funeral system using analytical hierarchy process...

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FUNERAL SYSTEM USING ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

MUHAMMAD SHUKRAN IMAN BIN SHAFIEE

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

(SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT)

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

APRIL 2017

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Funeral System using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Muhammad Shukran Iman bin Shafiee

Bechelor of Computer Science (Software Development)

Faculty of Informatics and Computing

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia

April 2017

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DECLARATION

This dissertation is submitted as a partial fulfillment for the award of a Bachelor

of Computer Science (Software Development) at the Universiti Sultan Zainal

Abidin (UniSZA). This is the work of my own investigation where all sections of

the text and results which have been obtained from other worker/sources are

fully referenced. I understand that plagiarism and cheating constitute a breach of

University law and regulation and will be dealt with accordingly

_______________________________

(Muhammad Shukran Iman bin Shafiee)

Date: 13th May 2017

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CONFIRMATION

The report title for this project, Funeral System using AHP was prepared and

submitted by Muhammad Shukran Iman bin Shafiee, student identification

BTAL14037803 and hass been found satisfactionary in terms of scope, quality,

and presentation as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of

Computer Science (Software Development) in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

(UniSZA).

Signature: _________________

Supervisor: Mohd Kamir bin Yusof

Date: _________________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I’m using this opportunities to express my gratitude to every single person that

supported and guiding me throughout this Final Year Project. I am thankful for

their priceless constructive criticism, friendly advice and their aspiring guidance

during the project. For sharing the truthful and illuminating view on a numbers of

issues related to the project, I am sincerely grateful for them.

My warm welcome to Mr. Mohd Kamir bin Yusof for his support during my Final

Year Project progress. Also to my beloved senior, brothers and sisters, who

always supporting me and sharing a few of successful tips on this project.

In addition, I also want to express my precious gratitude towards Faculty

Informatics and Computing for giving me a chance to explore myself with this

project. For the last, I would also thank to my family and all lecturers in the

faculty for supporting me and my friend to complete my Final Year Project

Proposal.

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ABSTRACT

Currently, most of people looking for the best funeral process services such as

low price, short distance, etc. AHP is proposed solution for this problem. Major

AHP function is to calculate the nearest location, the wisest price, and the most

comfort in term of services in managing the funeral. Analytic Hierarchy Process

(AHP) is based on mathematics and psychology, a structured technique for

organizing and analyzing complex decisions. AHP helps decision makers find

their understanding of the problem and one that best suits their goal. So an

experiment will be held to calculate the distance, comfort and price using an

AHP techniques and method, which is derived ratio scales from paired

comparison. This system is hopefully can help to handle the unexpected death

event, which help manage the funeral effectively.

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ABSTRAK

Kebanyakan para pengguna pada masa kini mencari tempat pusat

pengebumian yang terbaik berdasarkan kriteria, seperti harga, keselesaan

servis, dan jarak yang dekat. AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) telah pun

dipilih sebagai satu platform penyelesaian untuk masalah ini. Fungsi utama AHP

adalah untuk membuat kerja pengiraan berdasarkan kriteria yang telah pun

ditetapkan, sebagai contoh, jarak, keselesaaan, dan harga. AHP ialah

merupakan satu penyelesaian yang berdasarkan matematik dan psikologi, dan

juga merupakan satu teknik yang berstruktur dalam membentuk dan

menganalisis sesuatu keputusan yang kompleks. AHP membantu para

pengguna untuk membuat keputusan yang sesuai dengan matlamat asal

pengguna. Oleh hal yang demikian, satu eksperimen akan dijalankan untuk

mengira jarak, keselesaan, dan harga menggunakan teknik AHP, di mana

perbandingan secara berpasangan akan dilakukan. System ini diharap dapat

membantu dalam menguruskan urusan kematian yang terjadi tanpa diduga, di

mana secara tidak lansung akan dapat menguruskan proses pengebumian

dengan lebih berkesan dan efektif.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Pages

DECLARATION ii

CONFIRMATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii

LIST OF TABLE x

LIST OF FIGURE xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective 3

1.4 Scope 3

1.4.1 User Scope 4

1.4.1.1 Superuser 4

1.4.1.2 User 4

1.4.1.3 Admin 5

1.4.2 Module System 5

1.4.2.1 Login Module 5

1.4.2.2 Calculate Rating Module 5

1.4.2.3 Searching Module 5

1.4.2.4 Report Module 6

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1.5 Report Structure 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Research 7

2.3 Review Comparison 13

2.4 Funeral Service Review 15

2.5 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) explained 16

2.5.1 Forming Hierarchy 17

2.5.2 Pairwise Comparison 18

2.5.3 Eigenvector Computation 20

2.6 Summary 23

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 24

3.2 Project Methodology 25

3.2.1 Initial Planning Phase 27

3.2.2 Planning Phase 27

3.2.3 Requirement Phase 28

3.2.4 Analysis and Design Phase 29

3.2.5 Implementation Phase 29

3.2.6 Testing Phase 29

3.2.7 Evaluation Phase 30

3.2.8 Deployment Phase 30

3.3 Software and Hardware Requirement 31

3.3.1 Hardware Requirement 31

3.3.2 Software Requirement 32

3.4 System Design 33

3.4.1 Context Diagram 33

3.4.2 Data Flow Diagram 34

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3.4.2.1 Data Flow Diagram Level 0 35

3.4.3 Entity Relationship Diagram 38

3.4.4 System Framework 40

3.5 Database Dictionary 41

3.5.1 Table funeralservice_detail 41

3.5.2 Table admin_fs 42

3.5.3 Table user 42

3.5.4 Table fs_facility 43

3.5.5 Table fs_service 44

3.5.6 Table marks 45

3.6 Solution Complexity 46

3.6.1 Making Pairwise Comparison by Criteria, Weighting

and Normalization 46

3.6.2 Make Pairwise Comparison by Alternative based on

Criteria, Weighting and Normalization 48

3.6.3 Calculation to know rank of the Funeral Service

Center 51

3.7 Summary 52

REFERENCES 53

APPENDIX A 54

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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.2 (a) List of Previous Research 10

