1

FS22 The Middle East in the Age of Empire, 1830-1971 Bibliography General readings: William Cleveland and Martin Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East (Boulder:

Westview, 4th ed., 2009)—also now available online. Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples (London: Faber, 1991)—classic, erudite, and

excellent for placing the modern period against a longer durée. ___________ , Mary C. Wilson and Philip Khoury (eds), The modern Middle East : a reader

(London: I.B. Tauris, 1993, 2nd ed. 2004)—some useful and now classic articles in the field.

Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History (London: Penguin, 2011)—pithy, accessible, and the most recent general study; excellent for the political dimension.

M.E. Yapp, The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792-1923 (London: Longman, 1987). M.E. Yapp, The Near East since the First World War (London: Longman, 1991)—both

volumes are very good reference works, organised by theme and country case. Good for getting a grasp of the social, economic, and political course of events.

Documentary readers: Cameron Michael Amin, Benjamin C. Fortna, and Elizabeth B. Frierson, eds, The Modern

Middle East: A Sourcebook for History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). J.C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Reader,

vol. 1, European Expansion 1535-1914 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975). J.C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Reader,

vol. 2, British-French Supremacy, 1914-1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979). Week 1: Introduction: History, geography, historiography. Primary sources (class) Travellers: Edward W. Lane, An account of the manners and customs of the modern Egyptians : written

in Egypt during the years, 1833-1835 (London: John Murray, 1860 [1836]), esp. chs 5-7 on domestic life.

Susan Gilson Miller (ed., tr.), Disorienting encounters. Travels of a Moroccan scholar in France in 1845-1846 : The voyage of Muḥammad aṣ-Ṣaffār (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), ch. 5, “Our stay in this city”.

“On the Organization of the French State,” in Rifāʿa Rāfiʿ al-Ṭahṭ āwī, An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826-1831), translated and edited by Daniel L. Newman (London: Saqi Books, 2004), pp. 189 - 213.

Images on ArtStor: Eugene Delacroix, The Death of Sardanapalus (1827), Women of Algiers in their apartment

(1834), Fanatics of Tangier (1836-8), Lion hunt (1855)

2

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, La grande odalisque (1814), Odalisque and slave (1840) Auguste Renoir, Parisian women dressed as Algerian women (1872) David A. Roberts, selection of lithographs of Cairo, Egyptian antiquities, and Palestine (1842-

44) Secondary (tutorial) readings Michael Bonine, Abbas Amanat, Michael Gasper (eds), Is there a Middle East? The evolution

of a geopolitical concept (Stanford UP, 2012), esp. Introduction, ch.1, and Conclusion. History, politics, and the question of ‘Orientalism’: Bernard Lewis, ‘The Roots of Muslim rage’, Atlantic Monthly 266, 3, September 1990, pp 47-

60 Samuel P Huntington, ‘The Clash of civilisations?’, Foreign Affairs 72,3 (Summer 1993), pp 22-49 Edward Said, ‘The Clash of ignorance’, The Nation, 22 October 2001,

http://www.thenation.com/article/clash-ignorance Zachary Lockman, Contending visions of the Middle East. The History and politics of

Orientalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2010) Edward W. Said, Orientalism: Western conceptions of the Orient (1978) Albert Hourani, Islam in European thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)

chs 1 & 2 Sadik Jalal al-ʿAzm, ‘Orientalism and Orientalism in reverse’, Khamsin 8 (1981), pp 5-26 Marshall Hodgson, ‘The interrelationship of societies in history’, repr. in Edmund Burke III

(ed.), Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and world history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)

Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi, ‘Orientalism's genesis amnesia,’ in Tavakoli-Targhi, Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism and Historiography (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001)

Travel and encounter in the nineteenth century: Julia Clancy-Smith, Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an age of migration, c. 1800-

1900 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2011) Roger Benjamin and David Prochaska, Renoir and Algeria (New Haven: Yale University Press,

2003) Edmund Burke III, ‘The Mediterranean before colonialism. Fragments from the life of ʿAli

bin ʿUthman al-Hammi in the 18th and 19th centuries’, in Julia Clancy-Smith (ed.), North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean world (London: Frank Cass, 2001)

Jason Thompson, ‘Osman Effendi: A Scottish convert to Islam in early nineteenth-century Egypt’, Journal of World History 5,1 (Spring 1994), 99-123

Week 2: Gunboats and diplomacy: Origins of empire in North Africa and the Gulf (1830-

1899) Primary sources

3

The Ottoman Gulf: Hurewitz vol. 1, doc. 60, “General Treaty Suppressing Piracy and Slave Traffic: Great Britain

and the Arab Tribes in the Persian Gulf, 8 January – 15 March 1820,” pp. 217-19; vol. 1, doc. 99, “Perpetual Maritime Truce Concluded by the Shaykhs of the Pirate Coast, 4 May 1853,” pp. 306-07; vol. 1, doc. 121, “Lord Clarendon’s Formula of the British Position on the Bahrayn Islands, 29 April 1869,” pp. 370-72; vol. 1, doc. 141, “Agreement between Great Britain and the Shaykh of Bahrayn, 22 December 1880,” pp. 432-33; vol. 1, doc. 153, “Exclusive Agreement: The Bahrayni Shaykh and Great Britain, 13 March 1892,” pp. 465-66; vol. 1, doc. 156, “Exclusive Agreement: The Kuwayti Shaykh and Great Britain, 23 January 1899,” pp. 475-77.

