fundamentals of electrical substations and switchgear
TRANSCRIPT
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Substation/Enclosed Switchgear/PCC Fundamentals
Niel Miele, PE, LEED AP PACS Industries
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Let’s go Golfing
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Swing = Energy
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The Water Tank
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Voltage
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Impulse
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Voltage
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Nominal Current
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Short Circuit Current
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Electrical System
• Voltage – Steady State – Basic Impulse Level (BIL)
• Current – Nominal – Short Circuit
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Dangerous Territory
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Electrical Danger
• Electrical Current is Very Powerful • Any Path to Ground Results in Electrical
Current • Less Than 100mA Can Kill • Electrical Current Can Jump Between
Conductors • Arc Fault
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Arc Flash
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Arc Flash
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Arc Flash
• Plasma Arc Can be Greater than 35,000 Degrees
• Copper Expands and Vaporizes by a Factor of 67,000
• Arc Blast at 160dB • Flame, Metal, Smoke and Debris Expel at
600MPH
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Arc Flash Boundaries
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Arc Flash Boundaries @ 13.8kV
26 INCHES
7 INCHES
60 INCHES
15 FEET
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System Model
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System Model
Utility
Substation
Consumer
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Power Grid
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Electrical Substation
• Hub on the Power Grid • Voltage Converter • Distribution Point • Link
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Substation Components
• Transformer • Circuit Switches/Breakers • Command and Control System • Communication Network
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Circuit Breaker
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Circuit Breaker
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Circuit Breaker-Low Voltage
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Circuit Breaker-Low Voltage
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Circuit Breaker-Medium Voltage
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Circuit Breaker-High Voltage
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Circuit Breaker-Extra High Voltage
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Command/Control Systems
• Breaker Control • System Monitoring • Circuit Protection/Logic • Feedback • Metering
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Breaker Control
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Control Switches
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Current Monitoring
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Current Transformer
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Overcurrent Trip
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Voltage Monitoring
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Potential Transformer
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Undervoltage Trip
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Electromechanical Relays
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Multi-Function Relay
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Multi-Function Relay
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Communication
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Communication Network
• Multiple Communication Loops • Internal/External
– Status – Health – Data Collection
• Copper and Fiber Optic Connection
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Communication Network
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SCADA
• Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition • Series of Inputs and Outputs • Digital • Analog • Master CPU or PLC • Communicates To/From Master Processor
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SCADA
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Substation Design Criteria
• IEEE/ANSI Standards/Guidelines – Equipment and Conductor Clearances
• Transmission 69kV – 765kV • Distribution 5kV – 35kV • Overhead Bus and Lines • Large Sites with Civil Issues
– Drainage – Grounding – Steel Foundations
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Transmission Substation
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Distribution Substation
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Switchgear Design Criteria
• IEEE/ANSI Standards/Guidelines – Internal Bus Needs Phase to Phase/Ground Clearance
• Medium Voltage 5kV – 38kV • High Current 1000A – 5000A • Self Contained in One or More Lines of Cubicles • Indoor or Outdoor • Confined Space for Operation • Metalclad • Arc Resistant
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Switchgear
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Switchgear
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Switchgear
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Switchgear
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Switchgear
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Switchgear
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Design Considerations
• Space Allocation – Sufficient Arc Flash Boundary – Work Clearance per NEC
• Controllability • Accessibility • Maintainability • Personnel/Arc Flash Protection
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Warning Signs
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Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE)
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Special Tools
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Special Tools
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Arc Resistant Switchgear
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Power Control Centers
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Power Control Centers
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Power Control Centers
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Switchgear Construction
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Switchgear Construction
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Switchgear Construction
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Switchgear Construction
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Switchgear Construction
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Switchgear Construction
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Switchgear Construction
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Switchgear Construction
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Switchgear Construction
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Manufacturing
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Manufacturing
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Special Tools
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PPE
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Switchgear
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Substations
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Protection/Controls
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Components
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Arc Flash
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Voltage/Current
• System Voltage • BIL • Nominal Current • Short Circuit Current
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Golf Time