fs = fire safe...imerol xni 1-2 gpl dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl sandozin mrn / hostapal mrn or...

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Permanently flame retardant high performance Polyesters (staple-fibres and filaments) from FS = FIRE SAFE

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Page 1: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

Permanently flame retardant high performance Polyesters (staple-fibres and filaments)

from

FS = FIRE SAFE

Page 2: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

WHAT IS RECRON® FS?

• New brand of flame-retardant polyester for global

homes textiles, upholstery and interior markets

• Launched at MoOD 2017 at Brussels, Belgium

• 360 degree support in terms of trademark service,

technical support and marketing support

• Extensive promotions in trade fairs, magazines,

conferences etc.

Page 3: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES OF RECRON® FS

• Best among the class with phosphorous

content of 7500 ppm vs phosphorous content

of ~ 6300 ppm in other popular FR yarns

available

• LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) > 35 is possible subject

to all due care is followed

• Best tensile strength properties in the class ,

estimated improved strength by 10%

• Best whiteness compared to competition

• Wide Product range : POY / Textured / Fancy /

Spun / ATY / Chenille etc.

Page 4: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

LATEST POLYESTER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGYUSING “NOFIA”-FR-CHEMICALS FROM FRX-USA

“Nofia” injection(FR-chemical from FRX-USA)

Source: Chemicals and Petrochemicals Manufacturers Association of India

Page 5: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

RECRON-FS-TECHOLOGY WITH “NOFIA”

“Nofia” FR-chemicals

supplied by FRX polymers / USA

5

VP Dr. Ulrich Girrbach

Page 6: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

BURNING BEHAVIOUR OF RECRON-FS

• The phosphorous compound in the polyester chain has an important function. Fast flame propagation is due to radicals in the flame. The phosphorouscompound catches the radicals and thus interrupt the chain reaction andextinguish the flame.

Flame retardant

polyester fibre

phosphorous compound as part of the polyester chainradicals

6

Page 7: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

PRODUCT RANGE

Recron® FS Products Source

POY

130D/48F, 72F POY Direct

160D/48F, 72F POY Direct

260D/48F POY Direct

260D/72F, 144F POY Direct

520D/144F POY Direct

500D/96F POY Direct

Textured

75D/48F or 72F IM False Twist Text Direct

75D/48F, 72F Tex LIM False Twist Text Direct

155D/144F SD Tex LIM False Twist Text Direct

155D/48F, 72F GFT False Twist Text Direct

155D/72F, 144F HIM False Twist Text Direct

330D/96F Tex LIM False Twist Text Direct

330D/96F Tex HIM False Twist Text Direct

90D CTS - Fancy Irregular High Twist Direct

180D CTS - Fancy Irregular High Twist Direct

Fully Drawn Yarn (2 step)

