Function

• The respiratory system exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) with the cardiovascular system.

2 types of Respiration

• Pulmonary Respiration – the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood in pulmonary capillaries

• Cellular Respiration – the exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the cells of the body. – This term also applies to the chemical

reaction that creates energy for the cell

Pathway of Air1. Nasal Cavity- air is filtered,

warmed and moistened.2. Air passes into the pharynx3. Air moves past the epiglottis,

which is a flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the air passage

4. Air moves into the trachea, a cartilaginous tube known as the windpipe.

Upper Respiratory Tract Review

Pathway of Air5. The top of the trachea

contains the larynx (the voice box)

6. The trachea branches into two bronchi, which lead to the lungs

7. The bronchi continue to branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles.

8. These end in clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli, that are surrounded by a network of capillaries

Lets Review!!!!

Location of Gas Exchange• Gas is exchanged between the alveoli

and the blood in the capillaries by the process of diffusion.

• Oxygen, which will be taken to the body, moves into the blood and carbon dioxide waste is moved into the alveoli, and removed from the body.

Oxygen to your Tissues

• Oxygen from the air moves through the process of diffusion from the alveoli into the blood.

• Oxygen in the blood of systemic circulation then diffuses into tissue.

Breathing• Breathing is the moving of air into and out of

the lungs. Inspiration – taking air into the lungs a. Your chest expands as muscles contract

moving ribs up and outwardb. Your diaphragm, a large muscle, flattens and

pushes downc. Pressure changes in the lungs and air from

the atmosphere move in

Expiration – releasing air from the lungsa. Diaphragm and ribs relaxb. Lungs recoil and deflate c. Air pressure changes in lungs and pushes

the air out of the lungs

The Respiratory System

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration• The process that cells use to break

down glucose to release energy in the presence of Oxygen (O2)

• Energy in the cell is available in the form of certain compounds, such as

ATP - (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Overview:

Cellular Respiration

Aerobic Respirationi) Krebs Cycle

ii) Electron transport chain

Fermentation

Anaerobic pathway(Lactic acid fermentation

or

Alcohol fermentation)

GlycolysisO2 present O2 absent

2 stages of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis– Glucose (a six carbon sugar) is broken down

into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules– Requires 2 ATP molecules– Creates 4 ATP molecules and 2 NADPH

molecules for the electron transport chain

2. Aerobic Respiration

i) Kreb’s Cycle• pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make

CO2, NADH, ATP, and FADH2

• Occurs in the mitochondria• The end energy tally from 1 Glucose (2

pyruvic acids) is:– 6 NADH– 2 FADH2

– 2 ATP

ii) Electron Transport • The high energy electrons from the Kreb’s

Cycle are passed along a series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane.

• As electrons pass along the electron transport chain, protons are pumped into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

• This creates a concentration and charge gradient. • As protons move back down the concentration

gradient, ATP is produced

Cellular Respiration of 1 Glucose molecule

Glycolysis = 6 ATP

Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain = 30 ATP

Grand Total of 36 ATP molecules

from 1 Glucose!

If O2 is NOT present:

• Fermentation occurs (anaerobic respiration meaning that oxygen is not required)

• Two types of fermentation:– Alcoholic Fermentation– Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation• Used by yeast and a few other

microorganisms.

• Produces Ethyl Alcohol and CO2 as wastes.

Pyruvic Acid + NADH

Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

Lactic Acid Fermentation• Produced in many cells including your

muscles.Pyruvic Acid + NADH

Lactic Acid + NAD+

Lactic Acid is produced during rapid exercise, causing a painful, burning sensation. This effect is reduced with potassium.

Review

When oxygen is present most of the ATP made in cellular respiration is produced by:

A. aerobic respiration

B. glycolysis

C. alcoholic fermentation

D. lactic acid fermentation

Review

When oxygen is not present most the ATP made by cellular respiration in muscles is produced by:

A. aerobic respiration

B. glycolysis

C. alcoholic fermentation

D. lactic acid fermentation

Review

Which of the following is not a reactant in Cellular Respiration?

A. Glucose

B. Water

C. Oxygen

Review

How does Cellular Respiration fit in to the “flow of energy” that we studied in our Ecology Unit?

Review

What body systems are used to get the reactants of cellular Respiration to every cell?