fundamentals of teaching-art & essentials
TRANSCRIPT
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Fundamentals of teaching & learning
Art & Science of teaching
Thesis writing
Presentation work
Citation of references
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Learning theories . . .
During past few decades educationists have proposed no. of theories that how the
students learn.
The information that is relevant & meaningful is easier to remember.
The practice makes it easier to retain an idea.
The prior knowledge or the key conceptions can hinder the future learning.
The memory is context dependent.
A recent development about learning theory is construstivism, which argues that
learning is an active process in which individuals construst their own frame
work.
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Teaching Theories . . .
• An instructor conveys information &
students are expected to synthesize new
knowledge on their own.Transactional
Teaching
• It is much more self conscious about
objectives & methods.
• Its is basically a learner centered method
rather than a instructor centered method.
Transformational Teaching
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The teacher must teach the key concepts and skills in multiple ways.
The students need to develop a capacity to accurately assess & reflect upon
their own learning.
The students acquire deeper knowledge when they engage in authentic
practice.
A process of inquiry using a discipline- specific methods of research, analysis
etc.
Teaching can be didactic, emphasizing the transfer of information.
It can be philetic, in which the teacher serves as a role model.
It can be evocative where assisting students in discovery of the personal
meaning of a topic.
Teaching can be heuristic, which will engage students in a process of inquiry &
discovery.
Key points . . .
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Cognitive Disequilibrium: Curiosity, deep questions, thinking which in turn
lead to deeper learning.
Cognitive flexibility: It will be increased when the student is aware of
multiple viewpoints, perspectives etc.
Cognitive load: Excessive information can make it difficult for students to
process.
Generation effect: Learning is enhanced when the learners produce answers
rather than recognizing them. (e.g. MCQ)
Mental modeling: Explanations consists of casual analyses of events, logical
justification of claims & finally justify that what information is important &
relevant.
Spaced learning: Instead of teaching everything just in one single class, divide
it into several periods.
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Emotional factors affecting learning . . . Engagement: Intrinsic motivation are very important in this matter. It tends to
be declined if the activity is motivated by the promise of a reward. Motivation
is also reduced if the individual is involved in more than one work at a time.
Regulatory fit: Learners have different styles which will influence the
learning. A student with a prevention focus is very sensitive to negative
outcomes & students with promotion focus is more sensitive ti positive
outcomes. Learning is enhanced when there is a learning fit.
Stereotype threat: Fear that one’s behavior will confirm an existing stereotype
of a group with which one identifies has a negative effect on student
performance.
Student learning styles: Various types of learning styles are used by the
students. Global learners, visual learners, auditory learners etc.
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According to the students the evaluation of the teacher is on the basis of,
Presentations that are clear & understandable.
Classes in which they feel that they have learnt something.
Teachers who stimulate or boost their interests.
The topics which have to be highlighted in this matter,
• 10 principles to enhance students learning
• Ensuring students to come to the class well prepared
• Leading stimulating class discussions
• Effective lectures
• Integrating active learning in your teaching
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• Build raport with studentsConnect• Arouse student interest in your class topicsEngage• Formulate clear objective for your each session of class.Focus• Present information in multiple waysVary• Involve all students in classroom activitiesInclude• Foster active participationInvolve• To give students ownership of course materialShare• Assign your assignments with your learning objectivesAlign• Monitor student learning through the whole semsterAssess• Create opportunities for studentsReflect
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. . . . Nowadays with the tap of a tablet or smart phone, a student can get access to
the vast world of knowledge. One can easily found almost all the answers they will
search for. This means memorization is no longer as necessary as it was once 100
years ago. With the help of these new science & technologies, student can study
deeper sociological issues & can be taught the art of invention & creativity.
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Research Methodology . . . Research problem
Objective of scientific research study
Research hypothesis: Researchers’ expectation regarding the work.
Research Question
Research methodology is further of two types. E.g. qualitative &
quantitative
The aim of qualitative research is to understanding the social phenomena.
It should focus on ‘why’ rather than ‘how many’.
In quantitative method, standardized methods are mainly used to for
collecting data. (descriptive, analytical.)
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Review of Literature . . . To know what has & has not been investigated so as to design your
own work.
To understand potential concept of researchable hypothesis.
To see how others have tried to do it.
To identify data sources.
How to do literature search . . .Primary source: Books
Secondary source: Journal & articles
Tertiary source: Internet searching
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. . . Writing a thesis is perhaps the most daunting part of masters
education. A thesis or dissertation marks the culmination of thousands
of hours of training, research & writing and it represents a person years
after graduation.
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Identify the purpose first . . .
The thesis must show that the student is able to
Identify the problems
Generate questions
Review & summarize the literature
Apply appropriate methods
Collect data properly
Discuss the findings
Produce publishable results
Think & write critically & coherently
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Understanding Originality & Significance . . .
Original & significance are terms that often come up during the
discussion about the thesis.
An original contribution offers the a novel or new perspective.
For achieving this goal one has to develop an original insight.
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Significance . . .
Significance of the thesis can be described as the usefulness & the impact
of the journal which will make it publishable in the top- tire journals
because it;
Causes those inside & those outside , the community to see the things
differently.
Influence the conversation, research etc.
At the highest level, significance is a function of the field’s long term
interest in the problem.
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Aiming for excellence: Quality varies across the thesis.
Research Design: A well planned & well designed project should be
executed.
Writing: A well written & organized thesis is highly expectable. One has to
clearly explain the project & findings in writing.
Practice academic honesty: Honesty is the key stone to academic work.
Develop professional level writing skill: The quality of the writing does
matter. Brilliant ideas & findings are lost in poor writing, not only in one’s
thesis, but also from the whole carrier.
Improve the writing skill: This can be done by avoiding th grammatical
mistakes, typographic errors etc. The writing must be thoroughly checked &
revised more than once.
Other Points . . .
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Discussion . . .
Clear & well explained presentation
Proper body language
Be confident
Make it mostly pictorial & graphical
Use less statements, more points
Rehearse it in front of mirror & your peers
Steady eye contact with the audience
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Citation . . . A citation tells the reader where the information came from. In your
writing, you cite or refer to the source of information.
Reference . . .
A reference gives the readers the details about the sources so that they
have a good understanding of what kind of source it is & could find the
source themselves if necessary. The references are typically listed at the
end of the thesis or lab report.
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Types . . .
It can be classified into two types. Viz: 1. The name & year system &
2. The alphabet- number system
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References M Steven. The fundamentals
of College & University
Teaching. The American
Economist.
Shriner J C. Teaching &
learning Skill Development.
College of Medicine, The
University of Toledo.
Weisman L D. An Essay on the
Art & Science of Teaching.
The American Economist.
B Lovittis. Writing a Thesis
or Dissertation.
URL:
http://www.ncsu.edu/labwrite/
res/res-citsandrefs.html