and overseas trade. In 2013, intermodal shipments reached 15.5 million and reached a new high at 4.6 percent above the previous record set for both Canadian and U.S. railroads for domestic and international movements.

Source: STB Waybill and MDOT Statistics

13.3

17.4

4.1

4.5

4.5

4.6

5.56.8 8.9

12.6

Coal, 17.4

Chemical Products, 13.3

Metallic Ores, 12.6

Transportation Equipment, 8.9


Petroleum or Coal Products, 5.5

Farm Products, 4.6

Miscellaneous orMixed Shipments, 4.5

Crude Petroleum andNatural Gas, 4.5

Paper and Pulp Products, 4.1

Top 10 Commodities Moved by Rail(Millions of Tons, 2013)


5

Michigan Railroad System

Michigan Railroad System

Michigan CountiesState OwnedRail Line

Sources: Center for Shared Solutions and MDOT

FLINT

DETROIT

LANSING

GRAND RAPIDS

KALAMAZOO JACKSON

ANN ARBOR

SAGINAW

TRAVERSE CITY

ESCANABA

MARQUETTE SAULT STE. MARIE

ALPENA


6

Marine Transportation The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway form a maritime transportation system extending 2,300 miles from the gulf of the St. Lawrence on the Atlantic Ocean to the western end of Lake Superior. Michigan’s shoreline contains approximately 40 active cargo ports that ship or receive freight cargoes.

Since the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959, Michigan’s total annual waterborne commerce has ranged from 53 to 114 million tons. The mean annual tonnage during this period is 93 million. In recent years, the volumes have been approximately 70 million tons, which is nearly half the total generated by U.S. Great Lakes ports. In 2013, 66.7 million tons of freight were moved by water, accounting for 13 percent of the tonnage moved in the state. The value of freight moved by water was $5.2 billion, accounting for 1 percent of all traffic. Most of Michigan’s waterborne traffic is generated by the steel and construction industries and is therefore susceptible to variations in the general economy and government policies regarding steel production and importation.

Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and MDOT Statistics

26.9

1.1

15

17.7

4.5 Nonmetallic Ores andMinerals, 26.9

Metallic Ores, 17.7

Coal, 15

Clay, Cement, Glass orStone Products, 4.5


Top 5 Commodities Moved via Water(Millions of Tons, 2013)


7

Michigan Cargo Ports

Ship owners seek to maximize vessel size within the constraints of the navigation system in order to maximize the efficiency of their operations. In the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway System, lock infrastructure provides a specific constraint: St. Lawrence Seaway locks measure 233.5 meters (766 feet) long by 24 meters (80 feet) wide by 9.14 meters (30 feet) deep. Therefore, many vessels have been constructed to “Seawaymax” dimensions. These vessels measure 226 meters (740 feet) in length and 24 meters (78 feet) in width and have a draft of 7.92 meters (26.5 feet).


8

Air Freight Air transport is essential to managing and controlling the flow of resources like products, services, and people from the source of production to the marketplace. Although it makes up a small percentage of the total tonnage moved, air freight is undeniably important to the global transportation network. Air cargo services are particularly important for high-value and time-sensitive commodities. In Michigan, the major products that move by air are small package freight, chemical products and automotive parts.

In 2014, 360,808 tons of freight were moved by air. The value of freight moved by air was $31.4 billion, accounting for 4 percent of all traffic. On an annual basis, households, businesses, and governments spend about $7 billion on aviation and aviation-related services. A total of 18 airports offer scheduled services that handle air cargo throughout the state. Local airports continue to serve as strong economic engines for local communities by providing service to airport-dependent businesses to connect to the global marketplace in the quickest way possible.

Source: MDOT Airport Statistics

222,740

12,034

62,043

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County, 222,740

Ypsilanti Willow Run, 62,043

Grand RapidsGerald R. Ford International, 41,043

Lansing Capital City, 22,948

Other, 12,034

Top Air Cargo Airports(By Tonnage, 2014)

41,043

22,948


9

Scheduled Air Service Airports by Tonnage

IRONWOOD

HOUGHTON/HANCOCK

MARQUETTE

IRON MOUNTAINESCANABA

SAULT STE. MARIE

PELLSTON

ALPENA

TRAVERSE CITY

MANISTEE

SAGINAW

MUSKEGON

GRAND RAPIDSLANSING

FLINT

DETROITKALAMAZOO WILLOW RUNSource: MDOT Airport Statistics

2014 Total Tons 0 to 499

500 to 2,499

2,500 to 49,999

50,000 to 99,000

100,000 to 250,000


10

PipelinesThe pipeline infrastructure network is extensive, and includes natural gas and petroleum pipelines throughout the state, connecting Michigan to the rest of the nation and nearby countries. Although MDOT does not oversee pipeline infrastructure, it maintains a list of petroleum pipeline terminals in the state. These sites are major genera-tors of petroleum movements, and keeping updated informa-tion benefits the department’s freight modeling efforts by allowing for the simulation of origin/destination patterns on state highway infrastructure. The following map shows pipeline terminal locations.

Petroleum Terminals and Refineries in Michigan

LegendCountyTrunkLine

PETROLEUM TERMINALS

Marine TerminalsRefinery

Pipeline Terminals

Source: Internal Revenue Service

Sault Ste. MarieMarquette

Escanaba

Traverse City

Saginaw

FlintLansing

DetroitKalamazoo

Grand Rapids

Jackson

Alpena

AnnArbor


11

Public versus Private InfrastructureThe decisions about which mode to use are made by the private sector companies that are handling the freight, but the infrastructure on which they travel can be public, private, or a combination of the two as illustrated in the case of marine infrastructure, where the waterways are public and the marine terminals are privately owned. Coordination between the public and private sectors is essential to ensuring optimal productivity and economic activity. Below is a chart summarizing the modes and infrastructure ownership.

Mode Infrastructure Freight Service

Highway Public Private

Rail Public and Private Private

Marine Public and Private Private

Air Public Private

Pipeline Private Private


12

FREIGHT DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGYThe following definitions and terminology are focused on freight modes operating in Michigan and are taken from official freight publications from across the nation, including the Freight-Rail Bottom Line Report, Transportation Research Board circulars, Dredging and the Great Lakes by the Great Lakes Dredging Team, the online Freight Glossary and Acronyms index provided by FHWA Freight Management and Operations, as well as internal documentation.

