functional response. fig. 7.20 in molles 2008
TRANSCRIPT
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FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE
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FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE
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FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE
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Fig. 7.20 in Molles 2008
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Different Light Environments
Adiantum Encelia
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Fig. 7.21 in Molles 2008
ForestUnderstory
Plants
Forest CanopyPlants
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Functional Response
Fig. 7.22 in Molles 2008
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Prey Density
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Foo
d In
take
Prey Density
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Fig. 7.23 in Molles 2008
Functional Response: Controlled Experiment
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Fig. 7.24 in Molles 2008
Functional Response: Natural Environments
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Predatory Water Bug
Prey: Mayfly Larva Prey: Isopod
vs.
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How do Red-Winged Blackbirds Allocate Energy?1 2
3 4
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How do Cacti Allocate Energy?
5 6
9
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Optimal Foraging Theory(Derived from Economics)
• Energy Supplies are Limited
• Organisms cannot maximize all functions
• Allocation of Energy is a Compromise between Needs
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Bluegill
How do Organisms Selecta Diet?
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MODEL FOR ENERGY YIELD: ONE PREY ITEM
E
T=
Ne1E1 - Cs__________________
1 + Ne1H1
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ET
=
Cs=
H1 =
Ne1
=
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E
T=
(Ne1E1 – Cs)_____________________________________________
1 + Ne1H1 + Ne2H2
+ (Ne2E2 – Cs)
TWO PREY ITEMS
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DIET CHOICE: Optimization
Ne1E1 - Cs__________________
1 + Ne1H1
(Ne1E1 – Cs)_____________________________________________
1 + Ne1H1 + Ne2H2
+ (Ne2E2 – Cs)
OR
ONE PREY ITEM
TWO PREY ITEMS
ET
=
ET =
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Bluegill
?
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Actual Food Availability in the Environment
Prey Length (mm)
Fig. 7.25 in Molles 2008
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Bluegill Optimal Diet(Prediction from Theory)
Fig. 7.25 in Molles 2008
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Bluegill Actual Diet
Prey Length (mm)
Fig. 7.25 in Molles 2008
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Optimal Foraging Theory Observed
Bluegill Diet
Fig. 7.25 in Molles 2008
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Optimal Foraging Theory Applied to Plants
LightLevel
Soil Fertility
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Fig. 7.26 in Molles 2008
Energy Allocation to Roots
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Fig. 7.27 in Molles 2008
Energy Allocation to Roots
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1 http://www.coffeecreekwc.org/photos/birds/Red-Winged_Blackbird_(male).jpg
2 http://www.frw.ca/albums/Ponds-and-Wetlands/Projects_Ponds_and_wetlands_ Red_wing_blackbird_nest_in_c.jpg
3 http://www.migrationresearch.org/mbo/id/rwbl/id%20rwbl%20ahy%20f% 20566%20wing%20jul06.jpg
4 http://www.mikephoto.com/content/binary/blackbird-mobbing.jpg
5 http://www.desertusa.com/july96/IMG_0529.jpg
6 http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/biology/ecology/images/cactus.jpg
7 http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/3606144/2/istockphoto_ 3606144_saquaro_cactus_skeleton.jpg8 http://www.azcentral.com/help/reprints/pics/animal_1.jpg