Amin, Fortna and Frierson, doc. 5.2, “An official report to re-establish Ottoman control over Kuwait, 1870,” pp. 311-13.

Algeria and Morocco: Song on the fall of Algiers attributed to the folksinger al-Hajj Abd al-Qadir in Alf A. Heggoy

(ed., tr.), The French conquest of Algiers, 1830 : an Algerian oral tradition (Athens OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1986) (provided on handout).

Algerian popular narratives of the French conquest from Joseph Desparmet, ‘La conquête racontée par les indigènes’ (1932) and ‘Les chansons de geste de 1830 à 1914 dans la Mitidja’ (1933), in tr. (see course site on Weblearn for sources in translation)

Edmond Pellissier de Reynaud, Annales algériennes (1854), extract in tr. on the early conquest.

Alexis de Tocqueville, Travail sur l’Algérie (‘Essay on Algeria’), 1841, tr. in Jennifer Pitts (tr., ed.), Writings on empire and slavery (Baltimore : Johns Hopkins UP, 2001), pp. 59-66

John Drummond-Hay, Journal of an expedition to the court of Marocco in the year 1846, (1848), ), pp. 74-80, 84-88 (entries for April 11, 15-17).

Abu ’l-Abbās Aḥmad al-Nāṣirī, Kitāb al-istiqṣā li-akhbār duwwal al-maghrib al-aqṣā (1895), extract in in tr. on Mawlay Hasan’s government and relations with foreigners.

Secondary sources The Ottoman Gulf: Hala Fattah, The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia and the Gulf, 1745-1900 (Albany:

State University of New York Press, 1997). Charles E. Davies, The Blood-Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy 1797-1820

(Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1997). Frederick F. Anscombe, The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). James Onley, The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj: Merchants, Rulers and the British in the

Nineteenth Century Gulf (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Nelida Fuccaro, Histories of city and state in the Persian Gulf : Manama since 1800

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) North Africa: Knut Vikor, The Maghreb since 1830: A short history (London: Hurst, 2012)

4

Daniel Panzac, Barbary Corsairs : the end of a legend, 1800-1820 (Leiden: Brill, 2004) John Ruedy, Modern Algeria: The origins and development of a nation (Bloomington: Indiana

UP, 1992), Introduction and chs 1, 2 Raphael Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians : resistance to the French and internal

consolidation (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1977) Osama Abi-Mershed, Apostles of modernity: Saint-Simonians and the civilizing mission in

Algeria (Stanford University Press, 2010 Julia Clancy-Smith ‘Saints, Mahdis and Arms: Religion and resistance in nineteenth-century

North Africa’, Edmund Burke III & Ira Lapidus (eds.) Islam, politics and social movements (London: I.B. Tauris, 1988), ch.4

Peter von Sivers, ‘The Realm of Justice: Apocalyptic revolts in Algeria (1849-1879)’, Humaniora Islamica 1 (1973): 47-60 ‘

Kenneth J. Perkins, A history of modern Tunisia ch.1 Christian Windler, ‘Diplomatic history as a field for cultural analysis: Muslim-Christian

relations in Tunis, 1700-1840’, The Historical Journal 44,1 (Mar. 2001), 79-106 Daniel Schroeter, Merchants of Essaouira : urban society and imperialism in southwestern

Morocco, 1844-1886 (Cambridge, 1988) Amira K. Bennison Jihad and its interpretations in pre-colonial Morocco (London: Routledge,

2002) Week 3: Tanzimat: Reform in Tunisia, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire (1830s-1870s) Primary sources The Ottoman empire: Amin, Fortna and Frierson, doc. 1.4, “Negotiating the power of the sultan: the Ottoman

Sened-i Ittifak (Deed of Agreement), 1808,” pp. 22-30. Hurewitz vol. 1, doc. 83, “The Hatt-i Serif of Gülhane, 3 November 1839,” pp. 269-71; vol. 1,

doc. 104, “Sultan `Abdülmecid’s Islahat Fermani Reaffirming the Privileges and Immunities of the Non-Muslim Communities, 18 February 1856,” pp. 315-319.