This list is by no means exhaustive, but reflects many of the common freight-related terms used throughout the state of Michigan.

General Terminology

Backhaul The process of returning from the original destination point to the point of origin.

Bottleneck A section of infrastructure that experiences operational problems such as congestion.

Source: MDOT Photography Unit

Breakbulk Cargo Cargo of non-uniform sizes, often transported on pallets, stacks, drums or bags. Labor-intensive loading and unloading required. Examples include coffee beans, logs, and wood pulp.

Bulk Cargo Cargo that is in a loose unpackaged form. Examples include coal, grain, and petroleum products.

Carrier A company that transports goods or people via land, sea, or air.

Commodity An item that is traded in commerce. Michigan’s major commodities by tonnage are: • Rail (coal, chemical products, metallic ores, transportation equipment), • Marine (nonmetallic minerals, coal, metallic ores, clay/concrete/glass/stone), • Truck (nonmetallic ores, farm products, food products, chemical products).

Consignee The receiver of a shipment.


13

Container A sealed metal box, generally measuring 8 feet (2.4 meters) in height, and with lengths varying from 20 feet to 45 feet (6 meters to 14 meters), used interchangeably among modes for transporting cargoes.


Customs Broker A licensed professional agent for an importer or exporter that prepares and submits all documents for clearing goods through customs.

Drayage Transporting of rail or ocean freight by truck to an intermediate or final destination over a short distance (e.g., from marine terminal to warehouse).

Free Trade Zone (FTZ) An area or zone set aside at or near a port or airport, under the control of the U.S. Customs Service, for holding goods duty-free pending customs clearance. There are seven Michigan cities that contain FTZs.

Freight Any good, product, or raw material carried by a commercial means of transportation, including air, highway, rail, water, and pipeline.

Freight Forwarder An individual acting as an agent on behalf of a shipper, involved in consolidations from several shippers and in coordinating booking reservations.

Integrated Packages Moved door-to-door by one company, such as UPS or FedEx, using company-owned vehicles or aircraft.

Intermodal Terminal

A location where links between different transportation modes and networks connect.



14

Logistics All activities involved in the management of product movement.

Receiving The function encompassing the physical receipt of the material, the inspection of the shipment for conformance with the purchase order, the identification and delivery to destination, and the preparation of receiving reports.

Reliability Refers to the degree of certainty and predictability in travel times on the transportation system.

Shipper Party that tenders goods for transportation.

Supply Chain Suppliers in the manufacturing process. All the manufacturers and suppliers who provide the parts that make up a particular product. The chain begins with unprocessed raw materials and ends with final customer using the finished goods.

Third-Party Logistics (3PL) A firm that provides service to its customers of outsourced (or “third party”) logistics services for part or all of their supply chain management functions. Third party logistics providers typically specialize in integrated operation, warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to customers’ needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service requirements for their products and materials.

Ton As a unit of cubic capacity, 1 ton equals 100 cubic feet.

• Metric Ton - A unit of weight equivalent to 2,204.6 pounds.

• Long Ton - A unit of weight equivalent to 2,240 pounds.

• Short Ton - A unit of weight equivalent to 2,000 pounds.

Ton-Mile A measure of output for freight transportation; reflects weight of a shipment and the distance hauled; a multiplication of tons hauled by the distance traveled.

Transload To transfer from one mode of transportation to another. Transload facilities may require a storage facility, such as a warehouse or railyard.

Transportation, Distribution, and Logistics (TDL)

A broad industry sector responsible for managing the flow of goods, information, and people between a point of origin and a point of consumption in order to meet the requirements of consumers.

Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU)

The 8-foot by 8-foot by 20-foot intermodal container used as a basic measure and is the standard measure for containerized cargo.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehousing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation


15

Trucking Terminology

Average Annual Daily Truck Traffic (AADTT)

The total volume of truck traffic on a highway segment for one year, divided by the number of days in a year.

Chassis An undercarriage with wheels constructed to accommodate containers as they move over the road.

Commercial Vehicle All motor vehicles used in the transportation of passengers for hire or constructed for transportation of goods, wares, or merchandise.

Gross Vehicle Weight The weight of the vehicle or combination of vehicles, fully equipped for service, plus the weight of the maximum load.

Heavy-Duty Truck A motor vehicle or combination of vehicles operated as a unit that has a combined weight that is greater than 26,000 pounds, typically 32,000 pounds in Michigan.


Hours of Service Ruling that stipulates the amount of time that a truck driver is allotted to work.

International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA)

An agreement among states and Canadian provinces to simplify the reporting of fuel use taxes by interstate motor carriers, to determine the net tax or refund due and to redistribute taxes from collecting states to states where the trucks were in operation.

International Registration Plan (IRP)

A registration reciprocity agreement among states of the United States, the District of Columbia and provinces of Canada that allows each state to receive a share of the motor vehicle registration fee based on the total distance operated within each respective state or province.


16

Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) A container or trailer loaded with cargo from more than one shipper; loads that do not by themselves meet the container load or truckload requirements.

Level of Service (LOS) A qualitative assessment of a road’s operating condition that indicates the capacity per unit of demand for each public facility.

Longer Combination Vehicles (LCVs)

Truck configurations whose length and width dimensions exceed the size of more conventional truck-and-trailer or tractor-semitrailer combinations.

Medium-Duty Truck A commercial motor vehicle or combination of vehicles that has a combined weight that is greater than 10,000 pounds but less than or equal to 26,000 pounds. This is the most common type of commercial vehicle in Michigan, with 47,260 registrations in 2013, about 39 percent of all Michigan-registered trucks.


Michigan Weight Law Truck A commercial vehicle capable of carrying between 80,000 and 164,000 pounds on up to 11 axles. There are a total of 12,986 registrations of this vehicle type in Michigan, about 11 percent of all Michigan-registered trucks.




