fy77eodhistorical summarry

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EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCEDISPOSAL

UNITED STATES ARMYFORCES COMMAND

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FY 77HISTORICAL SUMMARY



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IN M EMOR IAM

Sergeant Major Kenneth R .

Foster , 63rd OrdnanceDetachment (E OD)

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S taf f Sergean t Chris topherJ. O'Rei l ly, Jr., 149thOrdnance Detachment (EOD)



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gra te fu l acknowl edgement i s made to the Commander and personne lof the 44 th Mi l i ta ry His to ry Detachment for the i r inva l uab l eassi s tance in compil ing , ed i t ing and prepar ing thi s h i s to r ica lsummary for pub l icat ion . The ir expert i se and in te res t p rovedinva l uab l e in th i s ini t i a l endeavor .

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Chapter

I

II

I I I

IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTIONGeneralObject ives

222

PERSONNELStrengthsMora leT ra ge dy S tr ik es

449

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O PE RATI ON S A ND TR AI NI NGOperat ions

Suppor t to O the r A genciesGeneralI n t e rs e r vi c e Coope r a ti onR es er ve C om po ne nt S up po rtVI P SupportS uppor t to t he E nv ironme ntal

P ro te ct io n A ge nc y ( EPA)Training

GeneralE OD Train ingE OD as I nst ructorsExerc i se s

EQUIPMENT

Communicat ionsTranspor ta t ionEOD P ec ul ia r E qu ipme nt

15153535353738

39424242455053

535354

V GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND FUTURE OBJECTIVES 56Observat ions 56Women in EOD 57I nf l uence of FORSCOM 57FY 7 8 Object ives 58

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Number1

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Number1

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Caption

APPENDIX

RECAPITULATION OF EOn MISSIONACTIVITIES (FY 77 )

CHARTS

FO RSCOM Eon OrganizationFY 77 FORSCOM EOD Officer StrengthFY 77 FORSCOM EOD Enl isted StrengthHistory of Explosive Incidents - CONUSFORSCOM Explosive Ordnance Disposal

E ducation Program

PLATES

Letter to Spouse of EOD Member from548 th Ordnance Detachment (EOD)

Certi ficate of A chievement

ILLUSTRATIONS

Part of the arms cache recovered in NewBal timore, Michigan. Note BAR Mockup 21

A detai l ed view of the arms recovered inNew Bal timore, Michigan 22

A cyl inder of uranium hexafl or ide l ay samidst t ra in wreckage near Rockingham, NC 28

A FORSCOM EOD Team Member stands by tor en de r as sis ta nc e.

A team member of the 43rd OrdnanceDetachment (EOD) stands prepared tosearch the Louisvi l l e sewer system.

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60

167

16

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1112

36

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The commercial l y purchased waders neededrein forcement to combat the corrosiveef fec t of the "hexa" in the Louisv i l l esewer sy stem.

The unof f ic i a l l ogo of the ERDA ' sNuc l ear Emergency Search Team (NEST)exercise conducted in Augus t 197 7 .

Pos ter warning troops about "dud"munit ions.

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43

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INTRODUCTION

GENERAL

The E xpl os ive O rdnance Di sposa l Det achments o f the Uni tedSt a tes A rmy Forces Command, no t be i ng o rgan i c to th e i r l a rger ,mo re v i s ib l e f ie l d un i t s , go about the i r day - to -day ac t i v i t i e sl a rge l y unhe ra l d ed by of f i c ia l recogni t i on . The i r ac -compl i shments con s t i t u te bu t a foo t no te i n t he of f ic ia l h i s t o r ie sand a l l too f r equen t l y a re r e l ega ted to back pages of t he media .

Yet t he men and women o f th ese e l i t e o rgan iza t ions fa cedange rs rou t in e l y t ha t t he i r coun te rpar t s i n o t her branches mere -l y t ra i n for . A l l t r a in fo r tha t even tua l i t y whi ch wi l l p l ac e

th em in armed conf r on ta t ion wi t h an i den t i f i ab l e enemy bu t , inadd i t ion t o tha t even tua l i ty , the EOD De tachments fa ce a cons tan tth rea t f rom a face l es s enemy -- the te r ro r i s t , ca r e l es s , andthough t l ess - - p eop l e who dabbl e in exp l o s ive s for reasons knownonl y t o themse l ves .

The to t a l p ic tu re of t he i r a ccompl i s hmen ts , th en , i s bur ied in amy r iad of l oca l p r ess re l ease s , o f f i c ia l repor t s , and br ie f ingnotes . Th is pub l i ca t i on , i t i s f e l t , w i l l b r ing the i r endeavor sdur ing 197 7 in to proper perspec t i ve . A l so , by be ing aware of theaccompl i shment s of t he i r k i ndred uni t s , a l l may r eap some sa t i s -fa c t ion and pr i de i n knowing tha t the i r cumul a t i ve e f fo r t s havenow been o f f ic ia l l y recogniz ed .

OBJECTIVES

To insu re th a t th e major even ts of F is ca l Year 197 7 ar e r e ta in edfo r fu t u re re fe rence , FORSCOM has publ i shed th i s h i s to ry whi ch i sa l so des igned to sa t i s fy the fo l l owing objec t ives :

( 1 ) Promote a sense of p r ide i n the accompl i shments andach ievement s of t he EOD detachment s of FORSCOM.

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(2 ) I den t i fy prob l em areas app l icab l e to a l l and presen tpo ss ib l e so l u t i ons to t hem.

(3 ) R ecogn ize s i ng l e ind iv i dua l and un i t ach ievement sdu r ing the y ear .

(4 ) Fami l ia r i ze pro spec t ive EOD vol un tee rs wi t h the widerang ing miss i ons and s i tua t ion s conf r on t i ng the EOD det achments .

(5 ) Prov ide t he mi l i t a r y and c i v i l i an communi t i e s wi t h agr ea te r knowl edge and a more fac tua l under s tand ing of the FORSCOMEOD progr am so they may ga in a grea te r apprec ia t i on for i t .

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CHAPTER I I

PERSONNEL

Streng ths

F isca l Year 197 7 (FY 7 7 ) began wi th FORSCOM having onl ye igh ty -seven percen t of i t s au thor ized s t reng th in qua l i f i ed EODtechnic ians . Whi l e th i s percen tage re f l ec ted an ac tua l shor tageof seven of f ice r s and s ix ty -e igh t en l i s t ed , i t was mos t keen l yfe l t a t the un i t l eve l where these smal l de tachments con t inued tobe conf ron ted wi th a work l oad which s tead i l y increased . A l thoughe igh ty -seven percen t was cons i dered to cons t i tu te in i t i a l shor tageof personne l , the s i tua t ion cont i nued to de te r io ra te un t i l l a te

FY 7 7 when i t was revea l ed tha t on l y seven ty - four percen t f i l lwas be ing main ta ined . This d i smal s ta t i s t i c re f l ec ted an ac tua lshor tage of 15 of f ice r s and 134 en l i s t ed - - a lmos t twice thenumber of personne l shor tages wi th which EOD ente red the f i sca ly ea r.

The reasons for th i s downward t rend are mani fo l d and there -fo re d i f f i cu l t to i so l a te and rec t i fy . A care fu l ana l y s i s of themany fac to rs bear ing on the prob l em has revea l ed some iden-t i f i ab l e causes . I t mus t be borne in mind a l so tha t l ike a waveapproach ing a shore , many prob l ems tended to bu i l d on themse l vesun t i l they grew to a lmos t insurmountab l e propor t ions .

The 197 6 pres iden t ia l campaign and i t s heavy demand on EODasse t s se r ious l y de te r red rec ru i t ing ef fo r t s by the de tachmentsthemse l ves . Long hours , f requen t l y fa r f rom the i r home s ta t ions ,and temporary "ger rymander ing" of a reas of geograph ic respon-s ib i l i ty kep t the un i t s f rom ac t iv e l y seek ing recru i t s .

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The ear l y and unt imel y depar tu re of many commanders of tenl ef t the respons ib i l i ty fo r command to sen ior non-commissionedoff ice rs with in the detachments . They wi l l ing l y assumed thi sadded burden and performed wel l un t i l the new commanders a r r ivedon sta t ion .

The fl ow of repl acements was a l so impeded by the unusua l l yh igh a t t r i t ion rate during Phase I t ra in ing . A t t imes the numberfai l ing reached s taggering propor t ions , somet imes exceed ingth i r ty f ive percen t! This ra te of fa i l ure , coup l ed wi th a dras t i -cal l y reduced inpu t of EOD candida tes , cou l d not keep pace wi ththose l eav ing the un i t s .

There was a l so competi t ion among the major commands forthose who did success fu l l y compl e te t ra in ing . O f ten FORSCOM hada l ower pr io r i ty for the personne l avai l ab l e than did other com-mands such as USAREUR .

The EOD fie l d , by the na ture of i t s miss ion , has l i t t l ef l ex ib i l i ty in f i l l ing the vo ids with in i t s ranks . O ther sk i l l scan be " jugg l ed" and personne l re t rained to f i l l in i t i a l shor -tages , e l sewhere . Not so with EOD. Acceptab l e vol un tee rs who de-mons t ra te responsib i l i ty , s t ab i l i ty , and phy s ica l a t t r ibu tesnecessa ry for EOD must undergo an in tense t ra in ing per iod which ,as prev ious l y no ted, has a h igh fa i l u re ra te . O f ten those whohave the necessa ry pre requ is i t e s do not des i re a caree r with EODand opt fo r some other sk i l l . By be ing a volun teer f i e l d , EODcannot draw a percen tage f rom a pool of qua l if i ed personne l .