2.5.2 (a) Pairwise Comparison 18

2.5.2 (b) The fundamental scale for Pairwise Comparison 19

2.5.3 (a) Criteria versus Criteria 20

2.5.3 (b) Finding the eigenvector by Criteria versus Criteria 21

2.5.3 (c) Finding the Normalized value 22

2.5.3 (d) Table of priority 23

3.5 (a) funeralservice_detail 41

3.5 (b) admin_fs 42

3.5 (c) user 42

3.5 (d) fs_facility 43

3.5 (e) fs_service 44

3.5 (f) marks 45

3.6.1 (a) Pairwise between criteria (1) 46

3.6.1 (b) Pairwise between criteria (2) 47

3.6.1 (c) Result of Normalization 47

3.6.1 (d) Result of weighting 47

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3.6.2 (a) Pairwise between distance class (1) 48

3.6.2 (b) Pairwise between distance class (2) 49

3.6.2 (c) Result of normalization 50

3.6.2 (d) Result of weighting 51

3.6.2 (e) Result of Ranking 52

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.5.1 (a) AHP problem Decomposition 17

3.1 (a) Iterative and Incremental model 26

3.4.1 (a) Context Diagram 33

3.4.2.1 (a) Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Level 0 35

3.4.3 (a) Entity Relationship Diagram 38

3.4.4 (a) Framework for Funeral Service using AHP web-based

system

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3.6 (a) Objective, criteria and alternative 46

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

CD Context Diagram

DFD Data Flow Diagram

ERD Entity Relationship Diagram

FYP Final Year Project

AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process

fs funeral system

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Introduction

As we know, death is an event which mostly the people in this world could not

expect that coming. So the problem arise when the death event happen is that,

they does not know where is the nearest funeral service that can handle the

funeral process. There might be some people already know where is the nearest

location that available for the funeral process such as for the Muslims, surau or

Mosque is the places that they need to refer if there is a death event occur. But

not all people exactly know where the nearest location of the funeral service

center is available. There may happen that the people had just moved to a

certain places, then the death event happen at that time, so where on earth did

they know where is the nearest location.

To overcome this problem, the Funeral System is developed in order to produce

a reference for the people especially Muslims people to handle the death event

that occur. The main function of this system is to calculate the distance between

the location of the people house and the funeral service center that available

effectively using Analytical Hierarchy Process, and will display the description of

the funeral service center, their facilities available, list of service offer, additional

service, price of the service that being offer and user review as an additional

reference.

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1.2 Problem Statement

Problem that occur in curre47nt funeral system are:

1. There is only the information of the things need to do description in case

there is the death event.

2. Difficulties occur whenever there is the death event occur because of not

knowing the exact location and distance of the funeral service center. It is

difficult to research and ask manually the location and the distance of

funeral service center.

3. There is still no system that provide such function exist yet.

4. The distances of the funeral service location is not yet being emphasized.

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1.3 Objective

The objective of Funeral System are:

1. To design a websites that can generate a list of funeral service center

that display the description of the funeral service center, their facilities

available, list of service offer, additional service, price of the service that

being offer and user review as an additional reference.

2. To apply Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the system.

3. To developed a website that is functional and beneficial to the user by

saving their time in searching for the funeral service center via asking

manually and research.

1.4 Scope

The scope is going to be outline the users and functions of this websites system.

This websites system is focuses on Muslims and also non-Muslims people who

are experiencing the death event that occur, and will be searching for the

location of the nearest funeral service center, and then the database

administrator will always updating the latest information of the funeral service

center that available and their location.

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1.4.1 User Scope

The stakeholder for this system consist of an admin, user and supeuser.

1.4.1.1 Superuser

The superuser is the person who will manage the entire system. This type of

user also going to do maintenance and control the application of the system.

Roles:

Manage Funeral Service Detail (Add, Update, View, Delete)

Manage Admin Registration (admin registration)

1.4.1.2 User

The user is the person who are using a computer or a network, also generally

the person who are using a system or a software product without the technical

expertise require to fully understand it.

Roles:

Review Homestay (input user rate and comment)

Browse most rate Funeral Service Center

View Funeral Service Center Information

View Funeral Service Center review

Update profile

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1.4.1.3 Admin

The person who has the Funeral Service Center and use this system to promote

his/her Funeral Service Center.

Roles:

Manage Funeral Service Detail (Add, Update, View, Delete)

Update profile

1.4.2 Module System

1.4.2.1 Login Module

Determine both the user and admin who are logging into the system.

1.4.2.2 Calculate Rating Module

Consist of the calculation of the rating that being input by the user into the

system using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method.

1.4.2.3 Searching Module

Present and show the result of the Funeral Service Center browse by the user

by implementing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), that is the result

showing based on priority that already being calculate in previous module

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1.4.2.4 Report Module

Present the list of detail that consist of user detail, Funeral Service detail,

Facility, Service and Marks.

1.5 Report Structure

This report consist of six chapter altogether. Chapter 1 consists of an

introduction that contain the outline of this report’s content (Akmal Suriani,

2016). It includes Background, Problem Statement, Scope, Expected Result,

Project Planning and Report Structure.

Next, in Chapter 2, that is Literature Review, it contains about the study of

literature that include some of the previous research that has been done. A

comparison table was produced to illustrate the strength and limitation of the

technique at the end of this chapter.

Then in Chapter 3, that is Research Methodology, it describes about the

methodology that being used in developing this system (Akmal Suriani 2016).

The development of this research also covered in this chapter.

In Chapter 4, Design and Project Methodology, it shows details about the design

and modelling projects that has been produce (Akmal Suriani, 2016).