17

Michigan Truck Operators Map

A publication managed by MDOT that includes information pertaining to operating a truck in the state of Michigan, including maximum allowable axle loadings; highway routes designated as Gold (National Truck Network) or Green (Special Desig-nated State Highways); All-Season routes and routes with seasonal weight restrictions; Michigan laws pertaining to trucking; tolling rates and locations; overhead clearance; and pavement information.

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Custer

Scottville

Pentwater

Hart

Coleman

Standish

Pinconning

Gladwin

Harrison

Clare

Evart

Big Rapids

Ludington

Casnovia

Reese

Merrill

Langston

Grant

LakewoodClub

NewEra

Hesperia

MecostaRemus Quanicassee

Akron

Fairgrove

CedarSprings

Vassar

Millington

Frankenmuth

St. Charles

Breckenridge

Ithaca

Shepherd

Stanton

LakeviewNewaygo

Fremont

Whitehall

North Muskegon

White Cloud

Auburn

Alma

EssexvilleMount

PleasantMidland

SAGINAW

BAYCITY

Kent City

Wyoming Kentwood

Rockford

Sparta

CoopersvilleSpringLake

Fruitport

Ferrysburg

Grandville

Roosevelt Park

E.GrandRapids

Walker

Muskegon HeightsNorton Shores

MUSKEGON

GRAND RAPIDS

GoodrichVernon

FowlerLyons

Sheridan

Muir Pewamo

Perrinton

Ashley

Oakley

Otisville

Davison

BirchRun

Portland

BurtonGrandBlanc

SwartzCreek

Corunna

Ovid

CarsonCity

Belding

LowellSaranac

Chesaning

Montrose Clio

St. Johns

Greenville

Ionia Owosso

FLINT

MemphisMetamora

Emmett

Lexington

Carsonville

Port Sanilac

Peck

Watertown

BrownCity

NorthBranch

Hemans

Kingston

Mayville

Unionville

Argyle

Forester

Forestville

Ubly

Caseville

Bay Port

Kinde

PortAustin

Port Hope

Yale

CapacImlayCity

Almont

Croswell

Sandusky

Marlette

Caro

CassCity

Harbor Beach

ElktonBad Axe

Pigeon

Fenton

St.Clair

LapeerPort

Huron

MarineCity

NewBaltimore

DouglasSaugatuck

Fennville

Woodland

Sunfield

Dimondale

Webberville

EagleMullikenCaledonia

Howell

Mason

Potterville

Nashville

Zeeland

MiddlevilleWayland

LakeOdessa

GrandLedge

DeWitt

EastLansing

Williamston

Perry

FowlervilleHastings

Holland

LANSING

Lawrence

Mattawan Concord

Pinckney

Parma

Springport

AugustaRichland

Gobles

Covert

Martin

Dansville

Coloma

Watervliet

Bangor

HartfordPaw Paw

Lawton

Parchment

Galesburg

Springfield

Homer

Chelsea

Saline

Brighton

StockbridgeLeslie

EatonRapids

OlivetBellevuePlainwell

Otsego

Allegan

South Haven

Portage

AlbionMarshall

Charlotte

Ypsilanti

KALAMAZOO

Battle Creek

JACKSON

ANN ARBOR88

MichianaGrand Beach

Camden

Allen

Litchfield

Centreville

Mendon

EdwardsburgGalien

EauClaire

Stevensville

Bridgman

Shoreham

BurlingtonAthens

New Buffalo

Three Oaks White Pigeon

JonesvilleQuincy

ReadingBronson

Colon

UnionCity

Constantine

Marcellus

Decatur

Cassopolis

BerrienSprgs.

Schoolcraft

Dowagiac

BuchananNiles

Sturgis

ColdwaterThreeRivers

Benton Harbor

St. Joseph

EstralBeach

ToledoBeach

Britton

Clayton

Addison

Brooklyn

Morenci

Luna Pier

Milan

Dundee

Blissfield

Clinton

Hudson

Manchester

Tecumseh

Hillsdale Monroe

Adrian

DollarBay

South Range

MohawkAhmeek

Eagle River

PhoenixCentral

Delaware

Copper Harbor

LakeLinden

LauriumCalumet

HancockHoughton

Baraga L’Anse

Grand Haven

Harbor Springs

Fairview

Buckley

Brethren

Rosebush

Vandalia

Eastport

Aloha

Dafter

Perkins

Merriman

IronMountain

Mackinaw City

Sault Ste. Marie

Whittemore

Sebewaing

Algonac

Marysville

Leland

Traverse City

ReedCity

St. Louis

Edmore

ElkRapids

OldMission

Palmer

Ripley

Alanson

Bark River

Deerton

Glendale

BranchWalhalla

Durand

Howard City

PONTIAC

DEARBORN

WARREN

LIVONIA

DETROIT

RomeoLakeOrionHolly

Ortonville

Clarkston

Plymouth

Rochester

Richmond

New Haven

Utica

Milford

S. Lyon

West Bloomfield

Wixom

NorthvilleNovi

Westland

AuburnHills

FlatRock

Romulus

Wyandotte

Inkster

Southfield

Royal Oak

MountClemens

St. ClairShores

Roseville

UnionLake

Macomb

Armada

Hamtramck

LincolnPark

TaylorAllenPark

WalledLake

Green

St. James

Sterling Heights

Bay Shore

Brevort

L A K ES T . C L A I R

S A G I N A WB A Y

East

Arm

Wes

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GRAND

TRAVERSE

Straits of Mackinac BIG BAYDE NOCLi

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Mackinac Island

M-185 NO MOTOR VEHICLES ALLOWED ON MACKINAC ISLAND

WISCONSINILLINOIS

INDIANA

MICHIGAN

INDIANA

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S U P E RI

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LA

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COCKBURNISLAND

MACKINAC BRIDGE (TOLL)

C A N A D A

AMBASSADOR BRIDGE/DETROIT-WINDSOR TUNNEL (TOLL)

BLUE WATER BRIDGE (TOLL)

INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE (TOLL)

13' 9"

13' 6" 13' 11"

13' 11" SB

13' 7"

13' 7"

13' 11" NB

13' 11"

13' 8"

13' 10" NB13' 11" NB13' 10" WB

13' 8" WB

13' 7" EB

SEE REVERSE FOR DETROIT METRO AREA MAP AND OVERHEAD CLEARANCES

13' 8"

13' 10"

13' 10" NB13' 9" SB

13' 9" NB13' 8" SB

13' 6" WB13' 8" EB

13' 11" EB

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B.R.131

143

MICHIGANWELCOME CENTER


MICHIGANWELCOME CENTERMICHIGAN

WELCOME CENTER










MICHIGAN2015

Truck Operator’s Map

Department of Transportation

the approach from either direction of an emergency vehicle with lights activated.Upon approaching a stationary emergency vehicle with lights acti-vated, drivers shall cautiously move over one or more lanes if safe

safely, drivers shall maintain a safe speed and proceed with due care and caution.