Th is ex t reme shor tage of personne l has mani fes ted i tse l f ino ther a reas. A l ack of qua l i f i ed personnel has impeded uni tt r a in ing and eval ua t ion of the s ta te of tra in ing of those un it s .More impor tant l y , however , the personne l shor tage has det rac tedf rom overa l l opera t iona l capab i l i ty . I n a l l fa i rness to theuni t s themse lves , they have fought to overcome th i s l i ab i l i ty ,but wi thou t rep l acement personne l for the i r con t inued l osses ,success has been l imi ted .

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Mora l e

Eon uni ts a re rou t inel y faced with a heavy miss ion workl oad ,o ften requ i r ing an inord ina te number of hours away f rom thei rhome sta t ion . The rou t ine pressure assoc iated wi th mission tasksl ikewise takes i ts to l l . O f ten , under the pressures and work loaddemands of day -to -day ac t iv i t i e s , i t i s easy to subord ina te con-cern for the most impor tant par t of the program -- peop l e .Because Eon unit s a re smal l and c l ose l y kn it , the re i s ampl e op-portuni ty to demonst rate a genuine concern for the ir members andthe i r fami l ies who jo int l y compr i se the bas is for a success fu lE On program.

Some rout ine effo r ts a t main ta in ing the e l an of the detach-ments themse l ves were assoc iated with ensur ing the se rvice member

was prov ided fas t , e f f i c ien t personne l se rvices. Personne l wereal so encouraged to pursue educat iona l goa l s , bo th civ i l i an andmi l i t a ry . Concen t ra ted ef fo r t s were made in many uni t s to ass i s tthose prepar ing for the i r MOS test s .

R ecogni t ion of the so l d ier s ' l ong arduous hours , pa r -t i cu l ar l y during the November pres iden t ia l e l ec t ion and Januaryinaugura t ion , was under taken . But perhaps of equa l impor tancewas the recogni t ion of the famil i es who had a l so had to endurel ong hours of separat ion whi l e the serv ice member perfo rmed pre-s iden t ia l secur i ty miss ions , t ra in ing , tes t ing , and o thermiss ion- rel ated tasks .

The di l emma posed by the l ong hours forced many serv ice mem-bers to choose between miss ion and fami l y . Many , of course,chose to go to a l ess demanding fie l d in order to improve fami l yre l at ions . This di f f icu l t bu t unders tandab l e ac t was , in par t , areason for the rap id dec l ine in s t reng th during FY 77 . For thosewho remained the pressures con t inued unaba ted . These pressuresposed a ser ious th reat to mora l e which seemed to s tead i l y dec l ine.

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The 548 th O rdnance Detachment (EODCC) , Pres idio of SanFranc isco , recognized the prob l em posed by the l ong hours .Antic ipa t ing the fl u r ry of ac t iv i ty accompany ing the president ialcampaign and inaugura t ion , i t a t t empted to al e r t the fami l ies tothe r igors and demands which they would have to face . A l e t te rwas addressed to each fami l y which , i t was hoped , woul d sof tenthe impac t of the an t icipated pro t rac ted separat ions (See Pl a te1).

The 547 th O rdnance Detachment (EOOCC) , For t Gil l em, Georgia ,pursued a s imi l a r course. A cer t i f i ca te was awarded each fami l yin recogni t ion of " the ded ica t ion and suppor t you showed yourhusband •• • dur ing a very try ing period for EOO -- the 1976 el ec-t ion year . " l (See Pl ate 2)

These ac t ions , and many others l ike them, i l l us t ra ted a ge-nuine concern for the peopl e who compri se EOO . I t is but one

form of recogni t ion for the rou t ine sacr if i ces made by the mem-bers of EOO and thei r fami l ies . I t l ikewise port ray s to the resto f the mi l i t a ry communi ty the e l an and espr i t de corps of ane l i t e organ izat ion - - EOO .

O f more fa r reaching consequence was the suppor t o f the EOOMemor ia l Schol a rsh ip Fund , a join t serv ice endeavor adminis teredby the Naval EOO School , I ndian Head , Mary l and. This fund prov i -des academic scho l ar sh ips to deserv ing dependen ts of EOO person-nel of a l l se rv ices . I t i s suppor ted by subscr ip t ion and otherfund ra i s ing pro ject s by EOO activ i t i e s th roughout the EOD com-munity . FORSCOM, in response to a request f rom the EOO school ,ass i s ted in sel l ing ra f f l e t i cke t s to ra i se money for the scho-l ar sh ip fund. The en thusias t i c response f rom FORSCOM unit s pro-v ided over $1 ,000 thereby increas ing the number of scho l ar sh ipsava i lab le .

l Cer t i f i ca te of Achievement , 547 th O rd Det (EODCC)

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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY548TH ORDNANCE DETACHMENT

(EX PLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL CONTROL CENTER)PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANC ISCO, CALIFORNIA 94129

5 March 1976

Dear Mrs.

Your husband is a dedicated, professional soldier who is a memberof a very elite group of men. This group possesses talents that

are very much in demand by every element of the Military and civillaw enforcement community. I expect the demands on your husbandwill increase tremendously during this Presidential Election Year.Already this year your husband has probably been away from homemore than you would normally expect.

The reason that your husband and other EOD men are so respected inboth the Military and civilian community is that the support pro-vided ,is always a very professional team effort. Everyone givingtheir best for the mission.

I am writing you to let you know that I am very much concerned aboutyour husband and his family. I would like to be able to say thatyour husband will not be away from home so frequently, however, thisis not possible. Your husband is required to support the SecretService during this election year with his special talents.

I will, however, promjse that each request will be closely reviewedto reduce the number of men ~equired and that every effort will bemade to reduce the amount of time that your husband will be awayfrom home.

In closing I would like to commend you as an Army wife for your dedi-cation, perseverance, patience, and foremost your support and loyaltyto your husband.

Since ely,

Plate 111



547th ORDNANCE DETACHMENT(EOD CONTROL CENTER)

FORT GILLHl,FORHST"PARK, GEORGIA;' ~: ' )

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form so .... 011 an] rcllect such credit on the ~ IXiD pro::,~rD..-::, it i§ obvi.ous your lovin:_; care ~--hlun:.12rzt.an::lin::.i ¥.'U5 one of the rrc5t ~rtant t

Plate 2

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Tragedy St r ikes .

A ccounts in the publ ic media , o f f i cia l cor respondence , andpos t opera t ion repor t s a re genera l l y co l d , s tat i s t i ca l , and ob-

ject ive . But to the men and women who rou tine l y form the bas isfo r these accounts , the re i s a very rea l , pe rsonal invo lvement .E ach mus t sa l l y forth to the nex t miss ion wi th the ful l rea l i za -t ion that t ragedy coul d await them. Tragedy does no t necessa ri l ys tal k jus t the unwary - - i t can s tr ike any one . The unt imelydea th of a member of EOD cas ts a pa l e over the ent i re EOD com-muni ty . Such was the case when two of our comrades - in -a rms diedin the perfo rmance of duty .

Sergean t M ajor Kenneth R . Fos ter of the 63rd O rdnanceDetachment (EOD) , For t Leonard Wood, was compl e t ing a VIP suppor tmiss ion in Quincy , I l l ino i s on 28 September 197 6 . The AdamsCounty Sher if f ' s Depar tment had been exper ienc ing some di f f i cu l tywi th exp los ives be ing used to damage fac i l i t i e s a t a l oca l manu-factu r ing pl an t . Dur ing the preced ing even ing, 27 September,three exp l osions had wrecked the pl an t . A four th device ,unexpl oded , had been found dur ing the morn ing . A s SGM Fos te rwound up his one miss ion , he was ca l l ed on by the Adams CountySher i f f ' s Depar tment , to ass i s t in the remova l of the dev ice .

S taf f Sergean t Chri s topher J. O 'Rei l l y of the 149th O rdnanceDetachment (EOD) , Aberdeen Prov ing Ground , was de ta i l ed todes t roy an ign i t ion mix by burning on 21 September 197 7 . SSGO 'Rei l l y was ass is ted by two other members of h is de tachment , SSGMat thews and SP4 Jane t M il l e r .

SGM Foste r and an I l l ino is S tate f i re inspec to r en te red thearea where the device was found . Shor t l y a f te r 1030 , as the twomen approached the dev ice , i t detona ted . SGM Fos ter was k i l l edinstan t l y and the inspec to r was se rious l y in jured . Subsequentinves t iga t ion revea l ed tha t the exp l osion was caused by six to

e igh t s t i cks of dy nami te ac tua ted by a 6-vol t ba t t ery and cheapal a rm cl ock. SCM Fos te r was bur ied wi th fu l l mi l i t ary honors on 2October 197 6 in Sa l i sbury , Nor th Carol ina . Over twenty - f ive mem-bers of nearby EOD uni t s a t tended and pa id the ir l as t respec t s .