While in Chapter 5, all the description of the implementation and testing of

Funeral System using Analytical Hierarchy Process has been describe.

Lastly, in Chapter 6, it is about the conclusion or summarization for the whole

system and further discussion that could be made to the system.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter will continue with the discussion and review of an idea from

previous research, where the particular topic is placed. This may include the

broader description of the topic and the general description. By using a few

summarized paragraph to make it easier to be understand, the literature review

will be discussed. There are also a brief of the previous research that will also

be discussed in this chapter. The idea of the previous research will be much of

help in becoming one of the resources that can be made to build this websites.

2.2 Research

Introduced by Thomas Saaty in 1980, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is

an effective tool for dealing with complex decision making, may aid the decision

maker to make the best decision. By synthesizing the results, and then reducing

complex decisions to a series of pairwise comparison, the AHP helps to capture

both objective and subjective aspects of a decision. Plus, for checking the

consistencies of the decision maker’s evaluation, the AHP incorporates a useful

technique, thus can reduce the bias in the decisions making process. The AHP

is considers as a set of alternative options among which the best decision is to

be made and a set of evaluation criteria. The AHP, according to the decision

maker’s pairwise comparisons of the criteria, is a weight for each evaluation

criterion. The higher the weight, the more important the corresponding criterion.

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This method is chosen to select the best mosque based on few criteria that

required by the user. Later on, it will generate a list of the funeral service center

based on a ranking. The user review will be contributed to calculate the score in

order to generate that list.

The main focus of the author [1] is To analyze dynamically the public bus

transport system of a city, a general three-level-hierarchical model has been set

up. Only the elements of supply quality are assessed in the hierarchy excluding

the price. Questionnaire was created and AHP has been selected for analysis

and used to determined preference weights of evaluators from different

evaluator group. Exactly the same type of questionnaire has been evaluated

from Passenger, company manager and governmental officers so that the result

are comparable. Used a simplified Saaty –scale for scoring so that the missing

data of the matrices could be calculated by an algorithm as well. This study

revealed a priority ranking of the elements of supply quality within each level,

and this ranking is comparable among the participant.

The papers [2] describes the general design of model supplier selection using

the AHP with an application of the proposed model in a manufacturing company

that selects a suitable supplier of three potential suppliers. The aim of this paper

is to understand the strategic operating decision area of the supplier selection

process and to aid decision makers with varying degrees of importance to reach

consensus in rating alternative suppliers.

The 3rd papers that is paper [3] aims to develop such a model using AHP, which

is the preferred approach in the machine-selection literature, since it is simple,

easy to use, and capable of forming a hierarchical decision structure.

Furthermore, the study is limited to machining centers to illustrate the application

of the proposed model more clearly. In the following sections, the component

based AHP machining center selection model is developed and then compared

with two other MCDM models that use only technical specifications.

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Last but not least, papers [4] is the System that allows users to search for the

best mosque. A web-based system that apply AHP which help the system to

search for the result base on a few criteria. The methodology of development is

based on Iterative and Incremental model which the basic idea behind this

method is to develop a system through repeated cycles (iterative) and in smaller

portions at a time (incremental).

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Table 2.2 (a) List of Previous Research

Author/ Year Method Explanation Critics/Limitation

Szabolcs

Duleba,

Tsutomu

Mishina,

Yoshiaki

Shimazaki, A

dynamic

analysis on

public bus

transport’s

supply quality

by using AHP

(2012)

AHP To analyze dynamically the

public bus transport system of

a city, a general three-level-

hierarchical model has been

set up. Only the elements of

supply quality are assessed in

the hierarchy excluding the

price. Questionnaire was

created and AHP has been

selected for analysis and used

to determined preference

weights of evaluators from

different evaluator group.

Exactly the same type of

questionnaire has been

evaluated from Passenger,

company manager and

governmental officers so that

the result are comparable.

Used a simplified Saaty –

scale for scoring so that the

missing data of the matrices

could be calculated by an

algorithm as well. This study

revealed a priority ranking of

the elements of supply quality

within each level, and this

1. Serious mental

performance from

respondents are a

requirement in

evaluating AHP

questionnaire

2. Some respondents

might be not so

focused on to fill in all

rubrics of the offered

matrices

3. The preference order

of the issues will

probably be very

sensitive to the

calculated weight

scores (eigenvector

coordinates) of the

respective previous

level when applying a

3-level-hierarchy

4. The separation of

evaluators groups may

shed light on the

different image of

development thinking

related to a certain

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ranking is comparable among

the participant.

public transport

system.

Roman Hruška,

Petr Průša &

Darko Babić,

The use of

AHP method

for selection of

supplier, (2014)

AHP Describes the general design

of model supplier selection

using the AHP with an

application of the proposed

model in a manufacturing

company that selects a

suitable supplier of three

potential suppliers. The aim of

this paper is to understand the

strategic operating decision

area of the supplier selection

process and to aid decision

makers with varying degrees

of importance to reach

consensus in rating alternative

suppliers.

1. This method (AHP) still

not the exact and

secure type of solution

in handling the

choosing of supplier.

2. Still need another

techniques to be

added in order to

enhance efficiency and

flexibility of the supply

networks

Yusuf Tansel Ic

, Mustafa

Yurdakul &

Ergün Eraslan,

Development

of a

component-

based

machining

center

selection

AHP Develop such a model using

AHP, which is the preferred

approach in the machine-

selection literature, since it is

simple, easy to use, and

capable of forming a

hierarchical decision structure.

Furthermore, the study is

limited to machining centres to

illustrate the application of the

proposed model more clearly.

1. There is still

uncompleted

representation of

machining Centres’

performances

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model using

AHP, (2012)

In the following sections, the

component based

AHP machining centre

selection model is developed

and then compared with two

other MCDM models that use

only technical specifications.

