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TRANSCRIPT
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MARAMEC IRON WORKS - AN INDUSTRIAL PIONEER
The Maramec Iron Works was established in 1826 by Thomas James, a banker and iron merchant, of Chillicothe, Ohio, and Samuel Massey. A possibly apocryphal account tells that in 1824 or 1825 some Shawnee Indians, on their way to Washington, D. C., camped on the premises of Mr. James. Attracted by their decorative body paint of hematite, Mr. James inquired ~bout its source and was told of a mine beside a huge spring in the West.
Mr. James sent Samuel Massey, his "Marble Furnace" Superintendent, with the Shawnees on their return trip to Missouri to inspect the mine and the big spring. The report was favorable and in 1826 Massey returned to Missouri and began construction of the iron works. It was completed in 1829 at a cost of $40,000:
In 1843 Thomas James sent his son William to Missouri and four years later William bought out Massey's one-third interest and took over the management. After Thomas James died, in 1856, William James continued to
manage the works under a lease until 1866, when he bought out the other heirs and became the plant's sole owner. Under his administration the works were rebuilt and Maramec became a large-scale operation.
Stimulated by the needs of the Civil War, prosperity continued through the 1860's. In the early 1870's, however, competition from newer "hot blast" furnaces, discovery of rich iron deposits in the Lake Superior region and hard
0 times following the panic of 1873 caused Maramec to def;;), 'Cline. William James again tried unsuccessfully to modern
ize the works by converting to "hot blast." New equipment v was purchased but never installed. In 1876 the furnace
/ . V j:f'W!IS "blown out" for the last time. \I . ~ v'_,..
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The Bloomery
From the furnace, pig iron went to the Bloomery to be converted into wrought iron. The refinery forge contained five forges, whose stacks still stand. These forg·es were charged eight times daily with 280 lbs. of pig which was heated until it became a pasty ball called a "loup." This was subjected, under a trip hammer, to repeated blows and shaped into a rough square ingot about two feet long called a "bloom." The bloom then went to the anchony forge where it was heated and hammered into an elongated bar with knobs on each end called an "anchony." The next stop was the chaffery forge where the anchony was heated and drawn out under a forge hammer into finished wrought iron bars. All forge hammers were driven by separate water wheels and the forges "blow'd" by an old-fashioned "tub-type" blower.
The Product
In the earlier years of the iron works, a large amount of kettles, plow molds and bar iron was sold at the plant or hauled to St. Louis, Springfield, Missouri, or points west. Blooms were hauled to the Gasconade River and
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m co en ,,., LEGEND CD ·1. Workmens Cobins 24. Chaffery Forge
2 . Jolly Cabin 25. Tub Blower 3 . McDole Cobin House 4. James House 26. Refinery Forge 5. Boarding House 27. Warehouse 6 . Barn 28. Compressor House 7. Shed 29. Rolling Mill . 8. Store 30. Compressor 9 . Lodge Hall Water Wheel
10. Grist Mill 31. Blacksmith Shop 11. Bridge 32. Carpenter Shop 12. Flume 33 . Maramec Spring 13. Control Gates 34. Rock Filled Dam 14. Iron Works Mill 35. Spring Branch
Race 36. To Salem 15. Forebay 37. Ta Steelville 16. Tailrace 38. To Ore Bank & 17. Grist Mill Race St. James 18. Casting House 39. To Hermann & 19. Furnace St. Louis 20. Bridge House 40. Corral 21. Charcoal House 41. Scale 22. Air Pipe 42. Leatherbritches 23. Anchony Forge Hollow
Approximate Section Thru Maramec Furnace
The Frtrnace
The present furnace, built in 1857 (to replace a smaller one constructed in 1828), was a "cold blast" charcoal fired furnace with an average daily production of 14 tons of iron. It was charged through the tunnel head, at the top of the stack, about one hundred times a day, each charge consisting of 640 lbs. of iron ore, 18 bushels of charcoal and one bushel of "brands" (halfcharred pieces of wood). These ingredients were wheeled across the bridge to the tunnel head and dumped in alternating layers. An air blast, entering through tuyere nozzles near the bottom of the crucible, fired the charcoal to an intense heat, melting the iron which dripped into
the hearth below. The slag, formed by the action of the limestone and the impurities in the ore, floated upon the molten iron and was drawn off through the "cinder-notch" from time to time. About four times a day the iron was drawn off through the lower "iron notch" and run into
moulds made into the sand casting bed in front of the furnace, the products being either ingots ("pigs") or castings of various types. This smelting operation was continuous and went on until the lining of the furnace became burned out. The furnace was "blow'd" by a cast iron compressor of 2 cylinders with a 4'-0" diameter and 4'-6" stroke turned 16 rpm by a 16' diameter water wheel. Most of the iron ore was from the Maramec Bank 0.4 mile west of the furnace. Charcoal was made by the old method of piling cord wood in earth-covered bee-hive-shaped piles, lighting the pile at the top and regulating the burning until the entire pile was charred.