WORK ZONE SPEED LIMITSWatch for signs in work zones: “Where Workers Present 45.” (In order to be considered “present,” workers must be protected only by cones or bar-rels. If they are on the other side of a guardrail, concrete barrier, or median, the message would not apply.) The speed reduction applies to the im-mediate vicinity of the worker, not to the entire work

TABLE OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE GROSS LOADINGS

Spacing Between Axles

Normal Loadings when Seasonal Load Limitations are Not in Force

Seasonal Load Limitations (Speed Limit 35 mph)

Vehicles Exceeding 80,000 lbs.

Gross Weight

+Vehicles 80,000 lbs. (Or under) Bridge

Formula Gross Weight

Rigid(25% Reduction)

Flexible(35% Reduction)

9' or over 18,000 lbs. 20,000 lbs. 13,500 lbs. 11,700 lbs.

3 1/2' or more but less than 9' 13,000 lbs. N/A 9,750 lbs. 8,450 lbs.

When part of a tandem axle assembly *16,000 lbs. 34,000 lbs. on tandem **12,000 lbs. ***10,400 lbs.

When less than 3 1/2' 9,000 lbs. N/A 6,750 lbs. 5,850 lbs.

Maximum load on any wheel shall not exceed (pounds per inch of tire width)

700 lbs. 700 lbs. 525 lbs. 450 lbs.

+Gross vehicle weight may not exceed 80,000 lbs. and the following: An overall gross weight on a group of two or more consecutive axles equaling:

Where W = overall gross weight on a group of 2 or more consecutive axles to the nearest 500 lbs., L = distance in feet between the extreme of a group of 2 or more consecutive axles, and N = number of axles in the group under consideration except the 2 consecutive sets of tandem axles may carry a gross load of

' apart, and the gross vehicle weight does not exceed 80,000 lbs. including all enforcement tolerances. Except for 5-axle truck tractor, semi-trailer combinations having 2 consecutive sets of tandem axles, vehicles having a gross weight in excess of 80,000 lbs. or in excess of the vehicle gross weight determined by application of the

when Limitations are Not in Force).

A vehicle or combination of vehicles when operating within 5 miles from a “Special Designated Highway” for

Limits” table above when the route being traveled is under seasonal load limitations.

*On any legal combination of vehicles, only 1 tandem axle assembly shall be permitted at the gross weight of 16,000 lbs. per axle and no other tandem axle assembly in such combination of vehicles should exceed a gross weight of 13,000 lbs. per axle. On a combination of truck tractor and semi-trailer not having more than 5 axles, load, 2 tandem axle assemblies shall be permitted at a gross weight of 16,000 lbs. per axle, if there is no other axle within 9' feet of any axle of the assembly.

**On any legal combination of vehicles, only 1 tandem axle assembly shall be permitted at the gross weight of 12,000 lbs. per axle and no other tandem axle assembly in such combination of vehicles shall exceed a gross weight of 9,750 lbs. per axle. On a combination of truck tractor and semi-trailer not having more than 5 axles, 2 consecutive tandem axle assemblies shall be permitted at a gross weight of 12,000 lbs. per axle, if there is no other axle within 9' of any axle of the assembly.

***On any legal combination of vehicles, only 1 tandem axle assembly shall be permitted at the gross weight of 10,400 lbs. per axle and no other tandem axle assembly in such combination of vehicles shall exceed a gross weight of 8,450 lbs. per axle. On a combination of truck tractor and semi-trailer not having more than 5 axles, 2 consecutive tandem axle assemblies shall be permitted at a gross weight of 10,400 lbs. per axle, if there is no other axle within 9' of any axle of the assembly.

MACKINAC BRIDGE TOLL(Mackinaw City to St. Ignace)906-643-7600 Passenger Vehicle .......................................................... $4.00 Passenger Vehicle w/Trailer (per axle) ............................ 2.00Motor Home (per axle)...................................................... 5.00 Semi-Tractor/Trailer (per axle) ......................................... 5.00 Motorcycle ........................................................................ 4.00Commuter Card AvailableSee www.michigan.gov/mba for more information

INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE TOLL(Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario) 906-635-5255 ext. 0Passenger Vehicle .......................................................... $3.50Recreational Vehicle (per axle)......................................... 3.00Commercial and Buses (per axle) ................................... 4.50Commuter Card Available See www.michigan.gov/iba for details & exceptions

AMBASSADOR BRIDGE TOLL(Detroit, Michigan to Windsor, Ontario)877-680-6446Passenger Vehicle (Incl. Driver and Passengers) .......... $5.00Passenger Vehicle w/Trailer ........................................... 10.00Commercial Vehicle, Truck, Semi-Tractor/Trailer

(Incl. Driver and Passengers)Class A: 0 - 36,000 lbs. (per axle) ............................... $3.50Class B: 36,001 - 54,000 lbs. (per axle) ........................ 4.00 Class C: 54,001 - 145,000 lbs. (per axle) ...................... 5.50Wide Loads: 9 - 14 ft. (plus axle charge) ..................... 60.00

Bus (Incl. Driver and Passengers) .................................. 10.00Motorcycle (Incl. Driver and Passengers)......................... 5.00Motorcycle w/Trailer ...................................................... 10.00Commuter Card Available See www.ambassadorbridge.com for details & exceptions

DETROIT-WINDSOR TUNNEL TOLL(Detroit, Michigan to Windsor, Ontario)313-567-4422, ext. 219Passenger Vehicle .......................................................... $4.75

w/Trailer in Tow .............................................................. 7.00Truck (Incl. Driver) and Tractor/Trailer