Siti Syahirah

binti Shahrul,

Musollah Go!,

(2016)

AHP System that allows users to

search for the best mosque. A

web-based system that apply

AHP which help the system to

search for the result base on a

few criteria. The methodology

of development is based on

Iterative and Incremental

model which the basic idea

behind this method is to

develop a system through

repeated cycles (iterative) and

in smaller portions at a time

(incremental)

1. Does not cover the

searching process

combining with the

Google maps, instead

it is been done by

matching the keyword

with the mosque

address

2. If there in no review in

that certain mosque,

there will be no data

about that mosque

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2.3 Review of Comparison

In this section, we will going to discuss about the website that we have been

refer to. As we know, there are not too many funeral service finder in Malaysia,

but it do have quite a lot outside of Malaysia. So, after being short listed, four

website were chosen and be compared. They are Funeral, parksbrother,

cremation-society and prattfuneralservice. Below are the precise description.

Funeral

funeral.com is a website where the funeral service are offered. In this website,

users can search the funeral by name or keyword. Users also can search the

funeral by name or keyword, beside of selecting the state where there lived on.

Aside from that, users also can placed an obituary for the disease by fill in the

form of the disease in it. This website also offers the help in guiding a funeral

processed. Some information that told the user what to do in arranging the

funeral. There is also a cremation cost being view to the user. There is a

package offer in cremation package.

Parksbrother.net

This website is about the way of the funeral processed are being held. Users in

here can search obituaries, where users can sort it by criteria such as Date of

Death, time and Location. Users also can access online counseling services.

Besides that, users can also access the funeral process guideline.

cremation-society

The website offer a cremation process, which is part of the funeral process. In

here, users can arrange a cremation online through this website. Users can get

the information of each cremation cost offer. Users also can become a member

by fill in the form provided. The cremation also can be booked via online. There

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is also a merchandise, where user can purchase it online. Besides that, users

can search y sorting it out by Last name, Date of Death and Service Date.

Prattfuneralservice.com

This is a website where it offer a funeral service to various type of people. Four

type of burial service offer is Immediate Burial, Visitation, memorial service and

Committed Service. There are also cremation service offer in this website which

is Interment means, Graveside Services, Scattering and placing cremated

remains in multiple urns. Live Funeral Webcasting also offered in this website.

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2.4 Funeral Service Review

User will be asked about their comments and compliment, which is in their

perspective about the Funeral Service Center and then will rate it. It is best to

embrace this feedback and make an operational improvements. We offered the

user an appropriate response because it will send the message to the Funeral

Service Center administrator that their center may need an improvement, which

might open the door for more reviews. As a conclusion, active user participation

has been identified as a key component to any successful online community (Siti

Syahirah Shahrul, 2016)

The question asked in the user review is specifically related to the criteria that

will be chosen in order to form the Funeral Service Center ranking. This criteria

mostly chosen because of the factor that might influence the user’s choice in

finding the Funeral Service Center. Top 3 criteria have been chosen that is

Distance, Comfort and Price.

a) Distance

The distance is obviously need to be considered as an important

criteria. This is because it has been the highest priority in influencing

the user in the search of Funeral Service Center.

b) Comfort

In each of Funeral Service Center, there is a separation in handling

the men’s and women’s corpse. The privacy of the disease need to be

considered in order to make sure that the user’s comfort is secured.

An appropriate measure need to be taken to avoid any incident

happen.

c) Price

This is in fact one of the important criteria, where with today’s

economy, price play a major role in selecting the best Funeral Service

Center. A good price for a good service is needed, because the bad

service with the higher price might cost the disease family.

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Before running the AHP calculation, user review is a necessity part. The marks

will be collected as an average value over all of the rated review.

2.5 Analytical Hierarchy Process

Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of multi-criteria decision making

method that used to making approach in which factors are arranged in a

hierarchy structure. Originally it was developed by Prof Thomas L. Saaty (1977

and 1994). It is a method to derive ratio scales from paired comparison. The

input can be obtain from actual measurement such as price, weight etc ., or from

subjective opinion as satisfaction feelings and preference. AHP calculation

involved pair-wise comparison, eigenvector computation and ranking alternative.

The subjective evaluations are converted into numerical values and processed

to rank each alternative on a numerical scale. The methodology of the AHP can

be explain by the following method.

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2.5.1 Forming Hierarchy

First, state the objective of this decision making that is the main aim obviously.

Then, specifically define the important criteria. Last but not least, pick the

alternative that may be possible. The problem than being decomposed into a

hierarchy of goal, criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives. This mark the most

important and creative part of decision-making.

Figure 2.5.1 (a) AHP Problem Decomposition

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2.5.2 Pairwise Comparison

Next step is, the element will be compared in pairs against a given sub-criterion

or criterion. To compare an element, ask a question: how much more (less)

strongly is this element preferred than the element with which it is being

compared. Although that the comparison can be made in any sequence, in this

example, we will compared only the alternatives with respect to their strength in

each meeting with each of the criteria. Then the criteria will be compared with

respect to their importance to reaching the goal. They will used the AHP

fundamental scale in assigning the weights.

Table 2.5.2 (a) Pairwise Comparison

Criterion 1,2 Alternative 1 Alternative 2 ….. Alternative n

Alternative 1 A1/A2 A1/A2 ….. A1/An



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Table 2.5.2 (b) The fundamental scale for Pairwise Comparison

The Fundamental Scale for Pairwise Comparison

Intensity of

Importance

Definition Explanation

1 Equal Importance Two element contribute equality to the objective

3 Moderate

Importance

Experience and judgment moderately favor one

element over another

5 Strong Important Experience and judgment strongly favor one element

over another

7 Very Strong

Important

One element is favored strongly over another, its

dominance is demonstrate in practice

9 Extreme Important The evidence favoring one element over another is of

the highest possible order of affirmation

Intensity of 2, 4, 6, and 8 can be used to express intermediate values. Intensities of 1.1, 1.2,

1.3. etc. can be used for elements that are very close its importance.

