from individuals to social and vice-versa
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From individuals to social and vice-versa. André Campos Utrecht University, The Netherlands Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil Frank Dignum, Virginia Dignum Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Motivation. Different approaches in social simulation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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From individuals to social and vice-versa
André CamposUtrecht University, The Netherlands
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Frank Dignum, Virginia DignumUtrecht University, The Netherlands
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Motivation
Different approaches in social simulation Micro-models aim to see emergent properties in the macro
levels Macro-models do not take individuals into account Micro-macro models usually aim to:
• Validate macro behaviors through adequade micro-models• Limit emergence through constraints in the macro-model
Micro and macro behavior are deeply related Micro influences macro, which influences micro, which influences
macro, which influences...
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Objectives
To design a framework where the cyclical behavior (micro-macro) can be studied
Sub-goals To define a generic agent architecture able to represent the
impact of social influences on individuals To define (or reuse) a generic social framework able to be
adapted according to the individuals To define a way in which both levels of abstraction influence
each other
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Processes of social influences
Based on the work of H.Kelman (social psychologist) Social influence can be expressed through 3 processes:
Compliance: occurs when an individual wants to attain a favorable reaction from the other
Identification: occurs when an individual wants to establish or maintain a satisfying relationship to the other
Internalization: occurs in order to maintain the equivalent correspondence of actions and beliefs with his or her own value system
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Social influence in social elements
Tasks that all social elements* perform as they negotiate their social environment
Protect and promote their interests: it is related to the Compliance process (rewards or punishments)
Establish and maintaint their relationships: it is related to the Identification process (roles and depedencies and what is expected from them)
Affirm and express their identities: it is related to the Internalization process (sharing of values)
* individuals, groups, organizations, societies,…
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Meso layer and the social influence
The meso layer is a way to facilitate the model translation between micro and macro
Includes Norms Social structures Cultural backgrounds
It can be seen as an organizational approach of the society (Goals, roles etc.)
We’ve applied of social influence studies in the micro-meso interface
+ -
Adapted from (Dignum et al. 2008)
micr
om
eso
mac
ro
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Rules, roles, and values
To protect interests, it is necessary Rules To maintaint relationship, it is necessary Roles To express identities, it is necessary Values Individual and social systems are integrated by:
The adherence of their rules The involvement in their roles The sharing of their values
Examples of conflicts of rules, roles, and values A couple in a working environment where it is forbidden
couples working together A man who wants to contribute to his country but was invited
to figth in a war that he is against
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Social enactments
The conflicts (or the absence of them) help to model different attitudes regarding role enactments Social enactment: the individual gives priority to its role’s goals Selfish enactment: the individual gives priority to its own goals Maximally social enactment: the individual ignores its own
goals for the duration of the role enactment Maximally selfish enactment: the individual ignores the role’s
goals
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Meso and micro social influence
Group says:”These are my rules that you must follow when playing these roles to me in order to bring or maximize some shared values”.
Group
Rules
Values
Individual
RolesValues
From meso to micro
Group
Values
Individual
RolesValues
From micro to meso
Rules
Individual says:”These are my rules that I will follow as a member of group playing these roles to me in order to bring or maximize some shared values ”.
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The meso layer
Based on a subset of the OperA framework Organizational model
• Social structure• Normative structure
Social model• Social contract
It can be extended to introduce links between Norms and goals (a norm exists for a reason) Goals and values (a goal exists for maximizing a value)
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The micro layer
It is necessary to represent the impact of the social on the individuals and what impacts on the social level
Human behavior as a conjunction of Reasoning (decision-making) Emotions Personality Personal values (cultural background, ethical or moral beliefs
etc.)
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Elements of an agent architecture
Reasoning BDI-like decision-making process It can easily express the elements of social influence (e.g.
interests are goals in the BDI approach) Emotions
OCC model (Ortony-Clore-Collins model) It is an exclusively cognitive approach (emotions as a reaction
from a perceived situations) Personality
MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) It can be easily adapted to model processes rather than
contents
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The agent architecture
Decision making component
Social component
Emotional component
Beliefs Emotions
Inference Deliberation Self-evaluation
Perception Action
ValuesRules Roles
Compliance Identification Internalization
plan
possible worlds
Personality
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General overview
Emotions and goals drive the “possible worlds” reasoning Emotions are a result from the
Perceived social environment Possible worlds foreseen
Social component is responsible for identifying conflicts with personal and social rules, roles, and values
Personality model how the processes are performed Sensing vs. Intuition Thinking vs. Feeling
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The cognitive process (1)
Decision making component
Social component
Emotional component
Beliefs Emotions
Inference Deliberation Self-evaluation
Perception Action
ValuesRules Roles
Compliance Identification Internalization
plan
possible worlds
Personality
How the agent perceive the world?
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The cognitive process (2)
Decision making component
Social component
Emotional component
Beliefs Emotions
Inference Deliberation Self-evaluation
Perception Action
ValuesRules Roles
Compliance Identification Internalization
plan
possible worlds
Personality
How this perceived world impact on the agent vision?
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The cognitive process (4)
Decision making component
Social component
Emotional component
Beliefs Emotions
Inference Deliberation Self-evaluation
Perception Action
ValuesRules Roles
Compliance Identification Internalization
plan
possible worlds
Personality
Which emotions may be raised from this impact?
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The cognitive process (5)
Decision making component
Social component
Emotional component
Beliefs Emotions
Inference Deliberation Self-evaluation
Perception Action
ValuesRules Roles
Compliance Identification Internalization
plan
possible worlds
Personality
What can happens?
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The cognitive process (6)
Decision making component
Social component
Emotional component
Beliefs Emotions
Inference Deliberation Self-evaluation
Perception Action
ValuesRules Roles
Compliance Identification Internalization
plan
possible worlds
Personality
What the agent can do?
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Limited possible worlds reasoning
W00
W01
W01.1 W0
1.2
W02
W10
W11
W11.1 W1
1.2
W12
W10
W11
W11.1 W1
1.2
W12
W12.1 W1
2.2
W12.1.1 W1
2.1.2
t0 t1
Wi0
Wia,b..
Wia,b..
Wia,b..
ti - Virtual time iteration- Current perceived world (on iteration i)
- Possible worlds nodes in a hierarchical branch structure- World state that accomplishes the agent goals
- World state where the agent emotional focus is
Node expansion
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A general algorithm
while aliveS = get stimuli (outer world)B = update beliefs (S, T)I = evaluate impact (B, Ru, Ro, Va)E = update emotions (B, I, T)repeat
W = review possible worlds (B, P, E, I, T, A)
E = update emotions (B, I, T)until not(panic(E)) or has to react (B, T)if empty(P) v ¬achievable(P,W) v
reconsider(P,B)D = gather desires (Ru, Ro, Va, E, P,
T)I = define intention (B, D, I, T)P = generate plan (W, I, A, T)
execute action (P, A)
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Final remarks Work in progress (high level of abstraction) Example of possible applications
Study of social/group policies on the individuals Study of group dynamics (e.g. group formation) Study of insurgent movements
Next steps Formalization and implementation (2APL) Development of a simulation scenario
Integration with other IS works Complex scenarios using personality-based negotiations Importing OperA models to compose the meso-layer 2APL plugins for planning over the possible worlds
... Suggestions?