fungi decomposers, mutualists, and killers. fungi –(most) degrade dead organic matter –form...
TRANSCRIPT
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Fungi
Decomposers,
Mutualists,
and
Killers
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Fungi
• Fungi
– (most) degrade dead organic matter
– form nutritional partnerships with most vascular plants & some algae
– are pathogens of some plants & animals
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parasitic fungiFigure 31.1
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Fungi
• Fungi
– are absorptive heterotrophs
• saprobic
• mutalistic
• parasitic
• predatory (rarely)
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predatory fungusFigure 31.5
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fungal hyphaeFigure 31.3
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Fungi
• Fungal growth forms– yeasts are unicellular– most fungi produce multinucleate hyphae
• high surface area for absorption• coenocytic or septate• chitinous cell walls
– mycelia are massed hyphae
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conidIa
Figure 31.12
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budding yeastFigure 31.2
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Fungi
• Fungal reproduction
– asexual reproduction
• sporangia - chambers producing haploid spores
• conidia - naked spores on hyphal tips
• binary fission or budding
• fragmentation
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Fungi• Fungal reproduction
– sexual reproduction– between haploid hyphae of different mating
types– fusion of haploid hyphae (plasmogamy)
produces dikaryotic (n+n) hyphae (heterokaryon)
– dikaryotic nuclei eventually fuse (karyogamy) to produce zygote
– meiosis produces haploid spore nuclei
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Fungi• Phylogeny
– four phyla differ in
• presence of septa in hyphae
• sexual reproductive structures
• methods of sexual spore formation
– DNA sequencing agrees that the four phyla are monophyletic
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Fungi• Phylogeny
• deuteromycetes are fungi without sexual reproductive data
– a polyphyletic “holding category”
– new techniques are assigning deuteromycetes to the four phyla
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fungal phylogenyFigure 31-6
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fungal classificationTable 31.1
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Fungi
• Phylum Chytridiomycota
– earliest diverging fungal group
– aquatic
– parasitic or saprobic (rarely mutualistic)
– unicellular or mycelial
– haploid or diploid, none dikaryotic
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Fungi
• Phylum Chytridiomycota– reproduction in Allomyces
• haploid zoospore germinates to produce haploid body
• haploid body produces male and female gametangia
• gametangia produce haploid gametes• [flagellated gametes and zoospores is a unique (ancestral?) character]
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Fungi
• Phylum Chytridiomycota– reproduction in Allomyces
• pheromone attracts male gamete to female• fusion of gamete nuclei produces zygote• zygote grows into diploid body• diploid body produces many diploid zoospores
– diploid zoospores produce more diploid bodies
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Fungi
• Phylum Chytridiomycota– reproduction in Allomyces
• diploid bodies produce resting sporangia• meiosis within resting sporangia produces haploid zoospores
– alternation of generations
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Allomyces sp.
gametangia forming haploid gametes
Figure 31.7
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Fungi
• Phylum Zygomycota
– mostly coenocytic
– haploid except zygote
– entirely nonmotile
– some participate in mycorrhizal association with plants
– familiar example: Rhizopus stolonifer
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Pilobolus sp.sporangiophores
topped with sporangia
Figure 31.8
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sporangium shedding
sporesFigure 31.9
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Fungi
• Phylum Zygomycota
– reproduction
• asexual spores are produced on stalked sporangiophores bearing single or multiple sporangia
• sexual reproduction occurs between hyphae of different mating types
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Fungi
• Phylum Zygomycota
– reproduction
• sexual reproduction
–pheromones cause hyphae to grow toward each other
–gametangia are produced and fuse into a zygosporangium
–gametes (1n) fuse into a zygote (2n)
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Fungi• Phylum Zygomycota
– reproduction
• sexual reproduction
–meiosis produces zygospores (1n) inside the resistant zygosporangium
–after dormancy, zygosporangium releases zygospores
–zygospores germinate to produce haploid hyphae
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Zygomycete life cycle
Figure 31.9
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Fungi• Phylum Ascomycota
– large diverse group (~30,000 spp.)