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2.5.3 Eigenvector Computation

The corresponding normalized right eigenvector of the comparison matrix and

the principal eigenvalue give the relative importance of the various criteria being

compared. The rating with respect to the alternatives and the elements of the

normalized eigenvector are termed weights with respect to the criteria or sub-

criteria.

a) Get ranking priorities for criterion by using criteria versus criteria as

shown in Table 2.5.3 (a).

Table 2.5.3 (a) Criteria versus Criteria

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 ….. Criteria n

Criteria 1 C1/C1 C1/C2 ….. C1/Cn

Criteria 2 C2/C1 C2/C2 ….. C2/Cn

Criteria n Cn/C1 Cn/C2 ….. Cn/Cn

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b) Compute eigenvector by adding all value by row as shown in Table 2.5.3

(b).

Table 2.5.3 (b) Finding the eigenvector by criteria versus criteria

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 ….. Criteria n Sum

Criteria 1 A B ….. Z A+B+Z

Criteria 2 A B ….. Z A+B+Z

Criteria n A B ….. Z A+B+Z

Total =

(A+B+Z) +

(A+B+Z) +

(A+B+Z)

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c) Sum off the row totals from each criteria like explained in Table 2.5.3 (c).

Table 2.5.3 (c) Finding the normalized value

Criteria

1

Criteria 2 ….. Criteria

n

Sum Eigenvector

(Normalized

Value)

Criteria

1

A B ….. Z A+B+Z (A+B+Z)/

Total = E1

Criteria

2

A B ….. Z A+B+Z (A+B+Z)/

Total = E2

Criteria

n

A B ….. Z A+B+Z (A+B+Z)/

Total = En

Total =

(A+B+Z)

+

(A+B+Z)

+

(A+B+Z)

Must get

approximate

value to

1.000

23

d) The computed eigenvector give the relatives rank. The highest

eigenvector value will be ranked first and so on. As an example, E1 is

given the value of 3.0, E2 is the value of 2.5, while E3 with the value of

1.8, the rank will be as shown in Table 2.5.3 (d).

Table 2.5.3 (d) Table of priority

Eigenvector

Criteria 1 E1 | 3.0 The first most

important

Criteria 2 E2 | 2.5 The second important

Criteria n E3 | 1.8 The least important

2.6 Summary

The information about the study on the past research, current application or

system and article on the website were delivered through this phase. This study

is to focused more on the way in doing the research and development project, in

order for it to be successful and also to come out with the new system that may

give the benefits to the community that is all users.

24

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter will discuss about the methodology that being used in order to

develop this system. Funeral Service system will be developed based on the

integration of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the user review in order

for the system to generate the funeral service center ranking based on user’s

criteria choices. The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) that will be used is

Iterative and Incremental model. This chapter will explain more detail about

every phase that involve in this project development.

25

3.2 Project Methodology

Methodology is a framework that is used to structured, plan and control the

process of developing an information system. In this system, Iterative and

Incremental Model has been chosen as the methodology to develop this system.

The model, that is Iterative and Incremental Model, required a project to be

designed, implemented and tested incrementally with a little more is added each

time until the project is finished, and its involved both development and

maintenance. The project than will be considered as finished when it satisfies its

entire requirement. Rigorous validation of requirements and verification also

testing of each version of the software against those requirements within each

cycle of the model is the key to successful use of an iterative Software

Development Life Cycle. Tests have to be repeated and extended as the

software evolves through successive cycles, in order to verify each version of

the software. The approach will leads the system development in focusing more

on the application rather than the documentation.

26

Figure 3.1 (a) Iterative and Incremental Model

Initial Planning

Deployment

Planning

Requirements

Analysis and Design

Implementation

Testing

Evaluation

27

3.2.1 Initial Planning Phase

In this phase, I had a discussion with my supervisor about the title and the

method that will be used in this project. After narrowing a few of the ideas, the

title Funeral System using Analytical Hierarchy Process has been selected as

the title and AHP as the method.

3.2.2 Planning Phase

Planning phases is the detailed about the title, where I also refer this to my

supervisor. The discussion held to determined what are the problem statement,

objective and also scope of the system. A feasibility study had been conducted

in order to gain more understanding in the problem statements and its best

solution. One of the outcome of this discussion is manage to figured out the

objective withing the scope of the system. During this phase, a meeting with

Head of Department involving all student that currently in Final Year Project

were held regarding the evaluation of the system overall.

28

3.2.3 Requirement Phase

The user requirement were figured out in this phase and the people that might

be involved. The system requirement is that, it is in needed for collection of

information. The related system have been studied in order to gain more

knowledge about the current system. As an example of the system that been

studied is Parksbrother.net, funeral, and also downloaded applications such as

TripAdvisor and agoda, in order to see the pattern of search engine website. In

addition, the structure of Funeral Service Center organization also been studied

in order to know what kind of information is about to be handled. The peoples

view and its own comments about current Funeral Service Center is also being

asked in order to get the suitable criteria. All the information collected must be

arranged first in order to know how it is going so that the proposed system can

satisfy the user requorement. The criteria is being obtain to fullfill the method,

that is Analytical Hierarchy Process as the main function of the system.

29

3.2.4 Analysis and Design Phase

All the gathered information had been analyse in this phase. The system that will

be developed must overcome the weakness that occur in the current system.

The prototyped is being designed based on the requirements that already being

collected and analysed from the requirement analysis phase. Then, the Context

Diagram (CD), Data Flow Diagram (DFD) and Entity Relationship Diagram

(ERD) were designed. The diagrams will help in understanding the process and

the flow of the system. Based on a few current websites, the interface is being

designed.

3.2.5 Implementation Phase

Code generation phase is the other name for this phase. It involved in real

system development based on the system design that had been planned earlier.

