future generation solid-state energy conversion
DESCRIPTION
Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion. Kyle Montgomery. May 12, 2014. About Me. To 2000. In the beginning…. Bachelor’s. 2004. Professional. 2004-2007. Master’s. 2008. Intern. PhD. 2012. Research & Lecturer. Present. Influences. Jerry Woodall - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
kmontgomery.net
@KyleMontgomery0
Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion
Kyle Montgomery
May 12, 2014
![Page 2: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
About Me
To 2000 In the beginning…
2004 Bachelor’s
2004-2007 Professional
2008 Master’s
2012 PhD
Present Research & Lecturer
Intern
![Page 3: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
InfluencesJerry WoodallDistinguished Professor, UC DavisNAE Member, National Medal of TechnologyCompound Semiconductor Materials & Devices
David WiltTech Lead, Air Force Research Lab, Space VehiclesFormer Lead PV Engineer at NASASpace Photovoltaics, III-V MOVPE
Mark LundstromDistinguished Professor, PurdueNAE MemberElectron Transport and Device Modeling
![Page 4: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Overview
Motivation• The Energy Dilemma• Opportunities
Research• Photovoltaics• Future Directions
Teaching• Experience: Purdue & UC Davis• Future Directions
![Page 5: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Overview
Motivation• The Energy Dilemma• Opportunities
Research• Photovoltaics• Future Directions
Teaching• Experience: Purdue & UC Davis• Future Directions
![Page 6: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
The Energy Dilemma (1/2)
1. We use too much energy
EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013
Total Global Energy Total Energy by Country
OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
+60%
![Page 7: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
The Energy Dilemma (2/2)
2. We waste too much energy
Conversion Loss (62%)Coal (41%)
Natural Gas (25%)
Nuclear (21%)
Renewables (12%)Residential (12%)
Commercial (12%)Industrial (9%)
Mostly Waste Heat
US EIA, Monthly Energy Review (January 2014)
![Page 8: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Opportunity: Solar Resource
8
Covering US~20M TWh / yr
2011 US Electricity Consumption 4100 TWh
Equiv. Land Area ~2000 km2 ½ the size of Rhode Island
![Page 9: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Wide Bandgap Cells for Multijunctions
K. Montgomery, PhD Thesis, 2012
Eg > 2 eV
![Page 10: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Opportunity: Lighting Efficiency
17% Percentage of total residential & commercial electricity used for lighting in US (EIA, 2011)
Efficacy [lm / W]US DoE, Solid-State Lighting Technology Fact Sheet, PNNL-SA-94206, March 2013.
Incandescent
Halogen
Compact Fluorescent
Linear Fluorescent
High Intensity Discharge (HID)
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
![Page 11: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Better Ways for Solid State Lighting
Current Technology:Low Cost, Decent Quality
Ideal Technology:High Cost, Superior Quality
NEED:True Green LED
![Page 12: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Overview
Motivation• The Energy Dilemma• Opportunities
Research• Photovoltaics• Future Directions
Teaching• Experience: Purdue & UC Davis• Future Directions
![Page 13: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Research Contributions
• Reviving Liquid Phase Epitaxy• GaP Solar Cells
– 2x improvement in spectral response• AlGaAs Solar Cells
– Enhanced Luminescence Near Crossover– Towards Dual Junction Integration on Si
• III-V / II-VI Digital Alloys• Integration to Novel Energy Conversion
Systems
![Page 14: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Semiconductor Menu
![Page 15: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Liquid Phase Epitaxy – Rotating Chamber
K. Montgomery, PhD Thesis, 2012
Benefits:• Perfected Crystal Structure• Better Stoichiometry• High Growth Rates• Economical
Challenges:• Stable Growth Conditions• Low Supersaturation
![Page 16: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
GaP Solar Cells
C. R. Allen, et al., Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C., 94, 865 (2010).
Voltage (V)
Wavelength (nm)
Cur
rent
Den
sity
(mA
/cm
2 )In
tern
al Q
E
![Page 17: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Gettering in GaP
K. Montgomery, et. al., JEM, 40, 1457-1460 (2011).
Al-Ga @ 975°C
O-
Liquid
Solid
Ga
Al
GaP Substrate
AlGaP
Mol
e Fr
actio
n Al
Mole Fraction P P
Mole Fraction Ga
![Page 18: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Gettering Yields Higher Response
K. Montgomery, et. al., JEM, 40, 1457-1460 (2011).
Zn-O
Zn-S
Exciton
![Page 19: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
AlGaAs Solar Cells by LPE
X. Zhao et.al, PVSC 40 (2014), K. Montgomery, et. al., EMC (2012)
![Page 20: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Non-Isovalent Alloys