The Ottoman Constitution of 1876, http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1876constitution.htm Egypt: Amin, Fortna and Frierson, doc. 1.6, “Observing Muhammad `Ali Pasa and his administration

at work, 1843-1846,” pp. 39-42. Ali Mubarak Pasha, al-Khiṭ aṭ al-Tawfīqīyah al-jadīdah li-Miṣ r al-Qāhirah wa-mudunihā

wa-bilādihā al-qadīma wa-al-shahīra (Cairo, 1980 ed.), extract in tr. (vol. 4, pp. 29, 35-36)

on al-Azhar; and see also:

M.J. Reimer, ‘Contradiction and consciousness in Ali Mubarak’s description of al-Azhar’, International J. of Middle East Studies 29, 1 (Feb. 1997), 53-69

Tunisia: Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi, Aqwam al-masālik li-maʿrifat aḥ wāl al-mamālik tr. by L. Carl Brown

as The surest path: the political treatise of a nineteenth-century Muslim statesman

5

(Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 74-86, on the legitimacy of

borrowing from Europe and the necessity of consultative government

Ahmad Ibn Abi Diyaf, Itḥ āf ahl al-zamān fi akhbār mulūk Tūnis wa ʿahd al-amān, extract in

tr. on the 1861 constitution and the 1864 revolt.

Secondary sources Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1789-1923 (London: Oxford University

Press, 1962) M. Sükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 2008) Bruce Masters, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab world: The roots of sectarianism

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), Introduction and chs 5, 6 Ussama Makdisi, ‘After 1860: Debating religion, reform and nationalism in the Ottoman

empire’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, 4 (Nov. 2002), 601-17 L. Carl Brown, The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837-1855 (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1974) M.W. Daly, The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 2: Modern Egypt from 1517 to the End of

the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), chapters 5-8. Khaled Fahmy, All the pasha's men : Mehmed Ali, his army, and the making of modern Egypt

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) Michael J. Reimer, Colonial bridgehead : government and society in Alexandria, 1807-1882

(Boulder: Westview, 1997) Madeline C. Zilfi, Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire : the design of difference

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010) Judith Tucker, Women in nineteenth century Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1985) Joel Beinin, Workers and peasants in the modern Middle East (2001), Intro. and chs 1 & 2 John Chalcraft, The striking cabbies of Cairo and other stories: Crafts and guilds in Egypt,

1863-1914 (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2004) Week 4: Imperialism, survival/revival, and revolution, 1870 – 1919 Primary sources: Writings by Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and

Rashid Rida, chs 3, 6, 11, 19 in Charles Kurzman (ed.), Modernist Islam, 1840-1940, A Sourcebook (Oxford UP, 2002)

Qasim Amin, Taḥrīr al-mar’a (1899) and al-Mar’a ’l-jadīda (1900) tr. by Samiha Sidhom Peterson, The liberation of women (Cairo: AUC Press, 1992) and The new woman (Cairo: AUC Press, 1995)

Huda Shaarawi, Harem years : the memoirs of an Egyptian feminist (1879-1924) (London: Virago, 1976), Conclusion (pp. 112-137)

Fadhma Aït Mansour Amrouche, My life story: the autobiography of a Berber woman (London: Women’s Press, 1988)

6

Chérif Benhabylès, L’Algérie française vue par un indigène (Algiers, 1914) extract in tr., on government and society in French Algeria

Secondary sources The Ottoman empire: the Young Turks and the 1908 revolution: A.L. Macfie, The end of the Ottoman empire, 1908-1923 (London: Longman, 1998) Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks : the Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish politics,

1908-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1969 M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Preparation for a revolution : the Young Turks, 1902-1908 (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2001) Hasan Kayalı, Arabs and Young Turks : Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman

Empire, 1908-1918 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997) Egypt: British occupation, nationalism, and the 1919 revolution: Roger Owen, ‘Egypt and Europe: from French expedition to British occupation’, in Albert

Hourani, Philip S. Khoury & Mary C. Wilson (eds.), The Modern Middle East: A reader Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot, ‘Britain’s occupation of Egypt from 1882’, ch.28 in Andrew

Porter (ed.), Oxford history of the British Empire vol. 3: The nineteenth century (1999) David S. Landes, Bankers and Pashas. International finance and economic imperialism in

Egypt (1979) Alexander Schölch, Egypt for the Egyptians! The socio-political crisis in Egypt, 1878-1882

(1981) Juan R. I. Cole, Colonialism and revolution in the Middle East: Social and cultural origins of

Egypt's ‘Urabi movement (1999) Lisa Pollard, Nurturing the nation : The family politics of modernizing, colonizing and

liberating Egypt (1805/1923) (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) Beth Baron, Egypt as a woman : Nationalism, gender, and politics (Berkeley: University of

California Press, 2005) North Africa: French colonialism, insurrection, and accommodation: David Prochaska, Making Algeria French. Colonialism in Bône, 1870-1920 (1990) Zeynep Çelik, Urban forms and colonial confrontations: Algiers under French rule (Berkeley:

University of California Press, 1997) Julia Clancy-Smith, ‘The shaykh and his daughter: Coping in colonial Algeria’, in Edmund

Burke III (ed.), Struggle and survival in the modern Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1993) Michael Brett, ‘Legislating for inequality in Algeria: the Senatus-Consulte of 14th July, 1865’,

Bull. School of Oriental and African Studies 51 (1988), 440-461 Peter von Sivers, ‘Indigenous administrators in Algeria, 1846-1914: Manipulation and

manipulators’, The Maghreb Review 7,5-6 (1982): 116-121 ______________ , ‘Rural uprisings as political movements in colonial Algeria, 1851-1914’, in

