frog dissection - mr. t science · amphibian characteristics moist, thin skin without scales...
TRANSCRIPT
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Frog Dissection
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Scientists believe
other vertebrates
evolved from BONY
LOBE-FINNED fish
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Scientific American; Dec 2005; Vol 293; p100-107
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TIK-TAALIK Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods
• Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers
• Earliest fish with a neck
• Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction.jpg
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AMPHIBIAN
CHARACTERISTICS
Moist, thin skin without scales
Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult
Feet without claws
Respiration with gills, lungs, skin, mouth
Closed 2 loop circulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes
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http://users.erols.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html
http://www.spekulantenguide.de/gifs/salamanderw.jpg
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FROG LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
AMPHIBIA “double life”
ANURA “without a tail”
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Thin, moist skin – no scales
Mucous glands make it “slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands
http://www-binf.bio.uu.nl/dutilh/hall/kikkers.html
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BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called
CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm
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ECTOTHERMIC
“cold blooded”
Body temperature is dependent on
surrounding environment
http://www.vanscyoc.net/randy/garden/wildlife/image4.htm
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HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION
Images from:
http://www.enc.org/Classroom_Calendar/CC_Units/Unit_Images/185.jpg
http://www.reptilis.org/pyxi/image5.htm
FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy
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Nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid) “swim goggles”
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
Nostrils = external nares
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All tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) have a middle ear with a tympanic membrane (= eardrum).
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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The major difference in the middle ear:
– Amphibians, reptiles, birds have a single ear bone (= columella)
– Mammals have three middle-ear bones
http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/images/anatomy/m-ear.gif
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NO CLAWS
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
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EXIT OPENINGS DIGESTIVE WASTE (feces) = _________________ EXCRETORY & REPRODUCTIVE EXIT = _____________________________ (Urine & eggs OR Urine & sperm)
ANUS
UROGENITAL PORE
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EXIT OPENINGS
OPENING SHARED BY
EXCRETORY,
REPRODUCTIVE,
& DIGESTIVE =
________
VENT
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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What sex is it?
Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
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Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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AMPLEXUS “firm embrace”
Sperm and egg released @ same time and place
Increases chances of external fertilization Image from: http://portal.isis.org/partners/AARK/YOTF%20Campaign%20Pack%20images/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=336
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TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!
Imagse from:
http://www.animationlibrary.com
http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology.htm
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Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
PHARYNX Muscular Back of throat Pulls food into digestive system
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EUSTACHIAN TUBES Connect ears to back of throat
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
GLOTTIS Opening to respiratory system
GULLET Opening to digestive system
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MAXILLARY & VOMERINE TEETH
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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INTERNAL NARES
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
http://whatdidyoubringme.homestead.com/files/Tshirts/Herp/amphibian/images_lg/Frog251.jpg
Allows frog to breathe with mouth closed!
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Image from http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
Cut through skin first Then abdominal muscle Watch for squirting!
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Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
LOTS OF BLOOD VESSELS for gas exchange CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
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Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
OVARY- Make eggs If yours looks like this . . . trade for a new frog
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FAT BODIES
Store fat for
energy during:
Hibernation
Estivation
Breeding
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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LIVER • Make bile to break down fats
• Store glycogen • Store vitamins • Process toxins (including nitrogen waste for kidneys)
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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STOMACH
Add acid
Start digestion
Grind/mash
food
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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GALL BLADDER
Storage sac under liver
Stores bile made by liver Used in small
intestine Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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PANCREAS
http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/go/frog/organs/home.html
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Pancreas (enlarged)
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PANCREAS:
Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
TRYPSIN- breaks down proteins
INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from
bloodstream as glycogen
GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored
glucose to blood stream
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Mesentery holds intestines together
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
Split up intestine
functions
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
INTESTINE