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Aft e r a r r iv a l a t the range , t hey per formed a v isua l inspec-t i on o f the range to see if any res idue remained f rom the pre -v ious day ' s de s t ruc t ion . They then used two smoke grenades t ode te rmine wind di rec t ion . They then prepared the ign i t ion mix

for des t ru c t ion . A s Sergean ts Mat thews and O ' R ei l l y prepared toi gn i te th e mix tur e , Spec ia l i s t M i l l e r insu red the team veh ic l ewas ready to move . A s Sergean t Mat thews ign i ted h i s f use , he sawa f i reba l l f o rm at Sergean t O 'R e i l l y ' s ign i t ion poin t . The f i re -ba l l moved down the t ra in of i gn i t ion mix char r ing t he te am ve-h ic l e and burn ing Spec ia l i s t Hi l l e r .

Immed ia te f i r s t a id was p rov ided Sergean t O 'R e i l l y who wasbad l y in ju red . He was then evacua ted f i r s t t o a Bal t imore ho sp i -t a l and then to Brooke A rmy Medica l Cente r . Desp i te the in ten -s ive ef fo r t s o f the medica l s t a f f , Sergean t O 'R e i l l y succumbedthree day s af t e r t he acc id en t . He is bu r ied in A r l ing tonNat iona l Cemeta ry where he was l a in on 29 Sep tember 197 7 dur i ng a

mi l i t a r y funera l a t t ended by 100 members of nearby EOD uni t s .

A l though o f smal l conso l a t ion to the i r fam i l i es , th ese t ra -ged ies do i l l us t ra te the eve r -p res en t danger f ac ing the so l d i e r sof EOD. The thr ea t may be in t en t iona l , as in t he case of SGMFos te r or a pervers ion of fa te , as in the case of SSG O 'Rei l l y .The quie t cou rage of th ese two men) who faced the cha l l engeunf l inch ing l y , exempl i f i es t he h ighes t s tandards of EOD pe rsonne leverywhere .

The 549th , to prov ide a t ang ib l e means fo r EOD personne lwor l d w ide to expre ss the i r s ympathy to the fami l y of Se rgean tO 'R e i l l y, c re a ted the Chr i s t opher J. O 'Re i l l y, Jr. M emor ia l Fund .A f te r announc ing the c rea t i on of t he fund) t he 549th rece ived ade l uge of con t r ibu t ions . When the Memor ia l Fund ~"a s f in a l l yc l os ed ou t , the 5 49th was ab l e to pres en t $2 ,800 to the O ' R e i l l yfam i l y . This k ind and se l f l ess ac t by the men and women of A rmyEOD tru l y i l l us t ra t es the i r e l an and espr i t de ' corp s .

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CHAPTER I I I

OPERATIONS AND TRAINING

Opera t ions .

The missions perfo rmed by FORSCOM Explosive OrdnanceDetachments during the pas t f iscal y ear have run the gamutthe bizarre to the mundane , the se rious to the ridicul ous.resul ts achieved sometimes we re no t al l that was expected.

fromThe

A case in poin t occurred on 21 December 197 6. The s trangechain of events began around 1100 when a Sovie t employee wi th theSoviet Embassy , found a pl ast i c ' ITapped manil a envel ope Dutsidethe apartment compl ex housing the Soviet de l egat ion. Seeing tha t

the package was rather bulky and therefore suspec t ing it con-ta ined an explosive , the employ ee handed it over to a guard ofthe Executive Protect ive Service.

The guard then summoned ass is tance and the Washington pol icebomb disposal squad and the 67 th Ordnance Detachment (EOD)responded . As the EOD team member care ful l y examined the packageand gingerl y opened it , he saw not an explos ive dev ice assuspected, but a sheaf of cl ass if i ed documents . Maintaining h isap l omb, he star ted to remove the package.

When queried by a group of Soviet s standing cl ose by as towhat was go ing on, the so l dier rep l ied wi th con tr ived nonchal an-

ce , "Oh, there ' s nothing in here that would concern you fel l ows,"and turned and l ef t with the documents . I nvest igat ive sources,recognizing tha t the EOD team had been conf ronted wi th a dipl oma-t ical l y exp los ive si tuat ion l ater s ta ted of the so l dier tha t"He' s a hero in my book."l

IThe A tl anta Journa l and Const i tut ion , 25 Dec 197 6, p. 6-A;Washington Pos t , 23 Dec 1976 , A-I .

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(They ) were di rect l y responsibl e for the subsequentact ions which the spec ia l agents were abl e to take ,l eading to the ar rest of an individua l whose ac-t ivi t i es woul d have had an adverse ef fect on the na-t ional secur i ty in te rest s of the United Sta tes .

Based on the qu ick- th inking response of Staf f SergeantsR ichard Stick l e and George Col l ins , an inves t iga t ion was l aunchedresu l t ing in the ar rest o f a former Cent ra l I n te l l igence Agency

logi st i cs expert . A s one agent invo lved in the invest igat ion re-veal ed , "The Sovie ts bungl ed thi s thing -- not Moore ( the ex-CIAagent) . , , 2 The Direc to r of the Federal Bureau of I nvest iga t ion ,Cla rence M. Kel l y , l auded the two sol dier s stat ing:

The 67 th Ordnance Detachment (EOD) , due to i ts cl ose proxi-mity to Washing ton , o ften finds i t sel f committed to crank a t-

t empts to d is rupt the processes of government or assassina teprominent off ic ia l s . The in tens i ty of the government in thi s re-gard is reveal ed by an inciden t occur r ing on 1 December 1976 .

Dur ing the earl y a fternoon a pick-up truck was rammed in tothe northwes t gate of the Whi te House. A fter the securi ty of-f i ce rs secured the driver , Eon support was requested to ascerta inwhether or not the vehicl e contained expl os ives .

A prel iminary search of the vehicl e by members of the 67 thfa i l ed to revea l any explosives. They then re t i red f rom the areaand permi t t ed an expl os ive sni ff ing dog to invest igate thewreckage . They then made a fina l inspec t ion which reveal ed tha t

the vehicl e was cl ean. A l though i t coul d be stated tha t the se-curi ty pol ice "over reac ted" , no thing can be taken for granted .The ingenui ty and cunning of bomb cranks l eave l i t t l e margin forerror.

2"An O ffer the Sovie ts R efused" , Time , 3 Ja n 77, p , 53.

17



Many of the s i tuat ions rcqua r i ng EOD suppor t are genera tedfrom the civ i l i an community . Ca l l s a re genera ted by pr iva te ci -t i zens seek ing to rid themse lves of a po ten t ial expl osion orl oca l munic ipa l i t ie s seek ing guidance and ass is tance in a s i -tua t ion which poses a danger to l i fe and property . Whatever thesource , EOD is expected to respond.

Unexpl oded ordnance , usual l y of o l der v intage , crops 1~ atunexpl ainab l e l oca t ions. The 147 th Ordnance Detachment (EOD) wasca l l ed when R ichmond, Vi rg inia main tenance crews unearthed afour -by -one foo t pro jec t i l e a t the in te r sect ion of two s t ree ts .The round had no ro tat ing band but was fuzed a t i t s base. Thepro jec t i l e , having l ain so l ong underground , was rusty and muddyand no mark ings were ev iden t . Ten tat ive iden t if i ca t ion as a 10-inch nava l armor pie rc ing shel l with a base de tona t ing impactiner t ia fuze was made .

Due to i t s ex treme weigh t , be tween f ive and s ix hundredpounds , the team had to request a tow t ruck to l i f t the roundin to the EOD vehic l e for movement to nearby For t Lee. Whi l e theoperat ion was in progress , and a t the sugges t ion of the EOD team,the area was cordoned off by the pol ice to keep by s tanders andt raf f ic a t l eas t f ive hundred mete rs f rom the area whi l e th i s ef -fo r t was in progress , ano ther worker reported tha t a s imil a rround had been found in the nearby cana l . The team from the147 th informed c i ty of f ic ial s that in order to e ffect ive l y searchfor add it iona l rounds in the canal , i t would have to be drained .A rrangements were made to re tu rn the fol l owing day .

R esearch, once back at Fort Lee , revea l ed tha t the round wasa high expl osive lO - inch seacoast p roject i l e (MK 4) wi th a MK 5base detona t ing fuze. I t was then a t tacked by two shape chargesand found to be empty . The search of the canal , conduc ted on 1June , revea l ed no addi t iona l pro jec t i l es . How i t came to be a ttha t l ocat ion remains a my s te ry .

18



A simi l a r even t invo l ving the 40 th Ordnance Detachment (EOD)occurred in Gul fport , M iss i s s ippi , on 26 June 197 7 . The detach-ment rece ived a cal l f rom the A l cohol , Tobacco, and Fi rea rmsDiv i s ion of the I nte rna l R evenue Serv ice s ta t ing tha t a shr imp

boa t cap ta in had recovered what appeared to be a pro jec t i l e whil ef i shing. The 40th responded , bu t whi l e enrou te to an a l e r tedCoast Guard vessel , the l a t t er was diver ted to ano ther miss ion .

The de tachment then resor ted to boarding the yach t of themayor -e l ect o f Gul fpor t to f ini sh the journey to the shr imp boa t .Upon board ing the vesse l , the EOD team was shown an 81mm morta rh igh expl osive round . The round was re tu rned to Camp Shel by ford i sposa l .