75D/48F Draw Winder Partner Mills

150D/48F Draw Winder Partner Mills

300D/96F Draw Winder Partner Mills

Recron® FS Products Source

Air Textured YarnsPlain 170D - 2000D Plain Partner Mills

330D - 2000D Slub Partner Mills

Chenille

3.5 Nm Chenille Partner Mills

4.5 Nm Chenille Partner Mills

5 Nm Chenille Partner Mills

6 Nm Chenille Partner Mills

PSF1.5 D All Cut length Direct

3.0 D All Cut length Direct

Spun Yarn

1/8s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

1/10s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

1/20s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

1/30s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

1/40s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

2/8s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

2/10s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

2/20s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

2/30s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

2/40s Spun Yarn Partner Mills

„RECRON-FS-GREEN“ (recycled) will be launched in 2nd half of 2019

Page 8: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

PRICES

COMPETINGBRANDEDPRODUCT

NO-NAME-PRODUCT

Page 9: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

RECRON-FS IN EUROPE

• Germany

• UK

• France

• Italy

• Spain

• Portugal

• Belgium

• The Netherlands

• Sweden

• Denmark

• Norway

• Finland

• Switzerland

• Austria

• Poland

Page 10: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

RECRON-FS-BUSINESS-DEVELOPMENT andMARKETING IN EUROPE

Vienna, Austria

Page 11: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

DISTRIBUTORS FOR RECRON-FS in EUROPE

Belgium/NetherlandsCASA BLANCARakesh Kapila

Spain/PortugalHIMIESA

Jorge Pascual Ferrer

Germany/Austria/SwitzerlandHTC

Sebastian Holzer

Page 12: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

STOCK WITH DISTRIBUTORSIN EUROPE

Page 13: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

EU-FR-CERTIFICATES

Page 14: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

International FR-requirements are fulfilled

Page 15: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

FULL SUPPORT ALONG THE SUPPLY-CHAIN

for Recron FS Textiles

FR yarn

producerWeaver Finisher

Converter

JobberSpecifier User

Technical

Information

Technical

support

Technical

advice

Coop

advertising

market

information

Sales arguments

target group

Information,

social media

Professional

Media

PR, social

media

Technical

Information

Market

information

15

Page 16: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

SPINNERS

Page 17: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

FABRIC-MANUFACTURERS

Page 18: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

CONTRACT-AND RESIDENTIAL-JOBBERS

Page 19: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

HOME-FURNITURE-MANUFACTURERS

Page 20: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

OFFICE-FURNITURE-MANUFACTURERS

Page 21: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

ARCHITECTS

Page 22: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

HOTEL-CHAINS

Page 23: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

HOSPITAL-CONTRACTORS

Page 24: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

OUTFITTERS CONCERT HALLS, CINEMAS,…

Page 25: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

CAR MANUFACTURERS

Page 26: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

TRAIN-PRODUCERS

Page 27: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

BUS-PRODUCERS

Page 28: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

CRUISE-LINES

Page 29: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

AIRLINES

Page 30: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

RECRON-FS-BROCHURE

Page 31: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

RECRON-FS VIDEO

Page 32: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

RECRON-FS-Websitewww.recronfs.com

Page 33: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

HEIMTEXIL, Frankfurt 2018

Page 34: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

MoOD, Brussels, 2018

Page 35: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

CUSTOMER EVENTS

Gunjan SharmaCMO-RELIANCE

Reinhard BackhausenRecron-FS-Consultant

Page 36: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

SOCIAL MEDIA

• Facebook

• Instagram

• Google+

• Twitter

• YouTube

• Vimeo

Professional profiles on

Page 37: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

NEWSLETTERS + BLOGS

Page 38: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

MERCHANDISINGARTICLES

Page 39: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

RECRON-FS-TEAM

Page 40: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

Recron® FS – General Guidelines

Recron® FS is• Modified polyester with in-built inherent FR (Flame Retardent) properties• Softer in nature with better dye uptake• It is suggested to take precautions in different stages to ensure FR efficacy is

intact in the finished product*• All auxiliaries used in down stream processes should be thoroughly checked,

validated and must be easily washable from finished product. This is true even if the auxiliaries themselves possess flame retardant (FR) characteristics.

• Process to be to be tried first in lab, checked for product FR efficacy & then to be used in bulk processes

• Recron® FS has technologically superior efficacy; we suggest not to mix with FR products from other suppliers.

*All information shared in this document are indicative and these need to be adopted based upon the actual hardware

Page 41: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

Recron® FS POY & DTY

Recommendation for texturing1. Lower primary heater temperature by 5 – 10* C recommended2. T2 tension would be higher compared to regular3. Conning oil used must be easily washable during hot wash, mineral oils

are not recommended

Recommendation for Twisting1. Lower Winding tension is advised for Recron® FS2. Use proper oil which is easily washable, maximum < 1% on yarn for easy

removal in after processes3. Heat setting temperature around 90oC .4. Higher shrinkage in feed yarns needs softer packages for Dyeing

Page 42: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

Recron® FS: Dyeing

• Dyeing procedure is generally similar to regular polyester• Use standard disperse dyestuff for dyeing• Scouring process is important to remove external material, needs extra attention.• Suggest max Dyeing temp 125 ± 3 °C (to prevent hydrolytic damages)• Silicone based Defoamers / Softeners etc. must be avoided• Reduction clearing especially for Medium & Dark colors by using Hydro / Soda ash• Additives, auxiliaries and lubricants must be completely removable• Tentative FR Yarn package density can be 0.35+/-0.04• Cycle time of In-out 3 min & out-in 5 min is recommended

Caution- NOT to use Caustic or Oxalic acid- Final Product must be free of Silicon or any lubricant- Carriers MUST not be used

Page 43: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

Recron® FS Scouring

• Above information is based upon the effectiveness of Textile Auxiliaries (by Archoma). Similar productsfrom other suppliers may also be used.

• Depending upon the Textile construction and available machinery, technological adjustments may benecessary

Chemicals1 2 3 4

Scouring Hot washRinsing &

NeutralisationCold Rinsing

Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl

Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl

Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent

0.5-1 gpl

Soda Ash 1 gpl

Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl

Temperature 90oC 80oC 60oC / Ambient Ambient

Time 20 min 10 min 15 min 5 min

Page 44: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

Dyeing: Diagram

• Temp gradient from 50oC till 90oC is 1.5oC/min• Temp gradient from 90oC till 125oC is 1oC/min• Post Dyeing , hot blast (high temp. drain) would be preferred for Fibre / Yarn only

Page 45: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

Dyeing: Typical Recipe

• Disperse dyestuffs

1 - 2 g/l

0.5 g/l

1 - 2 g/l

Leomin OR

Levegal DLP

Sodium Acetate

levelling agent to be higher for lower depth.

as dispersing agent

as pH Buffer

to adjust pH to 4.51 – 2g/l Acetic acid

1. start dyeing at 50 °C2. heat to 90°C at 1.5 °C/min3. heat from 90 – 125°C at 1 °C/min4. dye for 30 to 45 minutes5. Do high temp drain to avoid oligomer deposition on Fibre/yarn

Page 46: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

Reduction Clearing

Treat for 20 minutes at 80 °C with:

• 4 g/l

• 3 g/l

• 0.5 g/l

• 0.3 g/l

Soda ash (not with caustic soda)

Sodium hydrosulphite

Sandozin MRN

Levegal DLP

1. Rinse twice at 80°C

2. Neutralize for 15minutes at 60 °C with acetic acid to achieve pH of 6-7

3. Rinse at 50 °C

During RC, pH to be maintained around 10.5After rinsing , it is suggested to boil a small sample in DM water

to confirm all Alkali from fabric are removed.

Page 47: FS = FIRE SAFE...Imerol XNI 1-2 gpl Dispersing agent 0.5-1.0 gpl Sandozin MRN / Hostapal MRN or equivalent non-ionic detergent 0.5-1 gpl Soda Ash 1 gpl Acetic Acid (60%) 0.5 gpl Temperature

After Treatment: Finishing

• To reduce friction on the fiber / yarn , it is necessary to apply lubricants after the dyeing which do not affect FR efficacy

• Lubricants and additives applied must be easily removable.

Treat for 20 minutes at 40°C with:

• 2 g/l Leomin KP

• 1 g/l Leomin OR

• Similar chemicals from other branded vendors can also be used to get the desired results.

• Silicon based products must be avoided at all stages of wet processing.