– saprobes, parasites, mutualistic symbionts
– hyphae segmented by porous septa
– produce sexual spores in asci (sacs)
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Fungi• Phylum Ascomycota
– two major subgroups
• Hemiascomycetes
–mostly unicellular (yeasts) or microscopically multicellular
–asexual reproduction by fission or budding
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Fungi
• Phylum Ascomycota– Hemiascomycetes
• sexual reproduction–fusion of haploid cells of different
mating types• [+/- mitotic population growth]• meiosis produces four haploid nuclei• [+/- mitosis to produce eight]• ascospores in the original cell = ascus
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Fungi
• Phylum Ascomycota– Hemiascomycetes
• familiar example = Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s, brewer’s yeast)
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Fungi
• Phylum Ascomycota– Euascomycetes
• mycelia of septate hyphae
• multicellular sexual fruiting bodies: ascocarps
• asexual reproduction by conidia
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Fungi
• Phylum Ascomycota– Euascomycetes
• sexual reproduction
–mating structures form on two compatible mating types
–haploid nuclei from the “male” enter the female mating structure
–the dikaryotic mating structure produces ascogenous hyphae
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Fungi
• Phylum Ascomycota– Euascomycetes
• sexual reproduction
–tips of n+n hyphae form asci
–in asci, haploid nuclei fuse
–meiosis produces four haploid nuclei
–[+/- mitosis to form 8 haploid nuclei]
–spores are formed and released
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characteristic ascomycete reproductive
sacsFigure 31.10
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Ascomycete life cycle
Figure 31.13
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Fungi• Phylum Ascomycota
– Euascomycetes• familiar examples
–Neurospora crassa bread mold used by Beadle and Tatum
–brightly colored cup fungi–morels & truffels–Penecillium spp.–Aspergillus spp.
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Figure 31.11
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Fungi• Phylum Basidiomycota
– large diverse group (~25,000 spp.)
– saprobes, parasites, mutualistic symbionts
– produce sexual spores on basidia
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Fungi• Phylum Basidiomycota
– familiar examples• puffballs• bracket fungi• mushrooms and toadstools, edible and toxic
• bird’s nest fungi• jelly fungi• smut and rust fungi
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BasidiomycetesFigure 31.14
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Fungi
• Phylum Basidiomycota
– sexual reproduction
• basidiospores germinate to produce haploid, septate hyphae
• hyphae of different mating types fuse to form dikaryotic hyphae
• dikaryotic hyphae eventually produce a characteristic basidiocarp
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Fungi• Phylum Basidiomycota
– sexual reproduction
• basidiocarp bears surfaces covered with basidia
• two nuclei in n+n basdium fuse to form 2n zygote
• meiosis produces four basidiospores
• basidiospores are displayed on tip of basidium and released
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basidiomycete life cycle
Figure 31.15
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Fungi
• Fungal Mutualisms with plants
– mycorrhizae
• endomycorrhizal fungi are within the root
• ectomycorrhizal fungi are outside the root
– fungal symbiont enhances absorption of water and some nutrients by photosymbiont
– photosymbiont provides carbohydrate to fungal symbiont
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Fungi• Fungal mutualisms with plants
– lichens (~13,500 spp.)
• partnerships between fungi and green algae or cyanobacterium
• fungal symbionts are usually ascomycetes
• lichen are classified as distinct organisms
• among the hardiest organisms
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Fungi
• Fungal mutualisms with plants
– lichens
• critical primary producers in arctic ecosystems
• fungal symbiont provides mineral nutrients
• photosymbiont provides fixed carbon
• among the most environmentally sensitive organisms
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Fungi
• Fungal mutualisms with plants
– lichens
• three general growth forms
–crustose - crust-like
–foliose - “leafy”
–fruticose - “shrubby”
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crustose, foliose, fruticose lichensFigure 31.17
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Fungi
• Fungal mutualisms with plants
– lichens
• reproduction
–fragmentation of thallus
–some fungal symbionts produce ascospores or basidiospores
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Fungi
• Fungal mutualisms with plants
– lichens
• reproduction
–fragmentation of thallus
–some fungal symbionts produce ascospores or basidiospores
–soredia
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reproduction by sorediaFigure 31-18