![Page 21: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
ZnSe-GaAs Digital Alloy
• Superlattice Miniband formation• Potential problem: intermediary
compounds at interfaces
S. Agarwal, K. H. Montgomery, et. al., Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 13, H5 (2010).
Effective Band Gap
![Page 22: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Wide Bandgap Cells for Hybrid PV-PT
• Goal: Maximize solar energy conversion using PV + Heat
• Benefit: Direct heat absorption allows for storage
K. Montgomery, et. al., PVSC 39 (2013) & Manuscript in Preparation
System Efficiency (@100x)
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
PV Bandgap (eV)
![Page 23: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Future Directions
Wide Bandgap Solar Cells Engineered Superstrates
Non-Isovalent Semiconductors
• Gettered Devices• Integrated Nanostructures• Tandem Integration
• Hybrid Epitaxy• III-V on Si• Polycrystalline III-V
• ZnSe-GaAs Epitaxy• Growth & Doping• Heterojunction Devices
![Page 24: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Overview
Motivation• The Energy Dilemma• Opportunities
Research• Photovoltaics• Future Directions
Teaching• Experience: Purdue & UC Davis• Future Directions
![Page 25: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Teaching Experience: Purdue
• Teaching Assistant– 2 semesters: Grad Level Microfabrication
• Lessons Learned– Textbook Knowledge ≠ Fab Skills– Laboratory Safety
![Page 26: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Teaching Experience: UC Davis• Lecturer
– Undergrad Circuits Analysis– ~200 students
• Lessons Learned (& still learning!)– Minimize loss in translation– Emphasize fundamentals, Expose details
kmontgomery.net/eng17
“…not only does he go on to teach us what we need to know to get by in circuits, he is a compelling lecturer, caring person, and above all he is able to deal with classroom issues with grace.”
![Page 27: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Mentorship: UC Davis
PhD Students Undergraduates
![Page 28: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Teaching Plans: Graduate
• Materials Science for Microsystems Engineering• Microelectronics I• Proposed Course
Solid-State Energy Conversion Materials & Devices
REVIEW: Solid-State Physics, Material Properties, Thermodynamics
Photovoltaics Light Emitting Diodes Thermoelectrics Piezoelectrics
“Direct Energy Conversion” by Angrist (w/supplements)
Emphasis on Recent Research
![Page 29: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Teaching Plans: Undergraduate
• Circuits I-II• (Adv.) Semiconductor Devices• MATLAB Programming• Clean and Renewable Energy Systems
and Sources
![Page 30: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Overview
Motivation• The Energy Dilemma• Opportunities
Research• Photovoltaics• Future Directions
Teaching• Experience: Purdue & UC Davis• Future Directions
![Page 31: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Acknowledgements
Purdue UniversityProf. Mark Lundstrom, ECEProf. David Janes, ECEProf. Peide Ye, ECEProf. Eric Kvam, MSEProf. Peter Bermel, ECEProf. Gerhard Klimeck, ECEProf. Anant Ramdas, PhysicsDionisis Berdebes, ECEDr. Jayprakash Bhosale, Physics
Yale UniversityProf. Minjoo Larry Lee, EE
UC DavisProf. Jerry Woodall, ECEProf. Saif Islam, ECEProf. Subhash Mahajan, CHMSXin Zhao, ECE
UCLADr. Paul Simmonds
Air Force Research LaboratoryDavid WiltDr. Alex HowardJohn Merrill
![Page 32: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
kmontgomery.net
@KyleMontgomery0
Thank you!
Any questions?
![Page 33: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
kmontgomery.net
@KyleMontgomery0
Supplemental
![Page 34: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
ZnSe-GaAs Physical Alloy
• Miscibility previously demonstrated
• N-type conductivity generally found
• Lack of prior work due to difficulty in suitable deposition technique
W. M. Yim, JAP, 40, 2617–2623, 1969.
![Page 35: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
SiC Solar Cells150 suns
R. P. Raffaelle et. al., 28th PVSC, 2000, pp. 1257–1260.
![Page 36: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
AlGaAs Growth by LPE
K. Montgomery, et. al., EMC (2012)
![Page 37: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
InGaN Solar Cells Full Spectrum Coverage
Phase separationInGaN (37% In)
Jampana, et al., Electron Devic. Lett., 31, 32 (2010).R. Singh and D. Doppalapudi, Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 1089 (1997).
DefectsInGaN (16.8% In,
2.67 eV)
![Page 38: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
2.19 eV GaInP w/GaAsP Buffers on GaP
S. Tomasulo, et. al., PVSC 39, 2013.
In0.26Ga0.74P
![Page 39: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Wide Bandgap Cells for High-T
G. A. Landis, et. al., “High-Temperature Solar Cell Development,” NASA, 2004.
Temperatures up to 450°C
1.0 2.0 3.0 Bandgap
Effic
ienc
y20
10
27°C
900°C
AM0 (FF = 0.80, Pin = 1366.1 W/cm2)
![Page 40: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Engineered Superstrates
• Superstrate: Substrate templated with a heterogeneous material
• III-V on Si– Needs thick buffer layers– Problem: Dislocation densities
• LPE may help (w/MOCVD)
![Page 41: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Voltage [V]
Cur
rent
Den
sity
[mA
/cm
2]
Al0.23Ga0.77As(Eg ~ 1.75 eV)
Voc = 771 mVJsc = 13.8 mA/cm2FF = 63.4%Efficiency = 6.8%
![Page 42: Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062810/56815ba3550346895dc9a890/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Primary Photovoltaic TechnologiesLow Cost, Low Efficiency
η ~ 6-22% η ~ 28-39% (at xx suns)
High Cost, High Efficiency
First Solar SolFocus