Edmund Burke III & Ira Lapidus (eds.), Islam, politics and social movements, ch.3 ______________ , ‘Insurrection and accommodation: Indigenous leadership in eastern

Algeria, 1840-1900’, Internatl. J. of Middle East Studies 6 (1975): 259-275

7

______________ , ‘Algerian landownership and rural leadership, 1860-1940: a quantitative approach’, The Maghreb Review 4,2 (1979): 58-62

John Ruedy, ‘Chérif Benhabylès and the Young Algerians’, in L. Carl Brown and Matthew S. Gordon (eds), Franco-Arab encounters : studies in memory of David C. Gordon (Beirut: AUB Press, 1996)

C.R. Pennell, Morocco since 1830: A history (London: Hurst, 2000) Edmund Burke III, Prelude to protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial protest and resistance,

1860-1912 (Chicago, Chicago UP, 1976) Ross E. Dunn, Resistance in the desert: Moroccan responses to French imperialism, c.1881-

1912 (1977) Week 5: World War I and the postwar (un-)settlement, 1914-1922 Primary sources War and diplomacy: Hurewitz vol. 2, doc. 12, “British War Aims in Ottoman Asia: Report of the de Bunsen

Committee, 30 June 1915,” pp. 26-45; vol. 2, doc. 13, “The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, 14 July 1915 – 10 March 1916,” pp. 46-57; vol. 2, doc. 16, “Tripartite (Sykes-Picot) Agreement on the Partition of the Ottoman Empire: Britain, France, and Russia, 26 April – 23 October 1916,” pp. 60-65; vol. 2, doc. 23, “Tripartite (Saint-Jean de Maurienne) Agreement for the Partition of the Ottoman Empire: Britain, France, and Italy, 19 April – 26 September 1917,” pp. 94-96; vol. 2, doc. 25, “The British (Balfour) Declaration of Sympathy with Zionist Aspirations, 4 June – 2 November 1917,” pp. 101-106.

The report of the King-Crane Commission: Full text is available online from many websites; see, for example: http://www.ipcri.org/files/kingcrane.html. An abridged text is reproduced in Hurewitz vol. 2, doc. 47, “Recommendations of the King-Crane Commission on Syria and Palestine, 28 August 1919,” pp. 191-200.

The Turkish home front: Irfan Orga, Portrait of a Turkish Family (London: Eland, 1988), ch.6. Arab nationalism: George Antonius, The Arab Awakening. The Story of the Arab National Movement (London,

1938), ch. 13. The Armenian genocide: Fethiye Çetin, My Grandmother (London: Verso, 2008), pp. 61-80. Secondary sources War and diplomacy: David Fromkin, The Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914-1922

(London, 1989), esp. part IX, and chs. 32-34, 57, 61

8

Michael A. Reynolds, Shattering empires : the clash and collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires, 1908-1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011)

Jonathan Schneer, The Balfour Declaration: The origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict (London: Bloomsbury, 2011)

James Barr, A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East (London: Simon & Schuster, 2011), part I.

Feroz Ahmad, ‘War and society under the Young Turks, 1908-18’, in A.H. Hourani, M.C. Wilson and P. Khoury (eds), The modern Middle East: A reader.

War, nationalisms, and the end of the Ottoman empire: Justin McCarthy, The Ottoman peoples and the end of empire (London: Arnold, 2001) Ryan Gingeras, Sorrowful shores : Violence, ethnicity, and the end of the Ottoman Empire

1912-1923 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) Taner Akçam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish

Responsibility (London: Constable, 2007) Ronald Grigor Suny, Fatma Müge Goçek, and Norman M. Naimark (eds), A question of

genocide : Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)

Donald Bloxham, The great game of genocide : Imperialism, nationalism and the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)

Linda Schatkowski Schilcher, ‘The Famine of 1915-1918 in Greater Syria,’ in John Spagnolo, (ed.), Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1992), pp. 229-58.

James Gelvin, Divided loyalties: Nationalism and mass politics in Syria at the close of empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998)

William Cleveland, ‘The Arab Nationalism of George Antonius Reconsidered’ in Jankowski and Gershoni (eds.), Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), ch.4

Rashid Khalidi, ‘Arab Nationalism. Historical Problems in the Literature’, American Historical Review 96,5 (Dec. 1991): 1363-1373

C. Ernest Dawn, ‘From Ottomanism to Arabism: the Origin of an Ideology’, in Hourani, Khoury & Wilson (eds.), The Modern Middle East: a Reader

___________ , From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the origins of Arab nationalism (Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press, 1973)

Rashid Khalidi, Lisa Anderson, Reeva Simon, Muhammad Muslih (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991) Michael Provence, ‘Ottoman modernity, colonialism, and insurgency in the interwar Arab

east’, Int. J. of Middle East Studies 43,2 (May 2011), 205-225 The emergence of Saudi Arabia: Madawi Al-Rasheed, A History of Saudi Arabia (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002), chs.1-3 Malcolm Yapp, The Making of the Modern Near East, pp. 260-4, 337-9 & The Near East since

the First World War, ch.7 Joseph Kostiner, The making of Saudi Arabia, 1916-1936 : from chieftaincy to monarchical

state (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1993)