E xt remis t groups , os tensib l y in prepara t ion of f ie l d ing apara-mi l i t a ry force , ob tain and of ten s to re subs tan t ia l quan-t i t ie s of muni t ions . O ften the di f f icu l ty in d i spos ing of thesecaches i s compounded by the divers i ty of the equ ipment amassedand of ten by it s ins tab i l i ty th rough pr ior hand l ing or obso l es -ence .

On 6 December 197 6 l aw officer s of the Los Ange l es CountySheri f f ' s O f f ice di scovered a cache of approx imate l y e igh t tonsof ammuni t ion , exp l os ives , and mi l i t a ry equipment in Ante l opeVal l ey , a barren and unpopul ated area some twenty -f ive mil es f romLancas te r , the neares t major town. Fur ther invest iga t ion re -vea l ed addi t iona l caches in a home in Ontar io and a foundry inPomona . 3

Rea l iz ing tha t such a quan t i ty , wi th more be ing d iscovered ,posed a handl ing and disposa l p robl em, the ATF and 70th O rdnanceDetachment (EOD) were ca l l ed for ass i s tance . Pre l iminary in-ves t iga t ion of the caches , capab l e of "equ ipp ing a 200-mancompany ," revea l ed tha t the ind iv idual si t e s cons t i tu t ing eachcache were pro tec ted by an ex tens ive and sophist i cated ne twork oflandmines . 4 In al l , th ree s i t es were uncovered which y ie l dedn ine to twel ve tons of exp l osives and hardware .

3"M il i ta ry Hardware is Found in Apparen t Naz i S tockp i l e" ,A tl anta Journa l and Const i tut ion , 11 Dec 7 6; and "Parami l i t a ryUni t May Be Linked to Arms Caches" , Los Ange l es Times, 11 Dec 7 6 .

4"Two More Arsena l s Unearthed in the Deser t" , San Franc i scoSunday Examiner and Chronic l e , 12 Dec 7 6 , p . A -4 .

19



A t the f i na l t a l l y , th e to ta l y ie l d of th e caches wasthought t o be the l a rges t d i scovered in t he Uni ted Sta t es . Thevas t a ssor tment o f propaganda , mos t l y ha te l i t e ra t u re , revea l edpoten t ia l danger o f such equipment in th e wrong hands .

I nc l uded in the hardware we re German , Japane se , R uss ian , andUni ted S ta tes mach ine guns , submachine guns , an t i - t ank weapons ,mor ta r s , and a va r ied assor tmen t o f r i f l e s , sho tguns , andp is to l s . One o f the l as t caches even y ie l ded a Wor l d War I I v in -t age "ha l f - t r ack . " Expl os ive s , muni t ions , and o ther supp l ieswer e l i kewise tu rned up in quan t i ty . E xpl os ives , in c l ud ing dyna-mi t e (a l o t o f i t bad l y de t e r io ra ted) , ammonium ni t ra t e , p ic r icac id , de tona t i ng cord , C - 4 (an exp l os ive compound ) , p r imers , MK-2grenades , and a ssor ted chemica l s in excess of ten t ons weredes t roy ed . S tored was an ex t ens iv e quan t i ty of smoke po ts andgrenades , s igna l f l a res , g renade fuzes , smal l a rms ammun i t ion ,and a my r iad of o ther i t ems inc l ud ing t r a in ing dev ices , p ro tec -t i ve masks , and de tec to r k i t s .

Ha l fway across the na t ion , in New Bal t imore , Hich igan , theDet ro i t O f f ice of the Bureau of A l coho l , Tobacco , and Fi re a rmsre ce ived a repor t o f suspec ted arms cache in a l oca l apar tment .The unnerv ing aspec t o f the arms cache was tha t i t was repor t ed l ybooby - t rapped . They then conta c ted the 7 5 th O rdnance Detachment(EOD) for ass i s tance . The EOD team prov ided by the de tachmentg inger l y en te r ed the two-bedroom apar tment where an ex tens iv ea r ray o f mun i t ions and o ther mi l i t a ry equ ipment was s tacked . I np l aces the s tack s of ammun i t ion , o rdnance , and equipmen t weres t acked four fee t h igh . S t i l l wary of exp l os ive an t i i n t rus i on

dev ices , the EOD team moved the i t ems to the door whe re the ATFand FBI wai ted . There the i t ems were tagged , ca ta l oged , inven-to r ied , and removed . Among the muni t ions were found 60mm mor ta rrounds , 90mm reco i l l e ss r i f l e rounds , smoke and f ragmenta t iong renade s , and smal l a rms ammuni t ion . E xpl os iv e and de tona t iondev ices such a s C4, fuse l igh te r s , b l as t i ng caps and a b l as t ingmacnin~ were a l so recovered . Among the i t ems of equ ipmen t foundwere mor ta r tubes , r i f l e s , sho t guns , and p is to l s . A l l were suc-cess fu l l y re covered wi thou t an inc iden t .



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Newspaper accounts , however , mis represen ted the procedureand sta ted tha t the bomb had been part i a l l y detona ted :

The de tonat ion (the .50 cal ib re round) onl y par t ia l l ydes t royed the bomb, separa t ing i t in to th ree pieces •• •Sainto (a Massachuse ts S ta te po l iceman) said the A rmy teamwas making i ts thi rd at t empt to des troy the bomb whenTrooper Brown s topped and began ask ing quest ions. 6

Postal I nspec to r , I rv in Pete rson , who was one of the pos ta linspec tors , l a te r ac ted as an off ic ial spokesman and put the in -ciden t in i ts p roper perspec t ive:

The mil i ta ry exper ts (14 th O rdnance Detachment (EOD» put a.50 cal ibre car t r idge next to the l ock on the box , and ,us ing an e l ec tron ic device , exp loded it , open ing the box .

The bomb ins ide was not des t royed . I t d id no t exp lode . I ti s now in the hands of the Massachuset s Pol ice . 7

Charac te r is t i cal l y the EOD personne l remained non-commit talt aking so l ace on ly in the fact tha t they had successful l y ac-compl i shed the i r assigned task - - unapprec ia ted as i t was .

Not a l l s i tuat ions in which EOD detachments f ind themse lvesa re rel ated to exp losive ordnance d isposal . The ir in -depthknowledge of expl osives and muni t ions a t t imes p l aces thei rsk i l l s in demand as demol i t ion expert s . These tasks can take theform of ac tual l y support ing an ac t ivi ty by the use of demol i t ionsor adv is ing other agenc ies on the degree of poten t ia l danger in -

vo lved wi th expl osives a l though they may not be requi red to par -t ic ipa te in expl osive remova l .

I n December 1976 , the A rgo Merchant , a l arge o i l t anker , ranaground in the Cape Cod -Nantucke t I s l and area . I ts rupturedhul l began l eak ing o il which rap idl y formed in to a major oi ls l i ck th rea ten ing the coastal area of f Massachuset s . The Coas tGuard , in appra i s ing the magnitude of the sl i ck and it s danger ,ca l l ed for A rmy support in reduc ing the sp i l l .

6"Bizar re Extor t ion Pl ot Leads to Turnp ike Bomb", The Bos tonGlobe, p , 34.

7 "$10,000 Drop Under the Pike" , The Bos ton Globe, 1 Mar 7 7 ,p. 4.

24



The in i t i a l p roposa l invo l ved the us e of Tul l n ex 500 (superhy drophobic fumed s i l i ca ) . I n i t i a l exper imen ts by the 14 thO rdnance Deta chment (EOD) invo l v ing th i s compound mixed wi t h

kero sene ign i t ed by smoke l ess powder and t ime fu se p roved un-s a t i s f ac to ry . Ano ther tes t J conduc ted on 24 Decembe r J us i ng athermi t e grenade proved succes s fu l . I t wa s de t e rmined tha t thel a t t e r method woul d be used to a t t ack the o i l s l i ck and he l i -cop te r p i l o t s and government o f f i c i a l s we re br i e fed and preparedfor the mi ss ion .

A t 1215 on 27 Decembe r an o i l s l i c k encompass i ng some 14 ,25 0square fe e t was s i gh ted 90 mi l es e as t - sou t h-eas t o f O t i s A i rForce Base be tween Faulwor th and Har th a ' s Viney ard . The incen-d ia r y dev ic es were l oaded aboa rd he l icop t e r s and then , once onta rge t , d r opped f r om the he l i cop t e r door f rom a he igh t o fapprox imate l y f i f t een fee t .

Box 1 ign i t ed a f te r two-and-a -ha l f minu tes ; Box 2 wassmothe red by a wave , and boxe s 3 and 4 wer e succe ss fu l l y ign i ted .Fo l l owing the drop o f Box 4, f l ames erup ted f rom the v i c in i ty ofBoxes 1 and 3 . The f i re grew in i n ten s i ty and soon the are a wasa mass o f l eap ing f l ames . The f i r e produced a dense c l oud o fb l ack smoke some eigh ty fe e t h igh . The c l oud was observed as fa ras twenty mi l es away . The f l ames l as t ed for f i f t een minu te s ,th en d ied . Two day s l a te r the 14 th O rdnance Deta chment (EOD) wasr e l eas ed f rom fu r ther commi t tment due to the d imuna t iveness oft he r emain ing o i l s l i cks .