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• Bile/trypsin added
• Finish digesting
• Absorb nutrients
VILLI-increase surface area for
more absorption
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
SMALL INTESTINE
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_images/107%20villi.jpg
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Removes water
from feces
Collects/concentrates
digestive waste
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
LARGE INTESTINE
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DUODENUM-
Add bile/trypsin
Finish digestion
ILEUM-
Finish digestion
Absorb nutrients
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
SMALL INTESTINE
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CLOACA Shared collecting space for
DIGESTIVE EXCRETORY REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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STOMACH
What’s for lunch? Cut open your stomach
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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STOMACH
RUGAE- Rough folds inside stomach
allow expansion
help to break down food
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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PYLORIC SPHINCTER CONTROLS passage of food from stomach into duodenum (intestine)
http://www.health.auckland.ac.nz/departments/neurophysiology/public/teaching/alimentary_lectures/datashow/1-overview/gfx/pylorus.jpg
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BLOOD CELL FACTORY
Makes, stores,
processes
worn out
red blood cells
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
SPLEEN
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10 Body Systems : ___________________
Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
Nitrogen waste has different chemical forms:
___________ __________ _____________ MOST TOXIC made from LEAST TOXIC
ammonia by needs the least liver water to dilute
FISH HUMANS BIRDS, REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
EXCRETORY
AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID
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ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME! DIGESTIVE waste-
left over from undigested food travels through digestive system
leaves through digestive system as feces
EXCRETORY waste- (Also called NITROGEN WASTE) made by cells from break down of proteins
travels through blood stream
leaves through excretory system as
ammonia, urea, or uric acid
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Diagram by: Riedell
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Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
KIDNEYS- •Remove nitrogen waste from blood and dilute it with water to make urine; •Osmoregulation •Adult frogs excrete as UREA TO CONSERVE WATER
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URINARY BLADDER
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
STORES URINE MADE BY KIDNEYS LARVAE (Tadpoles) Excrete AMMONIA like fish Adult frogs excrete UREA to conserve water
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CLOACA Shared collecting space for
DIGESTIVE EXCRETORY REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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OVARIES Make eggs
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Carry eggs to cloaca
Add jelly coating
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OVARY without eggs
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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TESTES-makes sperm VAS DEFERENS-tubules that carry sperm to cloaca
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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AMPLEXUS “firm embrace”
Sperm and egg released @ same time and place
Increases chances of external fertilization Image from: http://portal.isis.org/partners/AARK/YOTF%20Campaign%20Pack%20images/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=336
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INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
Grow legs; Lose tail 2 chambers 3 chambers 1 loop 2 loops Breathe w/ gills lungs & skin Excrete ammonia excrete urea (gills & kidneys) (kidneys)
http://saczoo.com/3_kids/images
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THYROID GLAND makes THYROXIN to control heart rate, metabolism, and METAMORPHOSIS
http://saczoo.com/3_kids/images
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Ways tadpoles are like fish
Have a LATERAL LINE Breathe with gills Excrete nitrogen waste as AMMONIA (with gills & kidneys)
Have a 2 chamber heart Have a 1 loop circulatory system
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/L.littlejohni_tadpole.jpg/800px-L.littlejohni_tadpole.jpg
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Pericardial membrane around heart
Mesentery holds intestines together
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
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LUNGS: GAS EXCHANGE
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif
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BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION
Frogs PUSH AIR INTO LUNGS = POSITIVE PRESSURE
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm
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Larvae breathe with GILLS
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/L.littlejohni_tadpole.jpg/800px-L.littlejohni_tadpole.jpg
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HEART 3 chambers 2 loops
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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HEART
3 chambered heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Ventricle
Image from: http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/froggallery.html
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Images from: http://www2.volstate.edu/msd/BIO/1020/Lab7ChordateII.htm
ADULT FROG:
3 chamber heart
2 loop system
TADPOLES & FISH:
2 chambered heart
1 loop system
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MOST vertebrates have nuclei
in their RBC’s
RBCs’ image from:
http://www.fish-news.com/RG4001.jpg
Human RBC image from:
http://www.nigms.nih.gov/moleculestomeds/images/bloodcells.gif
MAMMALS DON’T
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Sinus
venosus
Atrium
Ventricle Conus
arteriosus
BODY
organs
GILLS
FISH CIRCULATION
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Sinus
venosus
RIGHT
Atrium
Ventricle Conus
arteriosus
Lungs
Body
organs
LEFT
Atrium
FROG CIRCULATION
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Sinus
venosus
RIGHT
Atrium
Ventricle Conus
arteriosus
Lungs
Body
organs
LEFT
Atrium
FROG CIRCULATION
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SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Kidneys = renal
Heart = coronary
Liver = hepatic
LUNGS = Pulmonary
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BRAIN
http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm