Futuristic Sustainable Glazing

International Conference on Green Buildings

October 2013, Chennai

Francis SerruysArch. Projects Market and R&D Director

Agenda

Introduction

Static solutionsCoated glass

Energy efficiency

Daylighting

Dynamic glassEclectrochromic glass

Life Cycle Analysis

Conclusion

INTRODUCTIONWhat does it mean “sustainability”?

“Sustainable development is

development that meets the needs of

the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet

their own needs”

Bruntland report, 1987

Sustainability

Sustainability

5

sustainable

SOCIAL

ECONOMYENVIRONMENT

fair

viable

SOCIAL

� Recruitment and non-discrimination

� Diversity

� Training

� Health and safety…

ECONOMY

� Transparency

� Governance

� Business ethics

� Fight against

corruption…

ENVIRONMENT

� Natural resources

management

� Energy

� Water

� Bio-diversity

� Emissions

� Waste…

livable

Global warming-> ↑ in temperature from 1.8 to 4°C by 2100-> Greenland melting = ↑ in sea-level by 7m

Air, soil and water pollution-> 1 year lost by every European due to air pollution-> 25% of Europe’s waterways polluted at an

extreme level

The environment, THE challenge!

6

Water stress-> By 2025, the share of the world’s population living in water stress areas will go up by 35 %(i.e. 1/3 of the global population)-> Over one billion people will lack water

by 2050

Progression de l'empreinte ecologique de l'Humanité*

Pressure on the world's naturalresources

-> 4.5 planets required (if US model)

-> 2030: need for 2 planets

Deteriorating biodiversity-> 22% of mammals endangered or extinct-> Insect pollenization = €153Bn/year of

revenues in fruit and vegetables

Waste production-> Half a ton of waste per person and per

year in Europe-> 60% still put in landfills or incinerated

The environment, THE challenges!

7

It represents:

-> + 50% of all materials extracted on earth

-> 44% of total European energyconsumption

-> about one third of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, ..) in Europe

-> 33% of waste generated in Europe

And the building sector in all that?

8

Source: Glass for Europe

Challenges for Architectural Glass

1. Energy Efficiency

2. Daylighting

3. Overall comfort

STATIC SOLUTIONSCoated glass

Light and Solar Energy

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Wavelength (nm)

sola

r en

ergy

(W

/m²)

760380

UV visible Infra-red55%42%3%

Combining g & LT

Optimal characteristics in hot climates

Solar factor g solar heat gain coefficient SHGC

Ligh

t Tra

nsm

ittan

ce L

T

10.5

0.5

1

0

Optimal characteristics in Northern areas

Actual situation

0.5 1

1

0.5

0g

LT

Body tinted glass

Pyrolitic solar control glass

Winter

Sum

mer

Off-line solar control coated glass – High reflective

Monolithic / dgu

GlassSolar Reflective Glass

Coating stacks

Ag

Verre

Total thickness of the coating < 1000 Å or 100 nm

Single Silver Coated Glass

(Solar & Thermal)

Coating stack – double and triple silver layered coatings

Ag - Silver

Verre

Total thickness of the coating < 2000 Å or 200 nm

Solar Control Coated glass

0.5 1

1

0.5

0g

LT

Body tinted glass

Pyrolitic solar control glass

Off-line solar control coated glass – High Reflective

Monolithic / dgu

Off-line solar control coated glass – High Performance

75

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

70

20 25 30 35 40 45

solar factor (g)

light

tran

smis

sion

(%

)Triple silver high performance coatings

Double silver coated glass

Triple silver coated glass

Evolution of the very high selective and high selec tive range

Triple silver coated glass

ENERGY EFFICIENCYDouble or triple glazing units?