Aga in , on 30 January 197 7 , the de tachmen t was ca l l ed upon by

the Coas t Guard to e rad i ca te an o i l s l i ck d i scovered i n BuzzardsBay , Mass achuse t t s . On the fo l l ow ing day , ten incend i a ry dev ic ess imi l a r to the ones used prev ious l y were empl oy ed . The o i l s l i c kbegan burn i ng and bu rned fo r approx imate l y n ine t y minu te s . TheCoas t Guard es t imat ed tha t one- to - two thousand ga l l on s o f o i lwere consumed by the f i re .

25



Mil i t a ry a i r c ra f t o f ten are car r y ing expl os ive ordnance whenthey crash . Such ordnance presen t s a rea l th rea t to recoveryopera t ions . E ven unarmed mi l i t a ry a i rc ra f t o f ten have expl os ive

e jec t ion dev ices which can a l so pose a th rea t to resource and re -covery opera t ions . Normal l y A rmy par t i c ipa t ion ends wi th thear r iva l o f Navy or A i r For ce inves t iga t ive teams who, of course ,exe rc i se proponency over the recovery of the i r own ai r c ra f t .Severa l ins tances se rve to i l l us t ra te th i s fo rm of suppor t .

On 11 October 197 6 , the 17 th O rdnance Detachment (EOD) , For tCampbel l , Kentucky , was no t i f i ed tha t a Navy F-4 (Phan tom) hadcra shed on take of f and the i r ass i s t ance was reques ted in re -cover ing the wreckage . Both crew members had ac t iva ted the je t ' se je c t ion mechan ism, bu t wer e k i l l ed in the mishap . S t i l l , theEOD team was ab l e to recover f ive MK-13 i l l umina t ing f l a res andthree impul se car t r idges . S t i l l l a te r , the Navy inves t iga t ion

team reques ted tha t the EOD team des t roy some cl ass i f i ed com-ponen ts recovered f rom the wreckage .

The Disas te r Cont ro l Group a t R ichards -Gebaur A i r ForceBase , Kansas , reques ted tha t th e 7 4 th O rdnance Det achment (EOD) ,For t R i l ey , Kansas , ass i s t in recover ing par t s f r om a crashedB-5 7 bomber . On 5 Apr i l 197 7 an EOD team was f l own by he l icop te rto the cr ash s i t e and ass i s ted in th e recovery of four e l ec t r i csqu ibs , one ca tapu l t , one ho t gas genera to r , s i x car t r idge ac-tua ted i t ems , and th ree eng ine s ta r te r s .

The 61s t O rdnance Detachment (EOD) , For t S i l l , Okl ahoma,responded to a reques t fo r ass i s tance on 22 December 197 6 f romthe Shepherd A ir Force Base . An F-I 05D had crashed whi l e bear ingsome ordnance . Two teams responded , one by he l icop te r and one byveh ic l e . Both te ams recovered the impul se car t r idges f rom theaux i l i a ry fue l t anks and bomb dispenser s and f i f ty -e igh t roundsof 20mm ammuni t ion f rom the M-61 weapons (gun) sy s tem.

26



The c iv i l i a n communi ty , par t i cu l a r l y common car r ie r s , i s o c-cas iona l l y f aced wi th s imi l a r prob l ems . Vehic l es , t r a i ns , anda i r p l anes ca r ry ing dangerou s cargo are sub je c t to mishaps and re -qu i re the same a t ten t ivene ss t ha t mi l i t a ry mishaps do .

A s im i l a r even t occur r ed nea r N i ck l esv i l l e , Georg ia , on 5June 197 7 when an F - IQ5 f rom Warner Robb ins A i r Force Basecra shed . The 89 th O rdnance Deta chmen t (EOD) , For t Benning ,Georg i a , was summoned to ass i s t an A i r Forc e recovery team which

had been dispa t ched to the crash . The serv i ces of t h i s un i t wereof s igna l ass i s t ance , in tha t , some one thousand rounds of 20mmammuni t ion , an ammuni t ion drum, and an in i t i a to r wer e recoveredf rom the wreckage .

A fre igh t t ra in t rave l ing near Rockingham, N or th Caro l i na on31 March 197 7 suf fe red an acc iden t where twenty -n ine ra i l ca r shad der a i l ed and caught f i r e . The Nor th Caro l ina S ta te HighwayPa t ro l and the Seaboard Coas t R a i l road Company s imul taneous l y re -que s ted EOD ass i s tance f rom the near es t mi l i t a ry ins ta l l a t ion - -For t Bragg . The 18 th O rdnance Deta chment (EOD) re sponded to theca l l and ar r ived a t the acc iden t by he l icop te r a shor t t imel a t e r . O n ar r i va l v i sua l surve i l l a nce o f the s i t e was res t r i c tedby smoke f rom the burn ing wreckage . On l and ing , the EOD teaml earned tha t the s i tua t ion was compounded by four cy l inders ofur an ium hexaf l o r ide l oca ted somep l ace amid the wreckage . E achcy i inder con ta in ed 4 , 040 ga l l ons .

Pick ing i t s way through the in i t i a l confus ion o f the on-s i t eof f i c ia l s , t he EOD team began sear ch ing for th e miss i ng con-ta iner s . A shor t t ime l a te r t he two cy l inde rs we re found a t theba se of the ra i l ro ad embankment . E ach p roduced an accep tab l eread i ng o f 1 .5 m/r and 200 and 150cpm, r espec t ive l y , when checkedby the un i t AN /POR -27 and AN /POR 60 . A th i rd cy l inder , l oca ted asho r t d i s tance away , when checked , produced a read ing of 1 . 5 m/rand 1500 cpm -- a lmos t t en t imes t he read ing of the o t hers ! Dueto the h igh a l pha coun t , an unseen con ta iner l eak was suspec t ed .The four th con ta iner was l oca ted amids t the burn ing wreckage , bu te f f o r t s to moni to r tha t cy l inder , fo r the momen t , p r oved fu t i l e .Burn ing wood , t ruck t i res , and ammonium ni t ra t e kep t the f l amesf rom be ing eas i l y ex t i ngu ished . Dry chemica l ex t ingu isher sproved insu f f ic ien t to subdue the f l ames .

27



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28



Along wi th the addi t iona l EOD personne l there a r r ived teamsf rom the Energy Research and Deve l opment Admin ist rat ion (ERDA),Oak R idge , Tennessee . These teams inc l uded a hea l th phys ic is t ,chemica l eng ineer , in format ion of f ice r , and photographer . Thechemica l eng ineer , upon be ing quer ied regard ing the high a l phareading of the thi rd conta iner , rep l i ed tha t poss ib l y the highreading could be a t t r ibu ted to res idue f rom the l oad ing opera-t ion . He fur ther s ta ted that a h igh l y pungen t odor would accom-

pany a rea l l eak and tha t , i f a l eak were present , the uraniumhexafl uoride i tse l f woul d form a l eak seal ing crus t when exposedto a i r . Whil e prel iminary invest igat ion was underway , add it iona lrepresenta t ives ar r ived f rom the Nucl ea r R egul a to ry Commiss ionand ERDA faci l i t i e s a t Savanna , I l l ino i s .

A t th i s junctu re on-s i te communica t ions emerged as a di f -f i cul ty in exped it ing recovery . A shut t l e se rv ice was in i t ia tedwhereby members of the EOD team would move to a l oca l ai rpor t to

use a commerc ial te l ephone . Based on the sever i ty of the en-te rp r i se , the 48 th O rdnance Detachment (EOD) , For t Jackson, SouthCarol ina, was a l er ted to di spatch a backup team to the t rainwreck .

Late r , once the ERDA offic ial s were present and cognizan t ofthe s i tua t ion , the EOD teams began to di sengage f rom the in-cident . Twel ve hours a f ter the ini t i a l ca l l , the EOD teams hadre tu rned to the ir home s tat ions .

A potent ia l l y dangerous si tua t ion had been avoided by thet imel y reac t ion and coopera t ion of represen ta t ives f rom severa lgovernment agencies . The l ay ered command s t ruc ture , however ,inadvertan t l y injected some operat iona l hurdl es in the path ofsuccess . The informat ion that the acc iden t invol ved rad ioac t ivemate r ial s generated h igh l evel inte res t in the inc iden t , which inth i s par t icu l ar instance , reached Depar tment of the A rmy . Thisin teres t al so mani fes t s i t se l f in the demand for f i rs t hand in-fo rmat ion and immedia te response to i t s queries . The impetus be-h ind the need is of ten so great as i t was in Rockingham, thatthe ind iv idua l in charge a t the s i t e becomes so preoccup ied wi ththe reques t s fo r informat ion , tha t the miss ion i t se l f su f fer s .

29



I n th i s ins tance the EOD commander qu ickl y rea l i zed tha t hewas unab l e to supervi se the task a t hand and prov ide the tech-n ica l ass i s t ance requ ired . He therefore requested the assi s tanceof the Nucl ea r Acc iden t I nc iden t Cont rol O ff ice r (NAICO ) and a

Publ ic A ffa i r s (PAO) represen ta t ive f rom For t Bragg .

FORSCOM, the responsib l e headquar te rs approved th i s reques tand the des igna ted personne l were p l aced on a l e r t . Wi th the ar r i -val o f represen ta t ives f rom the o ther agenc ies and the improvedcont rol at the acc iden t s i te , the addi t iona l personne l were notd i spa tched .