Gross weight per 100 lbs. 0.030. ........................ (min.) 4.75Bus ................................................................................... 8.50 (Detroit to Windsor) 4.75 (Windsor to Detroit) 4.50 Tunnel Bus .....................................................(each way) 4.00Motorcycles ............................................................ProhibitedSee www.dwtunnel.com for details & exceptions

BLUE WATER BRIDGE TOLL(Port Huron, Michigan to Sarnia, Ontario)810-984-3131Passenger Vehicle ......................................................... $3.00

(Commuter tokens, pkg. of 20, sold on Canadian side only, $45.00)Trailer (per axle) .............................................................. 3.00Commercial tolls will increase as follows: Truck & Bus

(1 ton rating & up, or over 11 passengers) (per axle) .... 3.25NOTE: SIDEWALK CURRENTLY CLOSED ...................... .00See www.michigan.gov/bluewaterbridge for details & exceptions

The Ambassador Bridge and Windsor Tunnel are privately owned and operated. Tolls on the Blue Water Bridge are im-posed by the Canadian government and the state of Michigan. The above tolls are based on U.S. currency – except where otherwise indicated – and are subject to change. Information on this map is presumed to be accurate at time of printing.

MICHIGAN WELCOME CENTERSTravel directions, information, maps, literature on attractions and activities, free telephone reservation service.Lower Peninsula US-127 Clare • US-23 Dundee • I-69 Coldwater I-75 Detroit • I-75 Mackinaw City • I-75 Monroe I-94 New Buffalo • I-69 Port Huron/Capac

Upper PeninsulaUS-2/141 Iron Mountain • US-2 IronwoodUS-41 Marquette • US-41 MenomineeI-75 Sault Ste. Marie • I-75 St. Ignace

NATIONAL TRUCK NETWORKSPECIAL DESIGNATED HIGHWAYS

WIDTH102" including load.

LENGTHTruck tractor, semi-trailer or truck tractor and 2 semi-trailers; no overall length limitation providing the length of each semi-trailer including load does not exceed 28' 6" or the overall length of the semi-trailer and trailer or 2 units are coupled together does not exceed length of 58', including load.

Semi-trailer length 53' when operating in a truck tractor and semi-trailer combination: semi-trailers longer than 50' are limited to 3 axles and shall be 37' to 41', measured from kingpin coupling to a single axle or to the center of the tandem assembly.

Truck and trailer or semi-trailer limited to an overall combination length of 65' including load.

Truck and trailer or semi-trailer: designed and used to transport saw logs, pulpwood, and free length poles. Overall length not to exceed 70' including load.

In compliance with federal requirements, motor vehicles wholly or partially assembled transported by utilizing 1 tow bar or 3 saddle mounts with full mount mechanisms and using the motive power of 1 vehicle: not to exceed a total length of 97'.

The total gross weight of any such vehicle or combination of vehicles shall not exceed a ratio of 400 lbs. per

Approximately 35,000 maps were produced at a cost of $5,746.80 or $0.16 per copy.

© Copyright State of Michigan 2015 All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper

BRIDGE AND TUNNEL TOLLS

MAP EXPLANATION

(See MDOT Form T-1 for other allowable truck loading and dimensions.)

EXPLANATION OF ROAD TYPESRIGID PAVEMENTS

Concrete, Bituminous Concrete,Brick or other Surfaces on a Concrete Base

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTSBituminous Concrete, Sheet Asphalt or other

Bituminous Surfaces on a Gravel or similar type base

FOR YEAR-ROUND SERVICE

UNSIGNED STATE HIGHWAY*(8' 6" width maximum) (EXCEPT AS POSTED)

(NO SEASONAL LOAD LIMITATIONS)

SEASONAL ROUTES

OTHER

(SPRING LOAD LIMITATIONS)

RIGID PAVEMENT

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

OVERHEAD CLEARANCE

SAFETY TURNOUT

1S

ALL SEASON ROUTES

OPEN TO LEGAL AXLE LOADS

RAIL-PASSENGER SERVICE

OTHER RAIL

BRIDGE WITH SPECIAL LOAD LIMITS

*Unsigned state highways are under MDOT jurisdiction. Their original statewide purpose is now served by alternate MDOT routes. MDOT intends to transfer the routes to local

agencies at the appropriate time. For more information, please contact an MDOT Transportation Service Center.**Accessible to people with disabilities

***Please see www.michigan.gov/ferries for more information regarding specific companies.

(8 ft. or narrower except as provided by MCLA section 257.717)

(8 ft. or narrower except as provided by MCLA section 257.717)

140Full

Interchanges

Partial

13' 11"

COMMERCIAL HARBOR

FERRIES THAT ACCOMMODATE COMMERCIAL TRUCKS***

HIGHWAY MARKERS

HIGHWAY ROUTES

HIGHWAY ROUTE (With Exit Number)

MILEAGE BETWEEN RED DOTS

(Entrance and Exit only at Interchanges)

MAP SYMBOLS

COUNTY LINE

CITY

STATE CAPITOL-LANSING

12

ROUNDABOUT

SCENIC TURNOUT

ROADSIDE PARK

REST AREA

WELCOME CENTER& REST AREA**

WELCOME CENTER & REST AREA WITH PLAY AREA**

REST AREA WITH FAMILY BATHROOM FACILITY

P

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COUNTY ROADSCOUNTY NUMBERED ROUTE

INTERSTATE ROUTE

INTERSTATE BUSINESS(Loop or Spur)

U.S. ROUTE or B.R.(B.R. - Business Route)

STATE ROUTE or B.R.(B.R. - Business Route)

COUNTY NUMBERED ROUTE(Cross County Signing)

RESTRICTED HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ROUTE(For type of restrictions go to: www:michigan.gov/truckers)

TABLE OF BRIDGES WITH SPECIAL LOAD LIMITS

Map No. Bridge No. Trunkline Location

Gross Weight (in Tons) Map on which

they can be found1*

Units2**

Units3***

Units

1S 82073-S01 M-85 Fort Street 38 47 52 Detroit (see reverse)

2S 82073-S02 M-85 Fort Street 38 47 52 Detroit (see reverse)

