FRENCH-ENGLISH RELATIONSSS 11

God Save the Queen (standard version)

God save our gracious Queen, Long live our noble Queen, God save the Queen: Send her victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign over us: God save the Queen. O Lord, our God, arise, Scatter her enemies, And make them fall. Confound their politics, Frustrate their knavish tricks, On Thee our hopes we fix, God save us all. Thy choicest gifts in store, On her be pleased to pour; Long may she reign: May she defend our laws, And ever give us cause To sing with heart and voice God save the Queen

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwYi23vvN8c&feature=related

Quebec: From Nationalism to Separation

Since the mid-30s, many key political events in the province of Quebec and in its relations with the rest of Canada have revolved around the notion that this is a unique province striving to gain greater control over its own affairs.

Learning Outcome

To assess the impact of Quebec Nationalism on Canadian Unity

What events have caused a Francophone/Anglophone division in Canada?

The Roots of Quebec Nationalism

Since the mid-30s, many key political events in the province of Quebec and in its relations with the rest of Canada have revolved around the notion that this is a unique province striving to gain greater control over its own affairs.

The Roots of Quebec Nationalism

Quebec nationalism took root in the 30s under the government of Maurice Duplessis.Duplessis was a firm believer in a traditional French culture dominated by the Church and State

The Roots of Quebec Nationalism

•The Quiet Revolution was a period of tremendous change in Quebec•In the 60s, Quebec’s desire to control its own affairs, separate from the rest of Canada intensified•The 70s gave rise to a violent separatist movement in Quebec (Front de Liberation du Quebec~FLQ)—some Quebeckers, impatient for change, resorted to terrorists acts in an effort to bring about a Quebec separation from Canada

The Roots of Quebec Nationalism

•Underlying all these events was the belief by many in Quebec that theirs was a unique province, an island apart from English Canada.•Quebec nationalism and the rise of the separatist movement have dominated Quebec’s relations with the federal government and the rest of Canada for decades•The Quebec issue remains unsolved to this day.

Read “Duplessis Era” p. 191

What are the key points of this section that highlight the promotion of Quebec Nationalism under Duplessis leadership?•Introduced the new flag (fleur-de-lis) for Quebec•He fiercely opposed the growing powers of the federal government•The Roman Catholic Church urged Quebeckers to turn their backs on English-speaking ways•The Church also ran the whole school system, educating Quebeckers in French ways and beliefs.

Duplesis Era•Quebec Premier Marurice Duplessis

•Leader: Union Nationale•1936-39, 1944 – 1959

•QUEBEC NATIONALIST!

•Roman Catholic Church – Huge influence on Quebec at this time

•Encouraged Business – but businesses expected to give “kickbacks” to Union Nationale Party – eg Corruption

Premier LesageRead: “Quiet Revolution” p 192 from textWhat events caused a Francophone/Anglophone division in Canada?

Premier LesageQuiet Revolution – A time for change in Quebec

Lesage stamped out corruption of Duplessis Era

Wages and Pensions were raised

Quebec Government took over education and health care from Roman Catholic Church

Restrictions on Trade Unions Removed

Quick WriteOut of the events contributing to Quebec’s Nationalism, which had the greatest division of Canada?

Modernization of QuebecMid 1960’s

•Quebec modernizes economy, politics, education and culture

Students Required to take more Science and Technology

Masters in Our Own House!

GoalTo strengthen Quebec’s control on its own economy

•Government “nationalized” (Bought out) hydro-electric companies creating a large provincial monopoly on power.

PM Pierre Elliot Trudeau

“We wish nothing more, but we will accept nothing less. Masters in our own house we must be, but our house is the whole of Canada.”

 Pierre Elliott Trudeau

FLQ Front de Liberation du QuebecA Left-Wing, Nationalist and Socialist Para-Military Group in Quebec (wikipedia)Known outside of Quebec as Terrorists

They would blow up Canadian Federal Symbols and also kidnap and kill people..

