fundamentals of orthographic projections; projections of lines
TRANSCRIPT
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Engineering Drawing
Anup Ghosh
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Orthographic Projection
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Orthographic Projection
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Orthographic Projection
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Orthographic Projection
When the projectors are parallel to each other and alsoperpendicular to the plane, the projection is called orthographicprojection.
1 A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particularview is projected.
2 Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are calledprincipal planes or reference planes (RP).
3 When the observer looks at the object from the front, theview obtained is called the front view (FV) or Elevation. FV isseen on the VP.
4 When the observer looks at the object from above, the viewobtained is called top view (TV) or plan. TV is seen on theHP.
5 Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side,i.e., from his left-hand side or right-hand side, the viewobtained is called side view (SV). SV is seen on the PP.
![Page 6: Fundamentals of Orthographic Projections; Projections of lines](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013104/58667af81a28abaf408b4e42/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Orthographic Projection
When the projectors are parallel to each other and alsoperpendicular to the plane, the projection is called orthographicprojection.
1 A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particularview is projected.
2 Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are calledprincipal planes or reference planes (RP).
3 When the observer looks at the object from the front, theview obtained is called the front view (FV) or Elevation. FV isseen on the VP.
4 When the observer looks at the object from above, the viewobtained is called top view (TV) or plan. TV is seen on theHP.
5 Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side,i.e., from his left-hand side or right-hand side, the viewobtained is called side view (SV). SV is seen on the PP.
![Page 7: Fundamentals of Orthographic Projections; Projections of lines](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013104/58667af81a28abaf408b4e42/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Orthographic Projection
When the projectors are parallel to each other and alsoperpendicular to the plane, the projection is called orthographicprojection.
1 A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particularview is projected.
2 Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are calledprincipal planes or reference planes (RP).
3 When the observer looks at the object from the front, theview obtained is called the front view (FV) or Elevation. FV isseen on the VP.
4 When the observer looks at the object from above, the viewobtained is called top view (TV) or plan. TV is seen on theHP.
5 Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side,i.e., from his left-hand side or right-hand side, the viewobtained is called side view (SV). SV is seen on the PP.
![Page 8: Fundamentals of Orthographic Projections; Projections of lines](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013104/58667af81a28abaf408b4e42/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Orthographic Projection
When the projectors are parallel to each other and alsoperpendicular to the plane, the projection is called orthographicprojection.
1 A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particularview is projected.
2 Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are calledprincipal planes or reference planes (RP).
3 When the observer looks at the object from the front, theview obtained is called the front view (FV) or Elevation. FV isseen on the VP.
4 When the observer looks at the object from above, the viewobtained is called top view (TV) or plan. TV is seen on theHP.
5 Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side,i.e., from his left-hand side or right-hand side, the viewobtained is called side view (SV). SV is seen on the PP.
![Page 9: Fundamentals of Orthographic Projections; Projections of lines](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013104/58667af81a28abaf408b4e42/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Orthographic Projection
When the projectors are parallel to each other and alsoperpendicular to the plane, the projection is called orthographicprojection.
1 A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particularview is projected.
2 Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are calledprincipal planes or reference planes (RP).
3 When the observer looks at the object from the front, theview obtained is called the front view (FV) or Elevation. FV isseen on the VP.
4 When the observer looks at the object from above, the viewobtained is called top view (TV) or plan. TV is seen on theHP.
5 Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side,i.e., from his left-hand side or right-hand side, the viewobtained is called side view (SV). SV is seen on the PP.
![Page 10: Fundamentals of Orthographic Projections; Projections of lines](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013104/58667af81a28abaf408b4e42/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Orthographic Projection
When the projectors are parallel to each other and alsoperpendicular to the plane, the projection is called orthographicprojection.
1 A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particularview is projected.
2 Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are calledprincipal planes or reference planes (RP).
3 When the observer looks at the object from the front, theview obtained is called the front view (FV) or Elevation. FV isseen on the VP.
4 When the observer looks at the object from above, the viewobtained is called top view (TV) or plan. TV is seen on theHP.
5 Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side,i.e., from his left-hand side or right-hand side, the viewobtained is called side view (SV). SV is seen on the PP.
![Page 11: Fundamentals of Orthographic Projections; Projections of lines](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013104/58667af81a28abaf408b4e42/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Projection of Points
Point in first quadrant Point in second quadrant
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Projection of Points
Point in third quadrant In fourth quadrant In VP and HP
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Projection of Lines
Line parallel to one or both planes Line on a plane
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Projection of Lines
Line perpendicular to one of the planes
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Projection of Lines
Line inclined to HP & parallel to VP
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Projection of Lines
Line parallel to HP & inclined to VP
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Projection of Lines
Line making θ with HP & φ with VP
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Traces of Lines
Line is parallel to any one palne
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Traces of Lines
Lines inclined to both planes
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Traces of Lines
Lines inclined to both planes
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Naming convention
1 The line denoting the intersection of HP and VP is referenceline and denoted by xy, x1y1, x2y2 ....
2 All points in a plan or top view are denoted by smallalphabets. Any new position is denoted with suffix likea1, a2, a3 ...
3 All points in an elevation or front view are denoted by smallalphabets with prime (‘). Any new position is denoted withsuffix like a‘
1, a‘2, a‘
3 ...