Another di f f icu l ty which re -sur faced during th i s inc iden ti l l us tra ted the pauc i ty and inadequacy of communica t ions in a re -mote area . The de l ay genera ted by the need to "shu tt l e" infor -mat ion, exaspera ted those headquarte r s a t t empt ing to moni to ropera t ion . Had a more t imel y means of rel ay ing informat ion beenava i l abl e , much of the uneasiness of the headquar te r s woul d havebeen a l l ayed and normal command channe l s would have cont inued tofunc t ion .

Las t l y , i t has a lmos t become an ax iom of EOD opera t ions tha tin the major i ty of major inc iden t s , the EOD teams f ind themse l vesin charge of the opera t ion . Whether th i s s i tua t ion occurs by de-fau l t o r design , i t mat te rs not . The- rap id response capabi l i typrobab l y cont r ibutes to th is si tua t ion by making EOD the f ir s t"expert s" on the scene . I ni t i a l l y confus ion preva i l s amid thesudden concen tra t ion of l oca l , o r occasiona l l y na t iona l , agenc ies- - a l l o f whom have some ves ted inte rest in what i s t ransp ir ing .

To avoid damaging confus ion , someone mus t be in charge .Frequen t l y , un t i l the s i tua t ion i s unders tood, thi s respon-s ib i l i ty temporari l y fa l l s upon EOD. A fte r the s i tua t ion ca lmsdown somewhat , the civ i l command s t ruc tu re usua l l y emerges andEOD can assume a "beh ind- the-scenes" ro l e . A l l EOD detachmentsshou ld prepare the i r personne l for thi s poss ib i l i ty - - no - -even tua l i ty.

30



Recogni t ion of these prac t i ces prompted an in tens ive rev iewof EOO ' s ro l e in civ i l inc iden t s . Th is review ana l yzed the pro-cedures used in responding to reques t s fo r ass i s tance . L ikewise

the review sought to ana l yze the sources , bo th c iv i l and mil i -t ary , o f qua l if i ed organiza t ions and the capab i l i t ie s and l imita -t ions. The inciden t a t Rock ingham was used as the pr imaryi l l us t ra t ion . The 547 th O rdnance Detachment (EOOCC) , For tGi l l em, Georg ia, met wi th a represen ta t ive from the HazardousMate ria l s Div i s ion of the Nat iona l Transpor ta t ion Safe ty Board on19 Apr i l 197 7 . The represen tat ive ob ta ined the 547 th O rdnanceDetachment ' s a f t e r ac t ion repor t and recommenda t ions on how tocommit qua l i f i ed A rmy personne l to such a ca l l . A s of th i s t ime ,no major accommodat ion has evo l ved. A s imi l a r inc iden t , oc -cur r ing in February 197 7 , i l l us tra ted the ef fec t iveness of a c l o-se l y coord ina ted civ i l /mi l i t a ry response to an inc iden t invo l v ingthe i l l ega l use of expl os ives . The 64th O rdnance Detachment(EOD) , For t Ben jamin Har r i son, I nd iana , was reques ted by the FBIto ass i s t in a k idnapping inc iden t .

A kidnapper , fo r t i f i ed in an I ndianapol i s apar tment , wasbeing he l d at bay by the I nd ianapol is po l ice , which incl uded aSpec ia l Weapons and Tac t ics Team (SWAT) and bomb squad . The k id-napper s ta ted tha t he had wired a l l en t rances to a "bomb" . Anya t tempt to force an ent ry woul d de tona te the expl os ives . TheSWAT team was abl e to d i sce rn wi res and magne tic swi tches a f f ixedto the en t rances , bu t cou l d not observe any explos ives .

When the EOO team ar r ived on 9 February , the k idnapper ' sb ro ther , who was ac t ing as an in termediary be tween the po l ice andthe kidnapper , s t a ted tha t h is bro ther was annoy ed at hear ing arad io broadcas t tha t an "A rmy bomb squad" was a t tempt ing to en te rthe apar tment . Recogniz ing the poss ib l e e f fec t on an a l ready vo-l at i l e s i tua t ion , the po l ice ob tained an of f icia l re t rac t ion f romthe rad io s tat ion which sta ted , over the a ir , tha t the news i temwas wi thou t founda t ion .

The EOD team, meanwhi l e , had reques ted , at the behes t of theFBI an A ir Force exp l osive de tec tor dog team from nearby Gri ssomA ir Force Base . A f te r rece iv ing of f ic ia l approva l , two handl e r sand a dog were d ispa tched to the operat ion .

31



On the fol l owing day , 10 February , the k idnapper l ef t theapar tment , but i t was suspected the bomb had been l ef t in tac tand, the re fore , s t i l l posed a threa t . The EOD team and the dog

team reconnoi tered the apartment . The wires , ny l on wires , andswi tches were connec ted to an incend ia ry dev ice which coul d havebeen ac t ivated had an ef for t a t fo rced en try , inc l ud ing break ingg l ass window panes . The incend ia ry device was made of gaso l ine .

Whil e the more spectacul a r missions invo l ved inc iden ts wheresomeone in ten t iona l l y misuses exp l os ives , many of the EODmiss ions invo lved the un intent iona l misuse or i l l egal possess ionof exp l os ives . The expl os ives invo l ved range f rom uns tabl e ordete r io rated b l as t ing mate ria l s to war souveni r s co l l ec ted over anumber of y ears under a var iety of c ircumstances.

The 61st O rdnance Detachment (EOD) , For t S i l l , Okl ahoma, wasa l er ted to an inc iden t invo lv ing f if t een ga l l ons of n i t rog l ycerins to red in Hol l iday , Texas. A former o i l f i e l d worker had s to redthe exp l osive in a ce l l ar in the 1940 ' s jus t p rev ious to h i sdeath . Jus t p r io r to the dea th of hi s widow, the o l d bui l d inghad been caved in and addit iona l f i l l d i r t p l aced on top of i t .A re l a t ive , fear ful tha t subsequent cons t ruc t ion migh t ign i te theexp l osive, in formed c i ty of f icia l s tha t the n i t rogl y cer in mighthave been l ef t in the ce l l a r .

A f te r the arr iva l of the EOD team, ef fo r t s were begun toc l ear the ho l e . An expl os ive sn if f ing dog had ind ica ted therewere exp los ives in the v ic in i ty of the caved-in shed . I n an ef -fo r t to expedi te the excava t ion, and unknown to the on-s i te of -f i c ia l s , a backhoe was d ispa tched to the area and began digg ing .A fte r a hasty recovery to the in i t i a l shock , the opera to r was in -fo rmed of the na ture of the task and cau t ioned to d ig morecare fu l ly.8

8 "150 Evacuated a t Hol l iday , " Wichi ta Fa l l s R ecord News , 7 Apr7 7 ; and "Si l l Team Digging Out N i tro Cached in Hol l iday , Tex . , "Lawton Morning Press , 8 Apr 7 7 .

32



Approx imate l y a quar te r o f a mi l e away , the dr iver no t icedtha t a f i re had s ta r ted around the dynami te . The team memberscon t inued to the l andf i l l , se l ec ted a deser ted area , and a t -t empted to douse the f l ames us ing carbon diox ide and dry chemica lf i re ex t ingu ishers . They were unsuccess ful . They then evacua tedthe area and , wi th ATF ass is tance cordoned the area and reques tedc iv i l assi s t ance . They permi t t ed the f i re to burn, and two hoursl a te r , were ab l e to resume opera t ions . The f i re des t roy ed thedynami te , bu t in the process , i t a l so dest roy ed the veh ic l e andi t s mounted rad io.

The team, d i sp l ay ing consumate in t rep id i ty and cool ness ,fo l l owed accep ted procedures thus min imiz ing the po ten t ia l dangerto nearby c iv i l i an es tab l i shments . They had se l ec ted the neares ts i t e ava i l ab l e for the exp los ive ' s des t ruc t ion ; func t iona l f i reex t ingu ishers were ava i l ab l e for use ; escor t s we r e presen t ; andevacua t ion and not i f ica t ion procedures were fo l l owed . The" l essons l ea rned" f rom th i s inc iden t fu l l y i l l us t ra te the ne-cess i ty for fo l l owing es tab l i shed procedures .

34



Suppor t to O ther Agenc i es

Genera l .

E xp l os iv e ordnance d isposa l suppo r t to o ther agenc i es~ inmany in s tance s~ is a rou t ine occur r ence . EOD suppo r t t o theFedera l Bureau of I nves t iga t ion (FBI ) and the A l cohol ~ Tobacco ,and Fi rea rms Bureau (ATF) and l oca l l aw enfo rcemen t agenc ies a c-count fo r many of th e non-se rv ice re l a ted miss i ons ass igned theEOD de tachments . Converse l y , some mis s ions necess i t a te o theragency ' s suppor t o f FOR SCOM requi rements .

I n te rs er vi ce C oo pe ra ti on .

E xpl os i ve ordnance de tachments o f o ther se rv ices of tenpossess un ique ta l en t s which p l ace the i r sk i l l s in demand in ce r -t a in s i tua t ions . The o ther se rv ices have a l so shown awi l l ingness to suppor t FORSCOM when ca l l ed upon . The Navy , fo rexampl e , h as a d iv ing capab i l i ty no t posse ssed by the A rmy .There fo re , th i s sk i l l , c oup l ed wi t h the i r EOD ski l l s , ha s p l acedthem in demand in cer ta in s i tu a t ions .

