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Freshwater Environments: Lakes and ponds Rivers and streams Wetlands Estuaries P. 90-93 Saltwater Environments: Pelagic zone (the water column) Benthic zone (the ocean floor) P. 94-95

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Bioluminescence Bioluminescence PAGE 98!

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Species examples Vertebrates: Invertebrates: Microorganisms: Plants:

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Bioindicator species Species that are found in and around water systems can help us determine how healthy the water is (the quality of the water) We call these species bioindicator species because they help to indicate the health of the water system

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Examples of bioindicator species: http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Enviro-imprints/Science- Ideas-and-Concepts/Bioindicators Worms Lichen Algae Frogs

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Abiotic Abiotic (non-living) factors that affect plant and animal distribution: 1. Temperature Different species prefer different temperatures.

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2. Dissolved Oxygen Colder water contains more dissolved oxygen.

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3. Phosphates Essential nutrient for living things BUT too much (from pollution) can be detrimental.

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4. Increased acidity Acid precipitation (due to air pollution) falls into the water.

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Organisms have an acidity comfort-level and can die if the water becomes too acidic.

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5. Turbidity Cloudiness of the water (how much dirt is stirred up) can affect fish's ability to take up oxygen from the water.

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6. Pollution Point sources (specific source) ex: landfill leak, factory waste water

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Non-point sources (many sources) ex: pesticides, runoff from city streets

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7. Upwelling (ocean only) Vertical movement of water from the ocean floor caused by wind on the surface. Stirs up

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When trying to determine levels of water pollution, why do you think bioindicator species are more reliable than abiotic testing?