Maximum number of position of trucks allowed on bridge at any time as indicated *Single truck or bus **Truck and trailer or tractor and semi-trailer***Tractor, semi-trailer and trailer

TABLE OF STRUCTURES WITH OVERHEAD CLEARANCES LESS THAN 14' 0" (LEGAL HEIGHT 13' 6")

(See Reverse for Detroit and Vicinity)

Trunkline Structure Number Location Overhead

Clearance

M-51 S01-11101 Under US-12, 0.8 Mi. S. of Niles 13' 9" NB13' 8" SB

US-12 S05-81063 Ford Dr. 0.5 Mi. W. of Wayne Co. Line 13' 8"

US-12 S04-81063 Wiard Rd. 1.4 Mi. W. of Wayne Co. Line 13' 10"

US-23 S10-81075 8 Mile @ Livingston Co. Line 13' 10" NB 13' 9" SB

US-23 S05-81075 Warren Rd. US-23 0.5 Mi. S. of M-14 13' 10"

US-23 S09-81103 Over US-23 SB @ W. Split of US-23 & M-14 13' 11" NB

I-94 S09-38101 Elm Rd. 1.0 Mi. E. of M-106 in Jackson 13' 10" WB

I-94 S08-38101 M-106 and Cooper St. in Jackson 13' 7" EB

I-94 S07-38101 Lansing Rd. 0.6 Mi. E. of M-50 in Jackson 13' 8" WB

M-52/M-43 S01-33085 Under I-96, near Webberville 13' 11" EB

I-96 BL B04-33045 Under I-496, Lansing 13' 11"

I-96 S04-19022 Under M-100 @ I-96, W. of Lansing 13' 11" EB

US-131 S01-41131 100th St. 1.0 Mi. N. of Allegan Co. Line 13' 11"

M-11 X02-41063 RR between Kalamazoo Ave. and Breton Rd. in Grand Rapids

13' 6" WB13’ 8” EB

M-54 X01-25072 RR over M-54 0.2 Mi. S. of Court St. in Flint 13' 8"

M-53 X01-44031 RR in Imlay City 13' 7"

M-20 X01-37021 RR in Mt. Pleasant 13' 7"

M-27 S04-16091 Under I-75, N. of Indian River 13' 11" SB

M-134 X01-49041 RR 2.3 Mi. W. of Chippewa Co. Line 13' 11"

M-28 X01-52081 RR and M-28 BR in Negaunee 13' 9"

M-35 X01-21032 RR in Gladstone 13' 6"

www.michigan.gov/driveInformation regarding oversize/overweight active

construction restrictions: www.michigan.gov/truckers

The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration prohibits commercial truck and bus drivers from texting with any hand-held cell phone or other device that takes a driver’s attention off the road. Any truck or bus driver cited for violating this federal regulation is subject to a penalty of up to $2,750. For more information, go to www.fmcsa.dot.gov; click on the “Rules & Regulations” link.Parking on limited access highway shoulders and ramps is dangerous and illegal.Freeway rest areas, carpool parking lots, and roadside parks were not designed for long-term or overnight stopovers. Please make arrangements for long stops at a more appropriate off-highway location.For use in accordance with the provisions of Michigan highway laws governing vehicle size, weight and load.

INFORMATION SUBJECT TO CHANGE

ADDITIONAL TRUCKING INFORMATION AND RESOURCES:

Michigan Trucking Association

1131 Centennial Way Lansing, MI 48917

517-321-1951 www.mitrucking.org

( + 12N + 36)W = 500 LNN-1

Michigan Center for Truck Safety

1131 Centennial Way, Suite 2Lansing, MI 48917

800-682-4682 www.truckingsafety.org

green and gold have been designated for operation of the following combination:

For current seasonal weight restriction information, please call the Michigan Department of Transportation at 800-787-8960 or visit the Web at: www.michigan.gov/truckers

MILEAGE TABLEApproximate Distance via Interstate, U.S. and State Highways Mileage is from Center of City to Center of City

MDOT ROUNDABOUTS

Emergencies Only, call 911or the nearest post (on cellular phones call 911)

Michigan State Police Winter Travel Advisory Network Hotline: 800-381-8477

DETROIT AREA District 2 Headquarters Taylor ........................................ 734-287-5000

E. MICHIGAN District 3 Headquarters Flint .......................................... 810-733-9380

S. MICHIGAN District 1 Headquarters Lansing ................................... 517-322-1912District 5 Headquarters Paw Paw ................................... 269-657-6081

W. MICHIGAN District 6 Headquarters Rockford ................................... 616-866-6666

N. MICHIGAN District 7 Headquarters Gaylord ..................................... 989-705-3800

UPPER PENINSULA District 8 Headquarters Marquette.................................. 906-225-7030

MICHIGAN STATE POLICEDepartment Headquarters

333 South Grand Ave., Lansing, MI 48933 Telephone/TDD: 517-241-8000

800-525-5555

Drivewww.michigan.gov/drive

MICHIGAN LAWS

visit: www.michigan.gov/mspThis summary is for general information only. Consult the Michigan

SPEED LIMITSNon-freeway statewide speed limit unless otherwise posted ....................... 55 mphLimited access freeway speed limit unless otherwise posted ...................... 70 mph Freeway truck and school bus speed limit .............................................. 60 mph (if speed limit is 70, otherwise 55) Minimum freeway speed.......................................................................... 55 mphTowing speed for passenger vehicles is the posted speed limit.Drivers also are required to be able to maintain control of their vehicles and stop within an assured clear distance ahead regardless of the posted speed limit. This may mean driving well below the posted limit in inclem-

SAFETY BELTSDrivers, front-seat passengers regardless of age, and all passengers ages 8 through 15 are required to wear properly adjusted safety belts.

LITTERING IS AGAINST THE LAWMichigan’s anti-litter law provides that the “DRIVER of a vehicle or vessel is PRESUMED RESPONSIBLE FOR LITTER that is thrown, dropped, dumped, deposited, placed or left from the vehicle or vessel on public or private property, or waters...”.

RAILROAD CROSSINGS

gates are activated at a railroad crossing, and are prohibited from driving around crossing gates when they are lowered.