9

Askar el-Enazy, The creation of Saudi Arabia : Ibn Saud and British imperial policy, 1914-1927 (London: Routledge, 2010)

Jacob Goldberg, The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia: the Formative Years, 1908-1918 (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard UP, 1986)

Robert Lacey, The Kingdom (London: Hutchinson, 1981) David Holden & Richard Johns, The House of Saud (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981) Week 6: Nationalisms, colonial reform, and the mandates: 1922-1946 Primary sources The imperial ‘moment’ in Egypt and the Mashriq: Egypt: Lord Edward Cecil, The Leisure of an Egyptian Official (London: Hodder and Stoughton,

1921), chs 5, 8 (available online). Hurewitz, vol. 2, pp. 298-301, “Termination of the British Protectorate in Egypt, 28 Feb – 15

March 1922”; and vol. 2, pp. 486-93, “Treaty of Preferential Alliance: Britain and Egypt, 26 August 1936”.

Amin, Fortna and Frierson, The Modern Middle East, pp. 68-72, “The rise of mass doctrinal parties: the program of Hasan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood, 1936”; pp. 116-26, “Journalism in Egypt in the 1920s and 1930s: from The Education of Salama Musa”; pp. 501-14, Taha Husayn, “Revolt against tradition, from al-Ayyam”.

Palestine and Transjordan: Sir Harry Luke and Edward Keith-Roach, The Handbook of Palestine and Trans-Jordan

(London: Macmillan, 1934), Part 1, Section V (pp. 217-247). Palestine Royal Commission (Peel Commission), Report (London: HMSO, 1937). Hurewitz, vol. 2, pp. 531-38, “British Policy on Palestine, 17 May 1939”; vol. 2, pp. 760-86,

“The Future of the British Mandate for Palestine, 4 April 1945” and “The Case Against the Proposed Partition of Palestine, 10 April 1945”.

Amin, Fortna and Frierson, The Modern Middle East, pp. 65-67, “A protest of the Jewish women workers of Palestine against the new municipal ordinance which deprives the women of their civic rights, 1934”; and pp. 205-13, “Interview of a deputation of the Arab Women’s Committee in Jerusalem at Government House on 24 March 1938”.

King Abdullah of Transjordan, Memoirs (New York: Philosophical Library, 1950), chapters 16-19, pp. 188-228.

Sir Alec Kirkbride, A Crackle of Thorns: Experiences in the Middle East (London: John Murray, 1956), pp. 29-36 and 82-91.

Syria and Lebanon: Siham Tergeman, Daughter of Damascus (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994). Hurewitz, vol. 2, pp. 500-04, “Draft Treaty of Preferential Alliance and Accompanying

Military Convention: France and Lebanon, 13 Nov 1936”; vol. 2, pp. 577-86, “Agreement (de Gaulle-Lyttleton) on Syrian and Lebanese Independence, 25 July – 9 September 1941”; “Free French (Catroux) Proclamations of Syrian and Lebanese Independence, 27

10

Sept – 26 Nov 1941”; vol. 2, pp. 597-606, “British-French Discord over Policy in and on Syria and Lebanon and U.S. Good Offices, 14-24 August 1942”; vol. 2, pp. 742-52, “French-Levant Stalemate on the Eve of the Syrian Crisis: Allied and Syrian Viewpoints, 11 February-6 May 1945”.

Iraq: Hurewitz, vol. 2, pp. 421-25, “Treaty of Preferential Alliance: The UK and Iraq, 30 June

1930”. The imperial ‘apogee’ in the Maghrib: Maurice Violette, L'Algérie vivra-elle? notes d'un ancien gouverneur général (Paris: Alcan,

1931), extract in tr., on the necessity of colonial reform Albert Camus, Le premier homme (Paris : Gallimard, 1994), Engl. tr. The First Man (London,

Penguin, 1996) ___________, reports on social conditions in Kabylia for Alger républicain, (June 1939), in tr. Abd al-Aziz Thaʿalibi, La Tunisie martyre, ses revendications (Paris, 1920), extract in tr., on

the impact of World War I and the demands of the Destour (Tunisian Constitutional Party)

Allal al-Fasi, al-Ḥarakāt al-istiqlāliyya fi’l-maghrib al-ʿarabī (Tangier, 1948), Engl tr. The independence movements in Arab North Africa (Washington DC, 1954).

“The Manifesto of the Algerian People” (1943), in Jean-Robert Henry & Claude Collot (eds.), Le Mouvement national algérien: Textes, 1912-1954, in tr.

Ferhat Abbas, De la colonie a la province : Le jeune Algerien (1931), extract in tr., on the centenary of French Algeria.

___________ , ‘En marge du nationalisme : La France c’est moi!’, (newspaper article, 1936), in tr.

___________ , ‘Testament politique’ & ‘Appel à la jeunesse’ (1945), publ. in Ch-R Ageron, ‘Un Manuscrit inédit de Ferhat Abbas: « Mon Testament Politique »’, Revue française d’histoire d’outre mer 303 (1994) : 181-197, in tr.