The Spring
Maramec Spring, with a daily average discharge of 96,300,000 ·gallons, rises almost vertically at the base of an overhanging bluff of Van Buren dolomite into a pool formed by damming the original channel at the time the Iron Works was constructed. This dam diverted the water to the seven water wheels which powered the works and grist mill.
The source of the water is thought to lie in the area roughly south and west of the spring. The rock formations underlying this vicinity are of a permeable nature facilitating the percolation of surface water into the underlying strata. Within this area are several large dry valleys and the Dry Fork River basin. No doubt these valleys and a broad surrounding region are sapped by the Spring's underground coIJection system. This is evidenced by the response of the spring flow to heavy rains which often cloud or muddy the water.
The James Foundation
After William James died at Baltimore in 1912, his granddaughter, Lucy Wortham James, reacquired much of her ancestors' holdings around the Iron Works and the Spring. At her death in 1938, she made her residuary estate a part ·of the New York Community Trust. The latter organized the James Foundation in 1941 to administer the Missouri lands.
"My reason for purchasing the tract," Mrs. James explained, "was that it is a spot of great natural beauty, which has been in the possession of my family for generations, and, through our permission ... has been . . . used by the public under such regulation and supervision as to insure that the public use shaIJ be seemly and shall not mar the natural beauty. I wish to continue such permissive use and to keep the natural beauty unmarred."
To her executors she wrote: "As this is considered to be the most beautiful
spot in Missouri, it is my great hope that you will arrange that it may ever be in private, considerate control and ever open to the enjoyment of the people."
That is the purpose and function of the James Foundation: to consummate the "great hope" Lucy Wortham Jam es held for these lands her forebears had cherishedthat "in private, considerate control" they might be "ever open to the enjoyment of the people," who could be relied upon "to keep the natural beauty unmarred."
In the name and memory of Lucy Wortham James, the James Foundation welcomes to Maramec all those who can share something of the attachment and affection she had for these surroundings and who will help to give expression to the generous dedication she impressed upon these acres.
,.,....., __ s_T. JAME" .s
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MISSOURI
• MAP LOCATION
MAP OF
PO\;V£LL F<J-\~JCJ-J JJ"JCo
Scale 2" = 1 Mile Drawn by C. J •. Eyberg
Redrawn by R. D. Kuony
Oct 24, 1950
Nov. 5, 1965
UNITED ST A TES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
T.36N.~G·. 37°52'301' L"i~'"~=· ""'==~
91°37'30"
Mapped, edited, and published by the Geological Survey Control by USGS and USC&GS
Topogrllphy by photogrammetric methods from aerial phoiog/,;phs taken 1962. Field checked 1963
Polyconic projection. 1927 North American datum 10,000-foot grids based on Missouri coordinate system, east and central zones 1000-meter Universal Transverse Mercator grid ticks, zone 15, shown in blue
Fine red dashed lines indicate selected fence and field lines where generally visible on aerial photographs. This informatioil is unchecked
6' 107 MILS
UTM GRID ANO 1963 MAGNETIC NORTH DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET
1000
STATE OF MISSOURI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND WATER RESOURCES
THOMAS R. BEVERIDGE, STATE GEOLOGIST
:BoUl:ldary Oj:' James FoUl:lo.at5.on tract
itcre~ge fcrraerl;y in· Powell Re.nch
SCALE 1:24000
13.9 Ml. TO HY. SALEM 18 Ml.
0 '·, 1 MILE =====:::i===r:==i============~==============='~3
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 FEET DATUM JS MEAN SEA LEVEL
5000 6000
TH\S MAP COMPLIES WITH NATIO~AL MAP ACCURACY STANDARDS
7000 FEET
FOR SALE BY U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, DENVER 25, COLORADO OR WASHINGTON 25, D. C. AND BY THE MISSOURI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, ROLLA/MISSOURI
A FOLDER DESCRIBING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND SYMBOLS IS AVAfLABLE ON REQUEST
MISSOURI
•
QUADRANGLE LOCATION
MERAMEC SPRING QUADRANGLE MISSOURI
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) NE/4 MERAMEC SPRING 15' QUADR:ANGLE
Heavy.duty.
Medium·duty
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
Light·duty ...
Unimproved dirt"'"""""""
Q State Route
MERAMEC SPRING, MO. NE/4 MERAMEC SPRING 15' QUADRANGLE
N3752.5-W9130/7.5
1963
AMS 7659 I NE-SERIES VB79