First, the main module which is superuser, where the supeuser can add, delete

and view the information using web-based system, while the administrator of the

Funeral Service Center can add, update, view and delete. Then, the phase

continue with user, where they can login, give review and rating marks, update,

view and deactivated acoount. Finally, the calculation module that involved the

integration of rating marks, average and Analytical Hierarchy Process. As the

languages used, the PHP will be used to executed all the function, while for the

interfaces, HTML, CSS and Bootstrap will be used.

3.2.6 Testing Phase

To ensure that the system runs correctly, the testing phase need to be done. To

test the system and do some checking to the system for an error, test cases are

used. After each increment, regression testing should proceed for the testing

phase. The system will be tested by entering the valid and invalid input to check

whether there error occur or not, after completing development of modul 1.

30

Coding will be revised to find the bugs thus fix it, if and only if there are many

errors such as failure in adding the information into the database and it is the

same with the next module. Faulty elements of the software can be quickly

identified because a few changes are made within a single increment during the

testing. The black-box testing were applied where the system is being tested its

functional and non-functional, without the reference to the internal structure of

the component or the system. As an example, each of the module is tested

separately using the web browser; providing inputs and verifying the outputs

against the expected outcome.

3.2.7 Evaluation Phase

Before the system is being deployed to the end user, the evaluation need to be

done. Any best practises and technique that were used in the first iteration then

can be used for the next requirements and iterations

3.2.8 Deployment Phase

The system will be released to end users to implement whether the system is

correct functioning or not in the deployment phase.

Deployment

31

3.3 Software and Hardware Requirement

In order to gain the successful project, the requirement of hardware and

software are the most important part. The project might not be done in a

specified period without the appropriate software and hardware requirement.

The facilities of hardware and software need to be used in order to complete

the project. The consumption of these facilities depend on what already

provided or what they have been used before. These are the detailed

requirements for Funeral System:

3.3.1 Hardware Requirement

I. Laptop: Acer Aspire E5-575G

II. Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-6200U CPU @ 2.30GHz 2.40 GHz

III. Hard Disk: 1000 GB HDD

IV. Memory: 8 GB DDR4 Memory

V. Pendrive

VI. External Hard Disk

VII. Printer

32

3.3.2 Software Requirement

I. Microsoft Office Word 2013

This software is used to do and edit the report of the system.

II. Microsoft Office Powerpoint 2013

This software is used to do and edit the slide of FYP presentation.

III. Google Chrome

This software is used as a platform for the system to run.

IV. Sublime Text 3

This software is used for generating the code.

V. Xamp Control Panel

This software is used to create the database of the system.

VI. Edraw Max

This software is used to produced CD, DFD and ERD.

VII. Adobe Photoshop

This software is used in poster and photo editing.

33

3.4 System Design

3.4.1 Context Diagram

Context diagram is a diagram tahat defined the boundary between the

system or part of the system and its environment, showing the entities that

interacts with it and its input and outputs from/to external factors. It is used in

a project to get agreement on the scope under investigation. Context

Diagram is beneficial because of its depicts the project scope at a high level

of abstraction

Figure 3.4.1 (a) Context Diagram

The Context Diagram for Funeral System using AHP is shown in the figure

above. The Funeral System using AHP process is at the center of the

diagram. The three entities (USER, ADMIN, SUPERUSER) are placed

around the central process. eight data flows are involve in the nteraction

between the entities and the central process. The SUPEUSER has no data

flow outgoing to it. The ADMIN entity has three incoming data flow which are

GET AVERAGE MARK, GET USER REVIEW and GET ADMIN

PRIVELEGE, and has four outgoing data flow which are FUNERAL

SERVICE INFO, SERVICE OFFER INFO, FACILITY INFO and

34

ADDITIONAL INFO. The USER entity has two incoming data flow which are

GET USER ACCESS and GET FUNERAL PLACES RESULT, and three

outgoing data flow which are REGISTRATION, SEARCHING and GIVE

USER REVIEW.

3.4.2 Data Flow Diagram

Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the “flow” of data

through an information system, modelling its process aspects. The DFD is

often used as a premilinary step to create an overview of the system, which

can later be elaborated. DFD also can be used for the visualisation of data

processing.

A DFD will shown what kind of information will be input to and output from

the process in the system, where the data will come from and go to, and

where is the data will be stored. The DFD does not show information about

the timing of process or information about whether the process will operate in

sequence or parallel.

35

3.4.2.1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Level 0

Figure 3.4.2.1 (a) Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Level 0

36

The DFD Level 0 has three entities which are SUPEUSER, ADMIN and

USER. The process consist of eight process which are ADMIN

REGISTRATION, USER REGISTRATION, LOGIN ACCESS, MANAGE

FUNERAL SERVICE DETAIL, FUNERAL SERVICE REVIEW, CRITERIA

RANKING, REPORT and LOG OUT. There are six data stored created in the

system that is ADMIN, USER, FUNERAL SERVICE DETAIL, FACILITY,

SERVICE and MARKS

1. SUPERUSER register ADMIN in ADMIN REGISTRATION

process, and then it give an outputs VALIDATION OF ADMIN

ACCOUNT from ADMIN data stored.

2. SUPERUSER register FUNERAL SERVICE CENTER in

MANAGE FUNERAL SERVICE DETAIL process.

3. USER input USER DETAIL in USER REGISTRATION process,

and then it output USER ACCOUNT VALIDATION from USER

data stored.

4. ADMIN enter ADMIN ID and PASSWORD while USER enter

USER EMAIL and PASSWORD in LOG IN ACCESS process and

the SESSION VALIDATE to the ADMIN and USER data store.

5. ADMIN enter the FUNERAL SERVICE DETAIL, FACILITY DETAIL

and SERVICE DETAIL in MANAGE FUNERAL SERVICE

CENTER DETAIL process.