Messali Hadj, Le Problème algérien (brochure, 1949), extract in tr. on the character of the Algerian national movement.

Secondary sources Overviews Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, pp.320-349 Malcolm Yapp, The Near East since the First World War: a History to 1995, ‘Introduction:

Social, Economic and Political Change in the Near East’ Sally N. Cummings and Raymond A. Hinnebusch (eds), Sovereignty after empire (Edinburgh:

Edinburgh University Press, 2011), chs 3, 4, 5, 6, & 8 Peter Wien, (ed.), ‘Relocating Arab nationalism’, International Journal of Middle East Studies

43, 2 (May 2011), articles by Provence, Wyrtzen, and Wien Derek Hopwood, ’Earth’s Proud Empires Pass Away: Britain’s Moment in the Middle East’,

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 29,2 (Nov. 2002): 109-120

11

Glen Balfour-Paul, ‘Britain’s Informal Empire in the Middle East’, ch.21 in Judith Brown & Wm. Roger Louis, (eds.), Oxford History of the British Empire vol.4: The Twentieth Century (Oxford, OUP, 1999)

Two nationalisms in Palestine: David Fromkin, A Peace to End all Peace, chs.32-34 Bernard Wasserstein, The British in Palestine. The Mandatory Government and the Arab-

Jewish Conflict, 1917-1929 (Oxford, Blackwell, 1978, 2nd ed.1991) Naomi Shepherd, Ploughing Sand. British Rule in Palestine, 1917-1948 (London, John

Murray, 1999) Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness

(New York, Columbia UP, 1997) Ted Swedenburg, ‘The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt (1936-1939)’ in

Hourani, Khoury & Wilson (eds.), The Modern Middle East: A reader _____________ , Memories of Revolt. The 1936-39 Rebellion and the Palestinian National

Past (Minneapolis, Minnesota UP, 1995) Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for State. The Palestinian National Movement,

1949-1993 (Oxford, 1997), chs.1-4 Musa Budeiri, ‘The Palestinians: Tensions between Nationalist and Religious Identities’, in

Jankowski and Gershoni (eds.), Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), ch. 10

Zachary Lockman, ‘Arab Workers and Arab Nationalism in Palestine: a View from Below’, in Jankowski and Gershoni (eds.), Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East, ch.13

Zachary Lockman, Comrades and Enemies. Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906-1948 (Berkeley & Los Angeles, California UP, 1996), esp. Introduction and ch.1

________________, ‘Exclusion and Solidarity: Labor Zionism and Arab Workers in Palestine, 1897-1929’, ch. 8 in Gyan Prakash (ed.), After Colonialism. Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements (Princeton, 1995)

Colin Shindler, A history of Israel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), chs 1-3 Alain Dieckhoff, The Invention of a Nation: Zionist Thought and the Making of Modern Israel

(New York, Columbia UP 2003) Ben Halpern & Jehuda Reinharz, Zionism and the Creation of a New Society (Oxford UP,

1998) The mandates in Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq: James L. Gelvin, ‘The Other Arab Nationalism: Syrian/Arab Populism in its Historical and

International Contexts’ in Jankowski and Gershoni (eds.), Rethinking Nationalism, ch.12 Philip S. Khoury, ‘Syrian Urban Politics in Tansition: the Quarters of Damascus during the

French Mandate’ in Hourani, Khoury and Wilson (eds.), The Modern Middle East: a Reader

Keith D. Watenpaugh, Being modern in the Middle East : revolution, nationalism, colonialism, and the Arab middle class (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006)

Benjamin T. White, The emergence of minorities in the Middle East : the politics of community in French mandate Syria (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011)

Elizabeth Thompson, Colonial citizens: Republican rights, paternal privilege, and gender in French Syria and Lebanon (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000)

12

Kais M. Firro, Inventing Lebanon : nationalism and the state under the Mandate (London, Tauris, 2003)

Michelle Hartman & Alessandro Olsaretti, ‘ “The First Boat and the First Oar”: Inventions of Lebanon on the writings of Michel Chiha’, Radical History Review 86 (Spring 2003): 37-65

Charles Winslow, Lebanon: War and Politics in a Fragmented Society (London: Routledge, 1996), ch. 3 and pp.52-89

Kamal Salibi, A House of Many Mansions: the History of Lebanon Reconsidered (London, Tauris, 1988), ch.1

Philip S. Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate (Princeton, 1987) Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), ch.2 Sami Zubaida, ‘Contested Nations. Iraq and the Assyrians’, Nations and Nationalism 6,3 (July

2000): 363-382 ___________ , ‘The Fragments Imagine the Nation: the Case of Iraq’, International Journal of

Middle Eastern Studies 34,2 (May 2002): 205-15 Reeva S. Simon, ‘The Imposition of Nationalism on a Non-Nation State: the Case of Iraq’, in

Jankowski and Gershoni (eds.), Rethinking Nationalism, ch.5 Hanna Batatu, ‘Of the Diversity of Iraqis, the Incohesiveness of their Society, and their

Progress in the Monarchic Period toward a Consolidated Political Structure’ in Hourani, Khoury & Wilson (eds.), The Modern Middle East: a Reader.