YIELDING TO EMERGENCY VEHICLESDrivers are required to immediately pull over to the right and stop upon *Information accurate at time of printing

WEIGHT RESTRICTIONSMDOT’s Mi Drive website has vital information for truckers, includ-ing construction restrictions, permits, and rules and guidelines. Visit www.michigan.gov/drive and click on the “Truckers” link.

TEXTING WHILE DRIVINGA person shall not read, type, or send a text mes-sage while operating a motor vehicle.

SHARE THE ROAD WITH BICYCLESMotorists are reminded that bicyclists are permit-ted to ride on most roadways in Michigan. Bicyclists are reminded that, as legal roadway users, they are

a bicycle upon a highway or street at less than the existing speed of

of the roadway.

Slow down as you approach the roundabout.

Use the guide signs and lane designation markers to choose the appropriate lane for the intended destination.

Roundabouts are designed to accommodate trucks and other large vehicles.

Trucks require more room to turn and may use the mountable truck apron, the raised pavement around the centralized island, for additional space.

Drivers should be aware of large vehicles on the approach and within the roundabout.

Do not drive next to a truck or try to pass a truck on the approach or while traveling in a roundabout.

At all entrances

Right Turn

Left Turn Thru Traffic

CentraIIsland

MountableTruck Apron

Owner-Operator Trucking operation in which the owner of the truck is also the driver.

Portable Intermittent Truck Weigh Station (PITWS)

PITWS are indentations in the pavement, of sufficient size and depth, for which portable scales may be temporarily placed. The PITWS allow CVE officers to weigh trucks on the same plane without elevating the truck through the use of blocking, a very labor-intensive method of weighing trucks. Essentially, scales are placed in the PITWS (cutout), flush with the surrounding pavement, allowing officers to weigh the vehicle by merely having the truck move forward over the scales, thereby weighing each axle efficiently.

Private Carrier A carrier that provides transportation service to the firm that owns or leases the vehicles and does not charge a fee.

Refrigerated Trailer Designed to control the temperature of perishable freight, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, frozen food and more.

Source: Fleet Equipment

Semi-Trailer A large commercial vehicle that consists of a detachable trailer for hauling freight, with wheels at the rear end, the forward end being supported by the rear of a truck tractor when attached. Also called a tractor-trailer, semi, big rig, or 18-wheeler in the U.S.


http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trailer


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Standard Interstate Semi-Trailer

A commercial vehicle that adheres to the federal allowable maximum of 80,000 pounds on five axles, with four of the axles carrying 17,000 pounds. These vehicles are usable on the All-Season roads on the National Truck Network (also called Gold Routes on the Truck Operators Map).


Straight Truck Single-unit vehicle containing both the power unit and the trailer.

Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET)

A network of highways that are important to the U.S. strategic defense policy and that provide access, continuity, and emergency capabilities for defense purposes.

Tractor A large vehicle, or the front section of a truck used to haul heavy loads, with a driving cab, engine, and coupling for trailers.

Source: MDOT

Truck Any of various forms of vehicle for carrying goods and materials, usually consisting of a single self-propelled unit but also often composed of a trailer hauled by a tractor.

Truckload (TL) Quantity of freight required to fill a truck, or at a minimum, the amount required to qualify for a truckload rate.

Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Devices that are designed to capture and record axle weights and gross vehicle weights as vehicles drive over a measurement site, and are capable of measuring vehicles traveling at a reduced or normal traffic speed and do not require the vehicle to come to a stop.


19

Rail Terminology

Automotive Rack Designed to ship domestic and imported automo-biles, trucks, SUVs and mini-vans.


Boxcar Designed to transport crated or palletized freight of all kinds. Boxcars are the most common type of rail cars, with a variety of sizes and features.


Bulk Unit Train One of three types of rail service that typically moves very high volumes of a single commodity, such as coal, grain, minerals, or waste. Loaded from shipper to receiver and returned empty.

Carload Quantity of freight (in tons) required to fill a railcar; amount normally required for a carload rate.

Centerbeam Designed to transport bundled building supplies, a center partition secures the product in place.

Class I Railroad A railroad having annual carrier operating revenues of $433.2 million or more.

Coil Car Designed for products such as coiled steel, steel plate or high grade ores.

Container-on-Flatcar (COFC) Containers are placed directly on standard flatcars.


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Covered Hopper Designed to handle shipments of free-flowing dry bulk commodities. Cars are loaded from the top and product is discharged from the bottom.


Divestiture The sale of property. In Michigan, the State Transportation Preservation Act of 1976 (Act 295 of 1976) created a mechanism to preserve critical rail corridors, including rail rights of way. The objective of this legislation was to return commercially viable rail operations to the private sector, thus minimizing state involvement where not necessary to support the state’s transportation goals.

Double-Stack Containers are placed two-high in a special low-profile “well car.”

Flatcar Designs come in a variety of lengths, tonnage and capacities for specialized commodities that are not subject to damage from the elements.

Gondola Designed to ship heavy bulk commodities that includes scrap metal, aggregates, logs, lumber, etc.

Grade Crossing Railroad crossing level with road: a place where a road crosses a railroad or two rail lines cross at the same level.

Intermodal Rail service that typically moves truck trailers or containerized goods, including finished consumer goods, refrigerated foods, parts, etc.

Roadrailer A highway trailer, or semi-trailer, that is equipped for use in railroad intermodal service.


Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Original federal oversight agency established in 1887 and abolished in 1995. Remaining functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board.


21

Mixed Carload Rail service that typically moves a diverse range of commodities and equipment, including liquid-bulk tank cars, open flatcars, hopper cars, and traditional boxcars.

Open Top Hopper Designed to handle heavy dry bulk commodities that are not affected by weather conditions and will flow or discharge through the bottom gates into storage pits.

Positive Train Control (PTC) Technologies designed to automatically stop or slow a train before certain crashes caused by human error occur.

Refrigerated Boxcar Designed to control the temperature of perishable freight, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, frozen food and more.

Regional Railroad Railroad defined as line-haul railroad operating at least 350 miles of track and/or earns revenue between $40 million and $433.2 million per year.

Short Line Railroad Freight railroads that operate less than 350 miles of track and earn less than $40 million per year in revenue.