Methodology

Sensitivity studyBuilding parameters :

Global level of insulation * 2

Glazed surface *3

Shape of the room *2

Orientation: Northern & Southern

No shading devices

Climates: Paris, Strasbourg, La Rochelle, Nice, Carpentras

19

4*5m

20m²

4*8m

32m²

11,5 m² ����wwr 80%

4,3 m² ���� wwr 30%

7,2 m² ���� wwr 50%

Main results – DGU vs TGU with both a high performance solar control coating

TGU with solar control coating is better than DGU

20

STATIC SOLUTIONS ~ ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Daylighting

Glazing: a solution in terms of natural lighting

22

Barely glazed room Largely glazed room

Opening index 16.4% 24.5%

Average autonomy in natural light 43% 72%

Electricity consumed 4.2 kWh.m2.year 2.7 kWh.m2.year

+ 49%

- 36%

Selectivity or Light to Solar Gain

LSG = ratio of visible light transmittance to the Solar

Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) or solar factor g

= LT/SHGC

= LSG ⇒⇒⇒⇒ the more efficient the glazing is

as a light source

Overall efficiency – Selectivity - LSG

Body tinted glass

Pyrolitic solar control glass

Off-line solar control coated glass – High Reflective

0.5 1

1

0.5

0g

LT

Off-line solar control coated glass – High Performance

Selectivity< 1

<1

~1~1.4

~1.8~2.1

Glass so cool it draws a crowdso smart it belongs in the boardroomso brilliant it’s destined to be a masterpiece. . . and preserves your view and connection to the outdoors

ACTIVE GLAZINGA look into the future?

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Fac

ade

tech

nolo

gy

Annual Energy Usage, Quads

HeatingCoolingLighting

Dynamic low-e

Integrated Insulating Dynamic Façades

Average Properties of Windows Sold Today

Highly Insulating Dynamic Windows

Triple pane low-e

Low-e

Current Building Stock

Impact of Façade Technologies on Energy Usage in US Building Stock

Arasteh et al., LBNL report number 60049

Active glazing : technologies

Suspended particle device

Photochromic

Thermotropic

Electrochromic

Suspended Particle Device (SPD – system)

Mechanism� Particles in a film are oriented perpendicular to

it’s surface by an electrical field

properties

light

lightLight blueTransparent

Dark blueTransparent

elektrischeSpannung

TVIS = 39% 5 %

g = 55 % 37 %

Electr.

Field

Suspended Particle Device (SPD – system)

Photochromic glazing

MechanismLight energy induces metalic ions to migrate and coagulate. This agglomerations absorbs light (e.g. sun glasses)

Properties

transparent

TVIS ~ 70 %

SF ~ 50 %

darkertransparent

16 %

25 %

solar

light energy

Thermotropic Glazing

MechanismTemperature dependent phase separation of polymer blends or aqueous polymer suspensions

Properties

thermotropiclayer

transparent

TVIS = 63 %

SF = 49 %

white translucent

8 %

18 %

solar

heating energy

Thermotropic glazing

switching behaviour

0102030405060708090

100110

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37Température (°C)

%

Haze

Transmissionlumineuselight transmission

haze100908070

% 6050403020100

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Temperature [°C]

Watanabe - Tokyo

ACTIVE GLAZINGElectrochromic glazing

How does EC-glazing works?

Clear State

Tinted State

� Argon filled

� Low-e coating (surface 2)

� Low voltage DC

How does EC-glazing works?

What’s happening?

* In combination with a low-E coating

Electrochromic glass

Mode LT% g Ug [W/m².K]

