Frisian & Low FranconianIngvæonism, Continental West Germanic & You

The Frisians

First mentioned by the Romans (Frisii)

North Sea Germanic by designation

First famous for their "terpen"

Frisian Contact

When the Angles & Saxons went to England, they couldn't have helped going through Frisian territory

Some went along

This emptying of space allowed for Frisian expansion

Old Frisian

Much like the Saxons, the Frisians were eventually taken over by the Franks

Frisian territory ultimately wound up split between Holland, Germany and Denmark

Old Low FranconianOld Low Franconian is one of several Franconian languages, including many of the High German dialects

It is distinguished by two features:

Absence of the High German 2nd Consonant Shift

Ingvæonisms

Ingvæonic?

Features of Ingvæonic

Nasal loss with compensatory lengthening (Nasalschwund mit Ersatzdehnung)

German Frisianfünf fiif "five"sanft sacht "soft"uns us "us"

Features of Ingvæonic

Germ. Schaf, Dutch schaap N. Hollands scheep, Frisian schiep = i.e. *ā> Ingvæonic ē

Loss of [l]: *ald > alt, old but Dutch oud, goud, soud

You also see this feature in things like Gans / gōs

More Ingvæonic

Morphological Features of Ingvæonic

1.) -s plural 2.) 3rd pers. hi (developing from PIE *-is, whereas German uses *iz, which then rhotacises to er )3.) very early loss of acc./dat. distinction in first/second person pronouns -- mi/di4.) is instead of ist5.) -schaft not represented by -schap but rather by -schip/-ship

Old Dutch

hebban olla vogala nestas bagunnan hinase hic ende thu wat unbiddan uue nu

“all birds have begun their nests except for I and you what do we expect now”