Egypt: Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Egypt, Islam and the Arabs: the search for Egyptian

nationhood, 1900-1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986). Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Jacques Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (London: Faber, 1972). Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1789-1939 (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1962), chapters 5-12. Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969,

reissued 1993). The Maghrib: Knut Vikor, The Maghreb since 1830: A short history (London: Hurst, 2012) Jacques Berque, French North Africa: the Maghreb between two world wars (London: Faber

& Faber, 1967) Abdallah Laroui, The history of the Maghrib: An interpretive essay (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1977), chs 14, 15 Jamil Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib (Cambridge, 1987), ch 7 , ‘The salafiyya movement in Morocco: the religious bases of the Moroccan

nationalist movement’ St Antony’s papers 16, Middle Eastern affairs 3, (1963): 90-105 C R Pennell, Morocco since 1830: A history (London: Hurst, 2000), chs 6, 7 John P Halstead, Rebirth of a nation: the origins and rise of Moroccan nationalism, 1912-

1944 (Harvard UP, 1967) Kenneth J Perkins, A History of modern Tunisia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

2004) chs 3, 4

13

Omar Carlier, ‘Scholars and politicians: an examination of the Algerian view of Algerian nationalism’ in Michel le Gall & Kenneth Perkins (eds.), The Maghrib in Question: Essays in history and historiography (Austin TX: Texas University Press, 1997)

John Ruedy, Modern Algeria (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), ch 5 James McDougall, History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria (Cambridge UP, 2006),

Introduction and chs 1-3 Mahfoud Bennoune ‘The introduction of nationalism to rural Algeria (1919-1954)’, The

Maghreb Review 2,3 (May-June 1977): 1-12 Emmanuel Sivan, ‘The Etoile Nord Africaine and the genesis of Algerian nationalism’ The

Maghreb Review 3, 5-6 (Jan.-April 1978): 17-22 C R Pennell, A Country with a government and a flag: the Rif war in Morocco, 1921-1926

(Wisbech: MENAS Press, 1986) Dirk Vandewalle A History of modern Libya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006),

ch 2 E. E. Evans-Pritchard, The Sanusi of Cyrenaica (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1949), chs 5-7 Ali Abdullatif Ahmida, The Making of modern Libya state formation, colonization, and

resistance (Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 2nd ed. 2010), ch.5 Anna Baldinetti, The Origins of the Libyan Nation: Colonial Legacy, Exile and the Emergence

of a New Nation-State (London: Routledge, 2009) Week 7: The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947 – 1956 Primary sources Gamal Abdel Nasser, Philosophy of the Revolution (Cairo, 1956), part 3. ________________ , speech in Alexandria, 26 October 1954, on signing the treaty of

evacuation of British troops from Egypt (speech interrupted by an assassination attempt), audio and text at http://nasser.bibalex.org/Speeches/browser.aspx?SID=263&lang=en (tr. provided)

________________ , speech in Alexandria, 26 July 1956, on the nationalisation of the Suez canal (excerpt), audio and text at http://nasser.bibalex.org/Speeches/browser.aspx?SID=495&lang=en (tr. provided)

Mohammed H. Heikal, Nasser: The Cairo documents (London: New English Library, 1972) Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds, The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the

Middle East Conflict (New York: Penguin, 1969, revised and updated edition 1984): Doc. 25, “U.N. Resolution on the Future Government of Palestine (Partition Resolution) (1947)”; Doc. 26, “State of Israel Proclamation of Independence (1948)”.

John Bagot Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957) Ghassan Kanafani, Returning to Haifa, in Palestine’s Children: Returning to Haifa and other

stories (Boulder CO: Lynne Reiner, 2000) Secondary sources James Jankowski, Nasser’s Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic (Boulder:

Lynne Reiner, 2001)

14

Avi Shlaim, ‘The debate about 1948’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 27,3 (Aug. 1995), 287-304

________ , ‘The protocol of Sèvres, 1956: Anatomy of a war plot’, International Affairs 73,3 (July 1997), 509-30

________ , The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Penguin, 2001), chapters 1-5 Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2001) Wm Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds, Suez 1956: The Crisis and Its Consequences (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1989) Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim, The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 2007) Ilan Pappe, The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947 – 1951 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1994) Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis (New York: Free Press, 1986) Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A study of postwar Arab politics, 1945-1958 (London:

I.B. Tauris, 1986) Mordechai Bar-On, The Gates of Gaza: Israel’s Road to Suez and Back, 1955-1957

(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994) Benny Morris, The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947-1949 (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1987) __________ , Israel’s Border Wars, 1949-1956 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993) __________ , 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009) Week 8: Ends of an era (1954-1971) Primary sources Algeria: Proclamation of the FLN, 1st November 1954, and selection of internal FLN documents, from Mohamed Harbi & Gilbert Meynier (eds.), Le FLN, documents et histoire (Paris: Fayard, 2004), in tr. Henri Alleg, La Question (Paris: Minuit, 1958), Engl. tr. by J. Calder, The Question (London,

1958), pp 92-104 Frantz Fanon, ‘De la violence’ & preface by J-P Sartre in Les damnés de la terre (Paris :

Maspero, 1961) ; ‘L’Algérie se dévoile’ in L’An V de la révolution algérienne (Paris : Maspero, 1959); Engl. tr. ‘Concerning violence’ in The Wretched of the Earth (tr. Constance Farrington, New York, 1963, several reprints), ch.1, and ‘Algeria unveiled’ in Studies in a dying colonialism (New York, 1965, several reprints).