One such s i tua t ion occur red in Augus t 197 7 . Chi l d renp l ay ing about the shores of E ag l e Lake , M ich igan , on t he For tCus te r R ecrea t iona l A rea d i scovered two Stokes mor ta r s whi ch hadwashed up on the shore . A n EOD detachment , du l y no t i f i ed , i n -ves t iga ted the a rea for add i t iona l r ounds . Severa l add i t iona lrounds were d i scovered in the sha l l ow wate rs jus t o f f - shor e . I twas fu r the r revea l ed by the pa rk secu r i ty agency tha t c iv i l i and iver s had repor t ed add i t iona l rounds i n the th i r ty - f iv e foo tdep ths of the l ake . The A rmy then ca l l ed upon a N avy EOD d iv ingte am based in Crane , I nd i ana for suppor t . The Navy , i n con -duc t i ng an underwat e r sweep , d i s covered twenty -one rounds in th el ake . These add i t iona l S tokes mor ta r s we re sub sequen t l y removedby the Navy and d isposed of jo in t l y by the two on-s i t e teams .

35



36

Ul-ejjro+. Jttl



Occasional l y when A rmy EOD uni ts a re overcommitted or f ind atask too vas t for them, they are compel l ed to seek addi t ionalassi s t ance from other se rv ices. When faced wi th the requ irementto c l ear a range at For t Bragg, the 547 th Ordnance Detachment(EODCC) , found i tsel f shor thanded due to personne l shortages . Toensure the miss ion was success fu l l y accompl ished in the t imeava i l ab l e , a Mar ine Corps EOD team from Camp Lejeune , NorthCaro l ina , was requested to assi s t . The 547 th O rdnance Detachment(EODCC) coord inated the effor t . The marines responded wi th aseven-man team and the join t ef fo rt permi t t ed a t imel y and suc-cess fu l compl e t ion of the pro jec t .

R eserve Component Suppor t .

FORSCOM rout inel y is tasked to provide eva l uators to Uni tedStates A rmy Reserve (USAR) and Nat iona l Guard (ANG) unit s un-dergo ing the annua l two-week ac t ive du ty t ra in ing tour .Heretofore, FORSCOM had tasked onl y those ind iv idua l s with sk i l l scomparab l e to those of the eval ua ted rese rve component uni ts toful f i l l the eva l uator requi rement . S ince there are no reservecomponent EOD detachments , FORSCOM EOD personnel were exemptedf rom thi s task. A s an experiment , FORSCOM directed four EOD de-tachment commanders to perform eva luator duty with rese rve com-ponen t ammuni t ion unit s during the l at te r ' s annua l train ing.

The of f icer s sel ec ted had ei ther a t t ended the O rdnanceAdvance Course or were schedul ed to at tend on compl e t ion of the irEOD tour. The reason of ass igning them to thi s duty was twofo l d .The of f ice rs woul d, o f course, fu l f i l l the eva l uat ion re -

qu irement . But of equa l impor tance, the off icer s woul d becomeaquainted wi th conven tional ammunit ion operat ions and the ex-posure to these opera t ions would broaden the ir p rofess iona lprospec t ives. The part ic ipat ing of f ice rs fe l t , wi th suff ic ientno t ice so they could study on thei r own, that they could ef fec-t ivel y ful f i l l the eva l uat ion requi rement . Likewise , i t was de-termined tha t the of f ice r had to be commit ted sol el y to theeval uator task - - he cou ld not be expected to concur rent l yful f i l l h is EOD suppor t mission.

37



As noted prev ious l y , the re a re no reserve component EOD de-tachments ; there fore , any EOD suppor t p rov ided RC tra in ing has tocome from Active Army sources . The magni tude of thi s supportcon t inues to grow. Dur ing FY 7 7 some 30 ,000 man-hours were ded i -ca ted to the RC tra in ing program by FORSCOM EOD detachments .

Where poss ib l e , the EOD detachment on the tra ining ins ta l l a -t ion provided the requ i red suppor t . But because the l oca t ionwhere much of the t ra ining was conducted was on s tate mi l i ta ryins tal l a t ions , two and three-man de tachments were sen t to suppor tthe tra in ing. Some of these out l y ing areas were Camps R ip l ey ,Gray l ing , A t te rbury , Rober ts , and Bl anding ; For t s McCoy , I rwin ,and Chaf fee ; and Puer to R ico .

The EOD suppor t prov ided the Reserve and National Guard i sy et ano ther i l l us t ra t ion of the "Tota l Force" concep t .

VI P Suppor t .

The U . S . Secre t Serv ice requ ires a s ign i f i cant amount of EODsupport . The suppor t p rov ided runs the gamut of pro tec t ingfore ign d ip l omats and miss ions to support o f the Pres iden t of theUni ted States . The President ia l Campaign of 197 6 pl aced a heavydemand on EOD asset s . The end of the campaign and el ect ion ofPres iden t Carte r s ign if i can t l y reduced the number of miss ions de-d icated to the na t iona l government . Yet , dur ing FY 7 7 , EOD de-tachments s t i l l prov ided 17 4,981 manhours to execut ive anddip l omat ic protec t ion . Major under tak ings which contr ibuted toth i s h igh number of man-hours were the President ia l I naugura t ion ,

s ign ing of the Panama Cana l Treaty ; and the Uni ted Nat ions 'T hi rt y- se co nd A nn iv er sa ry .9

9A compl ete af te r ac t ion report on the 197 6 Pres iden t ia lCampaign was devel oped and dis tr ibuted to the major agencies con-cerned. Reso l u t ion of the prob l ems encounte red during theCampaign is be ing addressed and wi l l be impl emented pr io r to thePres iden t ia l Campaign of 1980 .

38



Suppor t ~ the Envi ronmental Protec t ion Agency (EPA ) .

I n March 197 7 , Louisv i l l e , Kentucky , off i c ial s d iscoveredtha t a h ighl y tox ic chemica l , hexach lorocyc l open tad iene

, (herea fte r re fe r red to as "hexa ") was presen t in s ign if i cantquan t i t ie s in the Louisv i l l e c i ty sewer sy stem. Seventeenworkers , supposed ly exposed to the chemica l , had become i l l . A l lsuf fe red f rom the same symptoms - - s tomach and breath ing d isor -ders and sk in rashes. The mat te r was subsequen t l y repor ted tothe EPA. The sewer sy stem was shut down because there was no wayto f i l t e r the subs tance from the sewage pr ior to i t s di schargein to the Ohio R iver . lO

A l though no expl os ives or mil i t a ry chemica l s were invo l ved ,a team from the 43rd O rdnance Detachment (EOn) was d ispa tched toass i s t . The A rmy pro tect ive c l o th ing and equipment used by Eonpersonnel was super ior to any then in use in the c iv i l i an sec to r .

Consequen tl y Eon personnel wear ing the M-17 pro tec t ive mask andM-3 Toxi l og ical Agent Pro tec t ive (TAP) su i t were in t roduced , a tprede te rmined poin t s , in to the sewer sy s tem to obtain sampl es ofthe con tamina ted sewer sl udge. The ef fo r t was d i rec ted and coor -dina ted by c iv i l i an agenc ies . Ci ty of f ic ia l s who a t f i r s t wereto accompany the Eon personnel , subsequen t l y were found unab l e towork for extended periods in the unfami l ia r garb .

The Eon ef for t in th i s ins tance mater ia l l y con t r ibu ted tothe success of the removal and neu tra l i za t ion of the h igh l y toxic"hera" . A l though an unusua l task , E on responded to the ca l l wi thty pica l el an and profess iona l ism.

lOThe Cour ie r - Journal , Louisv i l l e , p . A - I .

39



A team member of the 43rd Ordnance Detachment (EOD) standsprepared to sea rch the Loui svi l l e sewer sy stem.

40



41

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Tra in ing

Genera l .

Tra in ing can be ca tagor ized into th ree l oose l y def ined ca te -gor ies . F i rs t is the emphasi s on EOD train ing which , fo r themost part , i s insu l a r and appl icab l e so l e l y to EOD. Secondl y i sthe t rain ing prov ided other segments of the mi l i t ary and c iv i l i ancommuni ty . Such t rain ing ranges f rom warnings about exp l os ivemate r ia l s to t rain ing assi s tance to c iv i l i an l aw enforcementagencies . Las t l y i s the tra in ing suppor t p rov ided by EOD el e-ments to l a rge or medium scal e f ie l d t ra in ing exerc ises . Hhil ei t i s recognized tha t the l a t t er category i s opera t iona l in na-tu re , i t i s a l so recognized tha t EOD act iv i t i es a re, to somedegree , inc l uded wi th in the mainst ream of the exerc ise .

E OD T ra in in g.

I n Augus t 197 7 , A compos i te team of the 548 th O rdnanceDetachment (EODCC) part i c ipa ted in an Energy Research andDeve lopment Admin is t ra t ion (EDRA) sponsored exerc ise he l d a tI daho Fa l l s , I daho . The pr ir i c ipa l ob jec t ive of the exerc i se wasto eva l ua te the capab il i t i es of ERDA ' s Nucl ea r Emergency SearchTeam (NEST) . O f grea te r impor t to the EOD par t i c ipan t s was theoppor tuni ty a f fo rded by the tes t to examine the in ter face amongother e l ements mos t l ike l y to be ca l l ed upon to respond to asuspec ted improv ised nuc l ea r dev ice ( IND) . The o ther agenc iesmos t l ike l y to be ca l l ed to search for an IND were the FBI andERDA .