Double glazing unit

6 – 16 Ar – 6

Clear 61% 0,42 1,1

Intermediate

state 1 21% 0,14 1,1

Intermediate

state 2 6% 0,07 1,1

Dark 2% 0,05 1,1

Triple glazing unit

6 -12 A - 6 - 12 A - 6

Clear 55% 0,38 0,8*

Intermediate

state 1 19% 0,12 0,8*

Intermediate

state 2 5% 0,06 0,8*

Dark 1% 0,04 0,8*

Actual products on the market

• Typical: Dark and clear mode + 2 intermediate states

• Transmission rate = 3:1

61% TL

21% TL

6% TL

2% TL

42% g

14% g

7% g

5% g

EC Dynamic Range

41

Case Studies

Shiley Hall Portland, OR

Chabot College Hayward, CA

Century College White Bear Lake, MN

Siemens Hutchinson, KS

NREL Lakewood, CO

Club Porticello Oconomowoc, WI

Landis Hall Greenwich, CT

Department of Energy Washington, DC

Ball State Muncie, IN

Kirksey ArchitectureHouston, TX

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Chabot College, Hayward, CA

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Landis Hall, Greenwich, CT

44

Landis Hall, Greenwich, CT

45

Ball State University, Muncie, IN

46

Club Porticello, Oconomowoc, WI

47

Key Benefits of EC glazing

*Estimates provided by Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

Power consumption

Electricity consumed Power up to 200 sq.m. of EC glass for the equivalent of powering a 60 watt light bulb

Average During TintingAverage During Tinting

Typical Daily AverageTypical Daily Average

Power Per Unit Area Power Per Unit Area Watts /m2Watts /m2

0.5

2.5

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSISSustainability: not only during the life time of a product

What are Eco-labels?

51

• A voluntary process

• An aid to decision-making ?

• A multiple and sometimes confusing source of information!

“Green” allegations

52

“organic”

“biodegradable”

“sustainable”

“reduced VOC content”

“natural”

“responsible”

“substance X-free”

“green”

“ecological”“eco-product”

The position of the major industries on labels

1. Self-declared labels

2. 3rd party certified

3. LCA based

Complexity … … and positioning

1. To be avoided

2. Support international initiatives and take part in harmonizing them

3. Option to be promoted

A 2D concept

54

Production TransportProduct

lifeEnd-of-life

Energy consumption ? ? ? ?

Water consumption ? ? ? ?

Natural resources ? ? ? ?

Etc … ? ? ? ?

From cradle To grave

All environmental impacts

Both dimensions are needed to evaluate the environm ental impact of a product

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

55

So, LCA is:• An analysis framed by international

standards (ISO)• ISO 14 040 & 14 044

• Inventorying the environmental impacts of a product (multi-criteria)

• Right throughout its lifecycle, from cradle to grave (multi-stages )

=> A snapshot of the environmental footprint

Interests of the process1. Know the environmental footprint of the

product2. Improve the product (eco-design)3. Assess the improvement thanks to a second

LCA, always on an scientific way

The Glass LifeCycleRaw materialsSand, DolomiteSoda ash, Limestone+ sealant+ spacer

But also:EnergyCulletWater

ProcessingLaminatedTemperedEnameledDouble/triple glazing

Transport

UtilizationInstallation, MaintenanceCleaning

End-of-lifeDemolition / renovation of building

Manufacturing flat glass

Surface treatment (coating)

LCA provides a great deal of information

57

And more …

Emissions in the water

Emissions in the air

Energy consumption

Water consumption

Consumption of non-energy natural resources

Consumption of energy natural resources

Eliminated waste

Reclaimed waste

Emissions in the ground

Climate change

On the full lifecycle

Eco-innovationWhat is eco-design?• “Integrating the environment at all stages (as upstream as

possible) of developing a product ”

58

Parameters1

2

3

The only way to measure the footprint of the total building

Next step: the environmental labeling?

60

Bel’M example• 8 criteria• 3 phases• 1 algorithm⇒ one global

score⇒ Possible

comparison

CONCLUSIONSustainability

Conclusion

The actual design of contemporary buildings calls

for more sustainable solutions. The challenge for

the glass industry and their suppliers consists in

combining the design requirements with the

sustainable criteria for an optimal use of the

energy resources and a better comfort for the

occupants.

Conclusion

Improvement of existing solutions and the

development of new technologies are part of the

strategy for more high-performance, sustainable

buildings.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!