Mouloud Feraoun, Journal 1955-1962, Engl. tr. Journal 1955-62: Reflections on the French-Algerian war (Lincoln, Nebraska UP, 2000), pp. 261-70 (entries for Feb.-Aug., 1959)

Richard and Joan Brace, Algerian voices (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1965), pp. 85-97 on refugees in Tunisia, and 100-124 on the ALN

The crisis of Nasserism and the Palestinian revolution: Tawfiq al-Hakim, The Return of Consciousness (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985) Leila Khaled, My People Shall Live: the autobiography of a revolutionary (London: Hodder

and Stoughton, 1973)

15

Abou Iyad, My Home, My Land: A narrative of the Palestinian struggle (New York: Times Books, 1981)

Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds, The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict (New York: Penguin, 1969, revised and updated edition 1984): Doc 29, “The Draft Constitution of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1963)”; Doc 32, “President Nasser on Zionism and Israel”; Docs 38-42, Parts IV and V, on the June 1967 War.

Secondary sources The Algerian revolution: John Ruedy, Modern Algeria (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1992), ch 6 Martin Evans, Algeria: France’s undeclared war (Oxford: OUP, 2012) Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-62 (London: Macmillan, 1977) David C Gordon, North Africa’s French Legacy, 1954-1962 (Cambridge MA: Harvard UP,

1962) ____________ , The passing of French Algeria (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966) Neil McMaster, ‘The torture controversy (1998-2002) : Towards a “new history” of the

Algerian war?’, Modern and contemporary France 10, 4 (2002), 449-459 ___________, ‘The colonial “emancipation” of Algerian women’, Stichproben: Vienna

Journal of African Studies 12 (2007), 91-116 ___________, Burning the veil : the Algerian war and the 'emancipation' of Muslim women,

1954-62 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009) Ryme Seferdjeli, ‘French “reforms” and Muslim women’s emancipation during the Algerian

war’, Journal of North African Studies 9,4 (Winter 2004), 19-61 Natalya Vince, ‘Transgressing boundaries: Gender, race, religion and “françaises

musulmanes” during the Algerian war of independence’, French Historical Studies 33,3 (Summer 2010), 445-74

Mathew Connelly, ‘Rethinking the Cold War and Decolonization: The Grand Strategy of the Algerian War for Independence’ IJMES 33,2 (2001): 221-45

_____________ , A Diplomatic Revolution. Algeria’s fight for independence and the origins of the post-Cold War era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)

The PLO and the Six-Day war: Michael Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East

(Penguin, 2002). Wm Roger Louis and Avi Shlaim, eds, The June 1967 War: The Crisis and Its Consequences

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Samir Mutawi, Jordan in the 1967 War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement,

1949-1993 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), parts I and II. Fred H. Lawson, Why Syria Goes to War: Thirty Years of Confrontation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell

University Press, 1996), Intro, chs. 1-2. Avi Shlaim, The Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace (London: Penguin,

2008). Alan Hart, Arafat: A political biography (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1994).

16

The Cold War in the Arab world: Malcolm Kerr, The Arab Cold War: Gamal Abd al-Nasir and his Rivals, 1958-1970 (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1971). Fawaz Gerges, The Superpowers and the Middle East: Regional and International Politics,

1955-1967 (Boulder CO: Westview, 1994). David W. Lesch, ed, The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political

Reassessment (Boulder CO: Westview, 1996). Yevgeny Primakov, Russia and the Arabs (New York: Basic Books, 2009), chs 1-9. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the

Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books, 2005), chs. 7-13. Avi Shlaim and Yezid Sayigh, eds, The Cold War and the Middle East (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1997). Anouar Abdel Malek, Egypt: Military Society: the army regime, the left and social change

under Nasser (New York: Random House, 1968). Joel S. Gordon, Nasser’s Blessed Movement: Egypt’s Free Officers and the July Revolution

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). ___________ , Revolutionary Melodrama: popular film and civic identity in Nasser’s Egypt

(Chicago: Middle East Documentation Center, 2002). Nikolaos van Dam, The Struggle for Power in Syria: politics and society under Assad and the

Ba`th Party 4th edition, (London: I.B. Tauris, 2011). Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition 2007). Peter Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Iraq since 1958: from revolution to dictatorship

(London: I.B. Tauris, 2001). Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1978). Film: Gillo Pontecorvo (dir.), The battle of Algiers (Italy/Algeria, 1966, 121 mins)