6. USER input USER RATE and COMMENT in the FUNERAL

SERVICE REVIEW process and then output FINALIZED

RANKING RESULT from MARKS data store.

7. ADMIN view MARK and USER REVIEW from FUNERAL

SERVICE REVIEW process and then it outputs MARK and USER

REVIEW from MARK data store.

8. ADMIN view AVERAGE MARK in CRITERIA RANKING process.

37

9. USER input CRITERIA to search the funeral service center in

CRITERIA RANKING process and then it output the FINALIZE

RANKING RESULT from MARK data store.

10. ADMIN input ADMIN ID and PASSWORD in REPORT process

and then it output the REPORT DETAIL from the USER,

FUNERAL SERVICE DETAIL, FACILITY DETAIL, SERVICE

DETAIL and MARK data store.

11. ADMIN input ADMIN ID and PASSWORD in LOG OUT process

and the SESSION IS DESTROYED

12. USER input USER EMAIL and PASSWORD in LOG OUT

processs and the SESSION IS DESTROYED.

38

3.4.3 Entity Relationship Diagram

An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) model is an systematic way of

describing and defining a business process. The process is modelled as

component (entities) that are linked with each other by relationship that

express the dependencies and requirement between them.

Entities may have various of attributes that can characterized them. Diagram

is created to represent these entities, attributes and relationships graphically

are called Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD).

An ER model is typically implemented as a database. In the case of

relational database, which its store data in tables, every rows of each table

represent one instance of an entity. Some data fields in these tables point to

indexes in other table; such as pointers represent the relationships.

Figure 3.4.3 (a) Entity Relationship Diagram

39

Interaction of Funeral Service Detail with Admin

One to one relationship

Only one admin manage one funeral service center

In Funeral Service Detail: fs_id (PK)

In Admin: admin_id (PK)

Interaction of User and Marks

One to many relationship

One user can rate many of different funeral service center

In User: user_email (PK)

In Marks: rate_id (PK)

Interacton of Marks and Funeral Service Detail

Many to one relationship

Many marks from the user will be collected to be concluded for one

funeral service center based on fs_id


In Funeral Service Detail: fs_id (PK)

Interaction of Marks and Facility


One marks from the user for one facility


In Facility: facility_id (PK)

Interaction of Facility and Service


One facility for one service

In Facility: facility_id (PK)

In Service: service_id (PK)

40

3.4.4 System Framework

Figure 3.4.4 (a) Framework for Funeral Service using AHP web-based

system

41

3.5 Database Dictionary

3.5.1 Table funeralservice_detail

Table 3.5 (a) funeralservice_detail

Column Type Null Key Default Comment

fs_id varchar no primary

admin_id varchar no foreign References

admin_fs

fs_name varchar no

fs_address varchar no

fs_city varchar no

fs_postcode varchar no

fs_state varchar no

fs_phone varchar no

fs_email varchar no

fs_fax varchar no

fs_description varchar no

fs_pic blob no

The table contain twelve row, those row are FS_ID, ADMIN_ID, FS_NAME,

FS_NAME, FS_ADDRESS, FS_CITY, FS_POSTCODE, FS_STATE,

FS_PHONE, FS_EMAIL, FS_FAX, FS_DESCRIPTION and FS_PIC. FS_ID

is the primary key while ADMIN_ID is the foreign key references to ADMIN

table.

42

3.5.2 Table admin_fs

Table 3.5 (b) admin_fs


admin_id varchar no primary

admin_name varchar no

password varchar no

This table contain three rows, those are ADMIN_ID, ADMIN_NAME and

PASSWORD. ADMIN_ID is the primary key.

3.5.3 Table user

Table 3.5 (c) user


user_email varchar no primary

user_name varchar no

password int no

This table contain three rows, those are USER_EMAIL, USER_NAME and

PASSWORD. USER_EMAIL is the primary key.

43

3.5.4 Table fs_facility

Table 3.5 (d) fs_facility


facility_id varchar no Primary

fs_id varchar no foreign References

funeralservice_detail

faci_type varchar no

faci_description varchar no

create_at date no

modified date no

This table contain six rows, those rows are FACILITY_ID, FS_ID,

FACI_TYPE, FACI_DESCRIPTION, CREATE_AT and MODIFIED.

FACILITY_ID as the primary key while FS_ID is the foreign key references to

FUNERALSERVICE_DETAIL table.

44

3.5.5 Table fs_service

Table 3.5 (e) fs_service

Column Type Nul

l

Key Defaul

t

Comment

service_id varcha

r

no Primar

y

fs_id varcha

r

no foreign References

funeralservice_detai

l

service_name varcha

r

no

service_descriptio

n

varcha

r

no

create_at varcha

r

no

modified varcha

r

no

This table contain six rows, those rows are SERVICE_ID, FS_ID,

SERVICE_NAME, SERVICE_DESCRIPTION, CREATE_AT and MODIFIED.

SERVICE_ID as the primary key while FS_ID is the foreign key references to

FUNERALSERVICE_DETAIL table.

45

3.5.6 Table marks

Table 3.5 (f) marks


rate_id varchar no Primary

fs_id varchar no foreign References

funeralservice_detail

user_email varchar no References

user

clean_rate varchar no

comf_rate varchar no

service_rate varchar no

average varchar no

review_comment varchar no

rate_date date no

This table contain nine rows, those rows are RATE_ID, FS_ID,

USER_EMAIL, CLEAN_RATE, COMF_RATE, SERVICE_RATE, AVERAGE,

REVIEW COMMENT and RATE_DATE. RATE_ID as the primary key while

FS_ID is the foreign key references to FUNERALSERVICE_DETAIL table

and USER_EMAIL is the foreign key references to USER table.