FLQ Fire Bombs1963 - 1970

March 1963 – 3 Canadian Army Buildings in Montreal Firebombed

Many Federal Canadian Symbols were still very British..

Current Post Box

Montreal ExpoMost successful World’s Fair of the 20th Century- 50 Million Visitors!Celebrated Canada’s 100th Birthday

Expo 67 Charles De GaulleVisiting French President De Gaulle makes the following statement at Canada’s 100th Birthday Celebration

«Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!« Translation - Long Live Montreal, Long Live Quebec, Long Live Quebec Liberation…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaZFvfdietk

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (mid 1960’s)Lester Pearson – Believed Canada

would split up if French Canadiens were not made to feel accepted in Canada.

Bi and Bi commission recommends Canada become officially bilingual and Pearson supports this.

Evolution of Canada’s Flag

Canadian Flag 1868 - 1921Britain’s Union Jack

Canada’s Flag 1951 - 1957

Canada’s Red Ensign 1957 - 1965

Evolution of Canada’s Flag

Pearson’s Favourite“The Pearson Pennant”

Recommended 1946

1964 Version of Canadian Flag

Current Flag 1965 – Present

Pierre Elliott Trudeau

PM Trudeau (Liberal) passed the Official Languages Act – all Federal Government agencies required to provide services in both English and French

Trudeau did not want special status for Quebec

Official Languages Act (1969)

Canada becomes officially a bilingual country!

May 7, 1977 Trudeau spins a pirouette behind the back of Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.

October Crisis 1970 (FLQ)

•October 5, 1970 – The FLQ kidnapped British diplomat James Cross. The FLQ are demanding release of FLQ “political” prisoners.

•October 10, 1970 – The FLQ kidnapped Quebec provincial Labour Minister, Pierre Laporte.

War Measures ActTrudeau imposed the War Measures Act to deal with the FLQ crisis.Suspension of Civil Rights – detention without charges is enabled.

Canadian troops sent to patrol the streets in Ottawa and Montreal.

Trudeau “Just Watch Me...”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7_a2wa2dd4

FLQ Murder Laporte

James Cross (British Diplomat) was released by the FLQ in return for safe passage to Cuba.

Laporte was strangled and stuffed into the

trunk of a car

Multiculturalism Policy (1971)

Trudeau introduces official Canadian multiculturalism Policy. This policy encourages groups to express their cultures. Intended to promote unity and prevent racism.

Parti QuebecoisSeparatist Provincial Party 1976 – PQ wins Quebec

Election and Rene Levesque (leader) promises a referendum on Quebec sovereigntyPQ – Ultimate Goal is Quebec Separation

Parti QuebecoisSeparatist Provincial Party Levesque fights for

separation from the rest of Canada as French are dissatisfied with its place in English dominated Canada

After taking power in Quebec in 1976, the Parti Quebecois passed Bill 101, the Charter of the French Language...What did the Charter do?

Bill 101

Bill 101 – Charter of the French Language in Quebec

•All government business must be in French

•All outdoor signs must be in French

•Children of Immigrants required to learn French

Quebec Referendum* 1980*A referendum is a vote on a single political issue.

The Parti Quebecois had voters in Quebec vote to leave Canada… or did they?

The PQ had the referendum question worded as to whether or not Quebec should enter into a Sovereignty Association with Canada..*Nobody knew what this meant – Was it Quebec independence or not?

‘non’ to sovereignty40 % Said yes to Sovereignty

Association60% Said No

Start of Patriation of Constitution (1980)Canada’s constitution was called the BNA Act (British North America) and was located in London, England.

Trudeau wanted to bring the Constitution home so that Canadians could change it – eg. Add the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Quebec was worried about this because Bill 101 would probably not be allowed if people had rights and freedoms...

Kitchen CompromiseNovember 4, 1981 National Conference Centre – Sask and Ontario and Jean Chretien hammer out a deal in the middle of the night to repatriate constitution and have a charter of rights and freedoms.