Siding A very short branch off a main railway line with only one point leading onto it. Sidings are used to allow trains to pass one another, to conduct maintenance, or to connect to a single warehouse or loading site.

Strategic Rail Corridor Network (STRACNET)

An interconnected and continuous rail line network consisting of more than 38,000 miles of track serving more than 170 defense installations.

Switching and Terminal Railroad

Provides pick-up and delivery services to line-haul carriers.

Tank Car Used to ship compressed or liquid commodities, the majority of tank cars are owned by non-railroad companies.


Trailer-on-Flatcar (TOFC) Over-the-road trailers or containers mounted on truck chassis are placed directly on flatcars.


22

Marine Terminology

1,000-footer Largest of the ships on the Great Lakes that are only able to operate in the four upper Lakes (Superior, Huron, Michigan, and Erie) as they are too large to fit through the St. Lawrence Seaway locks. The largest “1,000-footer” is 1,013 feet in length and 105 feet in width.


Ballast Stone, rock, water, or other material placed in an empty or lightly loaded ship for the purpose of steadying it in rough waters.

Barge Unpowered vessel that needs to be towed or pushed by tugboats. Since the 1970s, the U.S. Coast Guard has allowed limited river barge operations in southern Lake Michigan. The U.S. inland river navigation system connects to the Great Lakes navigation system at Chicago. Through this gateway, river barge activity has developed into a significant trade serving heavy industry in that region.

Source: MDOT

Beneficial Use A general term used to describe alternatives for managing dredged material by focusing on its value as a resource and not as a waste.

Breakwater Structures constructed on coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect an anchorage from the effects of both weather and littoral drift.

Cabotage Refers to the Jones Act, also known as the Merchant Marine Act of 1920, section 27, which requires that freight originating at one port in the U.S. and terminating in another port in the U.S. must travel in vessels built in the U.S., owned by U.S. citizens, registered in the U.S., and manned by U.S. citizens.

Channel The buoyed, dredged, and policed fairway through which ships pass.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshore_drift


23

Confined Disposal Facility (CDF)

An engineered structure designed to provide the required storage volume for dredged material and to meet the required suspended solids in effluent released from the facility.

Deep Draft A navigable waterway used by merchant ships with loaded drafts of 14 to 60-plus feet. Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway “deep draft” is 26 feet, 6 inches, while ocean “deep draft” is typically 50-plus feet.

Dredging Involves periodic removal of accumulated bottom sediments from waterways to maintain adequate depth for safe and efficient vessel operations. It also is used as a way to replenish sand on some public beaches, where sand has been lost because of coastal erosion.

Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System

A deep draft waterway extending 2,340 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the head of the Great Lakes, in the heart of North America. Includes 13 Canadian and two U.S. locks.

Laker Vessel designed to transport dry bulk cargo in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway System. Constructed to withstand weather, wave action and ice conditions unique to the Great Lakes.


Littoral Drift Consists of the movement of sediments along a coast at an angle to the shoreline, which is dependent on prevailing wind direction and swash. This process occurs in the littoral zone, and in or close to the surf zone.

Lock A channel where the water is raised or lowered to allow boats to travel between water bodies with different elevations.



24

Marine Terminals Parcels of land, generally adjacent to the waterway, that have adequate structures and equipment to load, unload, or store marine cargoes or passengers.

Navigation Channel A deeper channel cut into the lake or river bed to enable larger ships to pass through to a port.

Ocean-Going (“Saltie”) Designed to handle either dry bulk or breakbulk cargo, and might carry a cargo of steel products into the Great Lakes and export a cargo of bulk grain. Salties are designed to handle both lake and ocean conditions and may operate almost anywhere in the world.


Port Generally a harbor and terminal facilities. A location on a navigable body of water where commodities are shipped and received by water vessels.

Seawaymax Vessels constructed to take advantage of the maximum capacity of the entire St. Lawrence Seaway. These vessels measure 740 feet in length and 78 feet in width, and have a draft of 26.5 feet.

Sedimentation Process by which any particulate matter is transported by fluid flow and deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid.

Self-Unloaders A type of Laker equipped with technology that enables the crew to unload the vessel without the need for shore-side personnel or equipment. Self-unloading vessels are distinctive in appearance and feature a large steel boom extending down the deck from the ship’s superstructure. When unloading, cargo is released through gates at the bottom of the cargo hold onto conveyor belts running below. Bulk material is carried along the conveyor belts and lifted or “gearless” up and out onto the adjacent dock via the pivoting boom.


Short-Sea Shipping Describes operations between ports along a single coast or involving a short sea crossing also referred to as “marine highway.”


25

Soo Locks A series of locks located between Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario (hence the nickname “Soo”). The largest lock chamber is 1,200 feet long by 110 feet wide by 32 feet deep. Several ships have been constructed to take full advantage of these dimensions (see “1,000-footer”).


Straight-Deckers A handful of Lakers do not feature self-unloading technology and are referred to as “straight deckers” or “bulkers.” These vessels require shore-side equipment, such as a gantry crane to unload cargo.

Tankers Designed to carry liquid bulk cargo, such as petroleum products. Most tankers operating on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway System are designed exclusively for Great Lakes service; however, several have the capability to operate overseas.


Truck Ferry The Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry is one of the few ferry services of its kind, and is a crossing primarily for hazardous materials (HAZMAT) or oversize/overweight (OS/OW) trucks between Windsor and La Salle in Ontario, and Detroit and the Downriver communities in Michigan.


U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Federal agency responsible for operations and maintenance work within the federal harbor system, including the navigation channels, breakwaters, and locks.


26

Air Terminology

Belly Cargo Air freight carried in the belly below the main deck of a passenger aircraft.

Cargo Service Airports Airports that, in addition to any other air transportation services that may be available, are served by aircraft providing air transportation of only cargo with a total annual landed weight of more than 100 million pounds.

Commercial Service Airport Publicly owned airports that have at least 2,500 passenger boardings each calendar year and receive scheduled passenger service.


For More Information

Michigan Department of TransportationBureau of Transportation Planning

425 W. Ottawa St.P.O. Box 30050

Lansing, MI 48909

517-241-4819

freight primer: an introduction to freight modes in michigan

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