46

3.6 Solution Complexity

Figure 3.6 (a) Objective, Criteria and Alternative

3.6.1 Making Pairwise Comparison by Criteria, Weighting and

Normalization

Table 3.6.1 (a) Pairwise between criteria (1)

Distance Comfort Price

Distance 1 3/2 3

Comfort 2/3 1 2

Price 1/3 1/2 1

47

Table 3.6.1 (b) Pairwise between criteria (2)


Distance 1.000 1.500 3.000

Comfort 0.500 1.000 2.000

Price 1.333 0.555 1.000

Use matrix formula in order to get new value in each row, example as below:

(1.0000*1.0000) + (1.5000*0.5000) + (3.0000*1.3333) = 2.750

Table 3.6.1 (c) Result of Normalization


Distance 2.750 4.500 9.000

Comfort 1.667 2.750 5.500

Price 0.917 1.500 3.000

Use the weighting formula in order to get the priority value:

Criteria / Total Sum = Priority

Example: 16.250 / 31.583 = 0.5145

Table 3.6.1 (d) Result of weighting

SUM Priority

Distance 16.250 0.5145

Comfort 9.917 0.3140

Price 5.416 0.1715

TOTAL 31.583 1.000

48

3.6.2 Make Pairwise Comparison by Alternative based on Criteria,

Weighting and Normalization

Distance

Table 3.6.2 (a) Pairwise between Distance class (1)

Funeral

Service

Center A

Funeral

Service

Center B

Funeral

Service

Center C

Funeral

Service

Center D

Funeral

Service

Center A

1 4/3 4/2 4

Funeral

Service

Center B

3/2 1 3/2 3

Funeral

Service

Center C

2/4 2/3 1 2

Funeral

Service

Center D

1/4 1/3 1/2 1

49

Table 3.6.2 (b) Pairwise between the Distance class (2)

Funeral

Service

Center A

Funeral

Service

Center B

Funeral

Service

Center C

Funeral

Service

Center D

Funeral

Service

Center A

1.000 1.333 2.000 4.000

Funeral

Service

Center B

0.750 1.000 1.500 3.000

Funeral

Service

Center C

0.500 0.667 1.000 2.000

Funeral

Service

Center D

0.250 0.333 0.500 1.000

Use matrix formula in order to get new value in each row, example as below:

(1.000*1.000) + (1.333*0.750) + (2.000*0.500) + (4.000*0.250) = 4.000

50

Table 3.6.2 (c) Result of Normalization

Funeral

Service

Center A

Funeral

Service

Center B

Funeral

Service

Center C

Funeral

Service

Center D

Funeral

Service

Center A

4.000 5.333 8.000 16.000

Funeral

Service

Center B

3.000 4.000 6.000 12.000

Funeral

Service

Center C

2.000 2.667 4.000 8.000

Funeral

Service

Center D

1.000 1.333 2.000 4.000

Use the weighting formula in order to get the priority value:

Criteria / Total Sum = Priority

Example: 33.333 / 83.333 = 0.400

51

Table 3.6.2 (d) Result of weighting

SUM Priority

Funeral Service

Center A

33.333 0.400

Funeral Service

Center B

25.000 0.300

Funeral Service

Center C

16.667 0.200

Funeral Service

Center D

8.333 0.100

TOTAL 83.333 1.000

3.6.3 Calculation to know rank of the Funeral Service Center

Criteria Priority

Distance 0.5145

Comfort 0.3140

Price 0.1715

×

Criteria Priority

Funeral Service

Center A

0.400

Funeral Service

Center B

0.300

Funeral Service

Center C

0.200

52

Funeral Service

Center D

0.100

=

Table 3.6.2 (e) Result Ranking

Funeral Service

Center A

0.2058

Funeral Service

Center B

0.1544

Funeral Service

Center C

0.1029

Funeral Service

Center D

0.0515

3.7 Summary

The chapter describe about the methodology that being used by Funeral

Sytem using AHP which is Iterative and Incremental model, and the specific

step for AHP calculation manually. It also explained about the hardware and

software requirement that are used in this project that can guide this project

towards success. The Context Diagram (CD), Data Flow Diagram (DFD),

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) and the framework of the system also

being described. Last but not least, the Data Dictionary also described in

here.

53

REFERENCES

[1] Szabolcs Duleba, Tsutomu Mishina, Yoshiaki Shimazaki (2012), A

dynamic analysis on public bus transport’s supply quality by using

AHP. Transport

[2] Roman Hruška, Petr Průša & Darko Babić (2014), The use of AHP

method for selection of supplier. Transport

[3] Yusuf Tansel Ic , Mustafa Yurdakul & Ergün Eraslan (2012),

Development of a component-based machining centre selection model

using AHP. International Journal of Production Research

[4] Siti Syahirah binti Shahrul (2016). Musollah Go!. Thesis Report 2016

54

APPENDIX A

Project Planning and Gantt Chart

i) Cadangan Projek Ilmiah

TASK WEEK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Discussion and

Choosing of project

title

Registration of

project title

Project proposal

workshop

Details of the

problem, objective,

scope, and

literature review

Details of research

methodology and

preparation for

proposal

presentation

Presentation 1

Proposal

Correction

Details on

Literature and

designing

Functional models

Context Diagram,

ERD, DFD Level 0

& 1, Class

Diagram, Use

Case Diagram,

55

Activity Diagram

and Sequence

Diagram

Details on

Literature and

designing

Functional models

Context Diagram,

ERD, DFD Level 0

& 1, Class

Diagram, Use

Case Diagram,

Activity Diagram,

Sequence Diagram

and Framework

Details of

framework

Specification of

software

requirement and

preparing the

project proposal

presentation

Finishing the

software

specification and

preparing for the

FYP 1 final

presentation

Preparing for

project proposal

presentation (slide,

poster draft and

demo)

56

Presentation 2:

FYP 1

Proposal

Correction

Submission of

finalize report

funeral system using analytical hierarchy process...

Documents