9/10 Premiers are “awakened” to sign the deal. (They let Quebec’s Premier Levesque sleep in...)“notwithstanding clause was added so that any province could create laws that would override the Charter of Rights and Freedoms if they wanted to…”Amending Formula was also added 7/10 provinces with 50% of the population of Canada could change the constitution

Constitution Act 1982

April 17, 1982 Queen Elizabeth signs the Canadian Constitution Act – Finally Canada is truly Autonomous from Britain.

Quebec Refuses to Sign the Canadian Constitution.

Quebec felt betrayed...

Flags across Quebec fly at Half Mast..

The Constitutional DebateTrudeau finally convinced nine out of 10 provinces to accept a new Constitution with a built-in Charter of Rights and FreedomsThe next step was to try to convince Quebec to accept the Constitution as well.

Two attempts were made…Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord

Unfortunately, both attempts failed, creating more bitterness in Quebec and the West

Brian Mulroney Becomes Conservative Prime MinisterMulroney wants

Quebec to sign the Constitution – Biggest Mistake of his career

Meech Lake Accord, 1987

KEY PROVISIONS: Mulroney proposes amendments to the Constitution to recognize Quebec as a “Distinct Society” and to give all provinces veto* power over constitutional change..

*Veto= the power to say no (Remember the 7/10 50% Amending Formula

Meech Lake Accord, 1987

Three Key Terms of the Accord:1. Quebec would be recognized as a

distinct society2. Aborignial people would have the

right to self-government3. Every province would be given the

same number of elected Senators

Death of Meech Lake, 1990•Manitoba and Newfoundland withdraw support for Meech Lake Accord.

•Elijah Harper – stops the Manitoba legislature holding an eagle feather and he stalls the Manitoba legislature from ratifying Meech Lake.

•If the First Nations are not distinct – neither is Quebec..

Sign Law 1988Supreme Court of Canada rules in 1988 that Quebec’s French only sign law is unconstitutional...

The Supreme Court also said that any signs using English must have French also and that it must be twice as big as the English...

Not a Santa Convention

Bloc Quebecois

BQ Created by Lucien Bouchard in reaction to Meech Lake’s FailureThis is a Federal Separatist Party—their platform was to break up Canada

Charlottetown AccordMulroney tries again to get Quebec to sign the constitution and make every province and group in Canada happy.A Canada wide referendum was held in 1992.

Charlottetown Accord promised to•Recognize Quebec as distinct•First nations as Distinct•To Reform the Senate•Aboriginal Self Government

55% of Canadians said no to Charlottetown – British Columbians thought it gave too much power to Quebec...

Parti Quebecois Back in Power

1994 – PQ under Jacques Parizeau wins election in Quebec

Premier Parizeau calls for a Referendum in 1995

Do you agree that Québec should become sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Québec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?

The Question asked of Quebeckers

October 30, 1995 49.4 % of Quebeckers voted yes to independence/ 50.6 % Voted no.

‘non’ for sovereignty"It is true, it is true that we were beaten, but in the end, by what? By money and ethnic votes, essentially." Jacques Parizeau (PQ Leader)

Bouchard Leaves Federal Politics in 1996

He becomes the leader of the Parti Quebecois gets flesh eating disease and leaves politics altogether...

Clarity Bill 1998

PM Jean Chretien asks the Supreme Court of Canada to create a clarity law so that future referendums on sovereignty are clear about the terms on which the province of Quebec would be allowed to separate...no room for error

•The Supreme Court of Canada concluded that the National Assembly, legislature or government of Quebec do not have, either under Canadian law or international law, the right to effect the secession of Quebec from Canada unilaterally.

•However, the court also emphasized that the rest of Canada would have a political obligation to negotiate Quebec's separation if a clear majority of that province's population voted in favour of it.

What does the slogan on Quebec’s License Plate Mean?

“I Remember”