Unit 1Verbals and the Copula Inflected words are called verbals. Verbals are made up of verb stems + endings. is the copula; it is used to equate two nouns, A = B. The copula never occurs alone (though other verbals may); it is always preceded immediately by a noun and there is no pause between the noun and the copula.Particles /, /, / as for, in reference to:1. Follows the general topic (often one already under discussion) about which something new or significant is about to be stated or asked. .I am a student. .My name is James. ?Are you an American?2. Follows a topic which is being compared; A/ = A in comparison with (others) or Insofar as were talking about A: ?What are YOU doing? .ENGLISH I am studying.3. / never follows an interrogative word.

/ is the direct object marker for the inflected expression: ?What do [you] study? .[I] am studying Korean. .[He] teaches Japanese. .[She] speaks Chinese.

is the possessive particle; A B = As B or B of A. It is often pronounced / at high speed, and is usually contracted when attached to a vowel. () my name the name of the school Kims bookNouns and Noun Phrases Uninflected (only one form). Two or more nouns often make up noun phrases that are used as though they were one word:Single noun examples: , , Noun phrases: , , , A noun which may occur as a free form is called a free noun

Unit 2Formal Polite / Deferential SpeechFormal polite speech is used between adults who do not have a casual relationship.1D1Q1C1P

Ending | | | /

(go)

(come)

(learn)

(study)

(read)

(eat)

(know)

(do)

(ask)

(exist)

(teach)

(speak)

Particles /, /, /, emphasized subject particle .There is a school. [A school exists.] .That building is in the embassy. .I am studying Korean.

/ to, toward; indicates the direction of the inflected expression***NOTE: if follows , it is contracted to (i.e. ) with the double pronounced like an English l .[I] go to school. / [I]m going toward the school. Please come to the house. .Please go the left (side).

at, on, in, to; indicates static location (something is in, at, on a place) .Seoul is in Korea. ?Where is the Embassy? .A hotel is right ahead. .[I] have put the book on the desk.DeterminativesDeterminatives are followed by nominals and cannot appear by themselves. A determinative + a nominal = a noun phrase. this (thing) that (thing over there) that (the) building that man (mentioned previously) which department store which onethe right (direction)the left (direction)Post-Nouns (, , )Post-nouns only occur after determinatives, free nouns, or other modifier classes of words. this (thing) that man (h) (a) big onethe left (side) and is used to denote A = B, while means A exists. .[It] is a book. .This building is a school. .I am a teacher.

VS

. There is a book. [A book exists.] .There is an Embassy at Seoul.

***NOTE: a nominal / + preceded by a personal noun as a topic occurs to express that the personal noun has or possesses the nominal. .I have a book. [As for me a book exists.] ?Do you have a korean dictionary?, () .Yes, I have a watch.

Unit 3Future Tense -- is a suffix that indicates the future tense; in a statement it indicates the speakers intention for the future, and in a question it asks the addressee about his future intention or opinion. If the subject or topic of the sentence is not the speaker or addressee, the sentence which includes -- denotes an opinion or presumption about the subject or the topic in the sentence.() .I will go to school.() .I will study English.() ?What are you going to do? What will you do? ?Are you going to meet a friend? ?Will the school be near (do you think)? .Mr. Kim must be home (I suppose).Honorifics Whenever the subject and/or topic is honored, a verb suffix -- / - is added immediately after the stem and before other suffixes. The speaker may never honor himself; if the subject/topic is the speaker, -()- is not used. ?Where are [you] going? ?Where are [you] going? (h) ?Where will [you] go? ?Where will [you] go? (h)Negative One way of expressing negation in statements or questions are to place immediately before an inflected expression. (In some verbs, another form of negation must occur). .[I] dont go to school. .Mr. Kims not coming., .No, [I] dont teach.Particle from, at, in, onA place nominal + denotes either dynamic location (something happens in, at, on a place) or point of departure for the inflected expression. ( means happening -- = happening at) .Im coming from Seoul. .The school is far from the house. .We study in the classroom. .Ill meet a friend at the station.***NOTE: place nominal + may occur before , but not a place nominal + (happening at exists? Makes no sense.)

Particle toA place nominal followed by (go) or (come) indicates the direction of the action of the inflected expression. It indicates a specific direction, as opposed to () which indicates a general direction or a direction chosen from a limited set of options. .Im going to school. .Please come to my house. ?Will you go to the station? .Mr. Kim is not coming to America.

Unit 4Informal Polite Speech (or Polite Speech) Polite speech is no less polite than deferential speech, but it is friendlier/more casual. All sentence types -- declarative, interrogative, imperative, propositive -- end in in the polite style.

VerbStem1D--2D--

(do)

(study)

(pass by)

(exist)

(learn)

(teach)

(read)

(ask)

(go)

(to be so) /

(know)

(look for)

(be far)

(meet)

(come)

(buy)

(stop by)

(look at) /

(be expensive)

(cheap)

(sell)

(like)

(want)

(be good)

(give)

(eat)

(die)

(hold)

(wear)

(be wide)

(comb) /

(not exist) /

(take off article)

(ache, be sick)

(be narrow)

(be high)

(roast)

(place, put)

(be easy)

(be difficult)

(be near)

(be beautiful)

(to be far)

(to be long)

(live)

(make)

(not know)

(be different)

(call)

(flow)

Past Tenses Simple Past -- used to designate any action or description which has been finished before the speech takes place; formed by adding to the infinitive form. Remote Past -- denotes an action which was done or happened a relatively long time ago, or a description of a condition which ended a relatively long time ago; also used to indicate the more remote of two or more past actions or descriptions occurring in the same context; formed by adding -- to the simple past form.

VerbStem1D--2D--1Ds