Pr ior to the exerc i se , in June 197 7 , a Department of Defenseprogram board concl uded tha t FORSCOM ' s nuc l ea r weapons d i sposa lsuppor t de tachments shou ld be the EOD el ement to respond shoul dan IND be conf irmed. To ensure adequa te exper t i se on the par t o fthese un i t s , the program board a l so di rec ted the Naval EOD schoolto deve l op a spec ia l t ra ining program for ind iv idual s ass igned tot he se d et ac hm en ts .

42



43



Once ' an IND was l ocated , FORSCOW s EOD support t eam miss ionwas three -fol d. Fi rs t , the team was to prevent a fu l l scal enuc l ear de tona t ion of the dev ice. Secondly , cl ea r and neu tral izeany area den ia l booby traps surrounding the device . Las t l y , d i" :;sa rm or d iabl e the dev ice. The exerc ise was wel l p l anned andconduc ted. The EOD team par t i cipa t ing found the exerci se to berea l is t i c and chal l eng ing. Much of the information g l eaned fromthe post exerci se repor ts have been prov ided to the Navy EODSchool fo r inc l usion in the special t ra in ing program being con-duc ted in suppor t of the program.

NEST 7 7 exerci se was t imely and addressed a growing concernabout a poss ib l e new ter ro ri s t ic tact ic -- the improvised nucl eardev ice. Pas t ac t ions by te rror is ts of al l i l ks , and asp ir ing ex-to r t ion is ts have proven them capab l e of employ ing such a dev iceshould they devel op the capab il i ty . Growing publ ic concern , ma-ni fes ted by extensive media coverage, has increased the awarenessof al l agenc ies of our soc ie ty 1 s vul nerabi l i ty . This th reatposes a new and chal l eng ing dimension to EOD opera t ions.

A l though a new dimension has been added , EOD cannot forge ti t s more basic respons ibi l i t i es . And l ike un it s of a l l kinds,EOD unit s per iodica l l y mus t undergo uni t and ind iv idual profi -ciency test s . The main tenance of a v iabl e training program posesa real cha l l enge to EOD unit commanders . The training h<:i sto bein teres t ing , in format ive , benef ic ia l , and useful . Furthermore ,i t must be dovetai l ed wi th rea l worl d opera t ions and commitments .

Nuc l ea r and conventional muni t ions t ra in ing cont inuedthroughout the f isca l y ear . A grea t dea l o f emphas is was p l aced

on nucl ea r t raining . Faci l i t ie s at Picat inny Arsena l , the NavalEOD School , and USAMMC&S were used to improve A rmy EOD prof ic iency .L ikewise the EOD cont ro l center s have made loca l ar rangementswith instal l a t ion nucl ea r weapons support sect ions (NWSS) to usetheir faci l i t i es fo r t ra ining . The faci l i t i es and expert ise a tSandia Labora to ry were a l so extensive l y used by FORSCOM EOD de-tachments .

44



FORSCOMEXPLOSI VE ORDNANCE DI SPO SAL

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMAS OF 27 JULY 1977

NO. ENROLLED NO. ENROLLED NO. WHO HAVE APPLIEDIN DEGREE I N M ILI TARY FOR /RECEIVED CHARLES

CORRESPONDENCE CO COMMUNITY COLCOURSE CREDITS

OFF ENL OFF ENL ALL PERSONNEL

542D 6 19 4 23 34

543D 2 15 - 28 27

546TH 3 16 3 18 26

547TH 3 21 4 33 32

548TH 2 41 4 52 43

549TH 1 23 4 37 36

TOTAL* 17 135 19 191 218

*Char t does not account fo r personne l enro l l ed in two programs,e.g. , mil i ta ry correspondence and degree program.

Chart 5

46



12Soundof f , 4 Nov 77 , F t Meade , p. 3; and The Guidon , 25 Aug77 , F t Leonard Wood, p. 9.

Headl ines in l oca l ~ewspapers a t tes t to the l e tha l i ty ofmuch of th i s ordnance. The Fay e t tev i l l e (NC) Times had embl a-zoned across i t s headl ines , "Teen Hur t as Bomb Expl odes, " and thevery nex t day "I Dud I Shel l E xpl odes -- Hur t s Two Youths . , . I n

Tacoma, Washing ton , The News Tr ibune announced , "Grenade Mangl esF ingers of Gi r l , 11. "

And so i t goes -- is sue af te r i s sue, l ocal i ty a f ter l oca l i ty .Many of the inc iden t s occur red near l arge mi l i t a ry ins ta l l a t ionsand invo l ved ch il d ren. There fore a concen tra ted ef fo rt was in i -t i a ted to in form poss ib l e souven ir hunte r s of the dangers ofunexpl oded or "dud" ordnance .

Featu re s tor ies in pos t newspapers , l a rge l y in i t i a ted byl ocal EOD detachments , warned of these dangers . Fea tu res wi thcap t iva t ing l ead- ins appeared such as, "Bang! : E xpl os ive I temsA re Ki l l e r s , Le t Us Take The Chance , " and , "Duds : A Quick Way To

Die ," were publ i shed in hopes tha t i t migh t s top the dangerousco l l ec t ion of duds. 12 Unfor tuna tel y , the warnings , more of tenthan not , a re re l ega ted to back pages .

Publ ic media were l ikewise aware of the dangers , bu t werere l uc tan t to fea tu re warn ings un l ess they were publ i shed in thewake of a mishap . An ar t i c l e en t i t l ed "A rmy Begins Expl os iveProgram" was bur ied on page 3-A of the A l exandr ia , Vi rg in iaGaze t te . O ther approaches such as fea tu re a r t ic l es on women mem-bers of EOD served to get the message to the genera l pub l ic .A l though such ef for t s a re a beginn ing , con t inued ef for t s a re ne-cessa ry to keep thi s danger in the genera l pub l ic ' s mind wi thou td i sas te r s be ing needed to remind them.

47



Safety bu l l e t ins , pos ter s , and c l asses or l ec tu res have beenempl oy ed to i l l us t ra te the dangers . The ef fect o f such effor tsa re d if f i cu l t to quan t i fy , bu t the re a re ind icato rs of success .One de tachment , for exampl e , was cal l ed upon to dispose of what

turned out to be a sho t -pu t . N ever the l ess , i t was i l l us tra t ivetha t the publ ica t ion of "dud" mishaps and the publ ic educa t ionef fo r t had borne f ru i t . (Sta t ic d isp l ay s a t pub l ic ga theringssuch as shopping mal l s , gun shows , and s imi l a r l oca t ions can domuch to keep these dangers in the publ ic ey e - - and hopeful l y re -duce the number of t rag ic mishaps . )

Pub l ic con tact in the form of c l asses presen ted to schoolage ch i l d ren , those most l ike l y to be in ju red , have l ikewise beena method to force publ ic a t t en t ion on the danger of "duds. " The55th Ordnance Detachment (EOD) conducted a seminar - ty pe programto 4 th , 5 th , and 6 th grade s tuden ts a t Evans M i l l s Grade School ,N ew York . The avowed purpose of the presenta t ion , as s tated by amember of the presen ta t ion team, was "We want to scare them, ,13The program was l a ter expanded to o ther school s in the immedia tea rea . The 94th O rdnance Detachment (EOD) conducted a s imi l a rprogram in the Founta in Mesa , Colorado area .

The peopl e of EOD, more than anyone el se , recognize tha tthey cannot un i l a te ra l l y change publ ic op in ion regard ing expl o-s ive war souveni r s . Pub l ic media and the San Anton io Pol iceDepar tment bomb squad and the 546th O rdnance Detachment (EODCC)conduc ted a concent ra ted drive to d i spose of these souven i r swhich range f rom 1861 to 197 4 , a span of wel l over a hundredy ears . The pol ice, in an ef fo r t to overcome the souven i r s

ho l der ' s fear of l ega l p rosecu t ion , s ta ted "We ' re no t in te res tedin prosecut ion • • • (we) jus t want to check them ( to see) i f theyare safe l y (un) l oaded." This e f fo r t i l l us t ra tes a c l ose work ingrel a t ionsh ip be tween the c iv i l i an and mi l i t a ry un it s . And , f romthe c iv i l ian s ide , d id much to al l ay fea rs of prosecu t ion - - oneobstac l e in dea l ing with unau thor ized expl osives wi thin thepubl ic domain .

13For t Drum Sent ine l , 12 May 7 7 , p. 3 .

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'i. •Pos ter warn ing t roops about "dud" muni t ions.

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Exp l os i ve O rdnance Disposa l un i t s and the i r c iv i l i a n coun-te r par t s a l so coopera t ed in o the r a re as . The 14th O rdnanceDe tachment (EOD) o f For t Deven s , Massachuse t t s , demons t r a ted theef f ec t s of makesh i f t and mi l i t a ry exp l os i ves for th eMassachuse t t s S t a te Pol i cy Academy . The s ta t ed purpo se of thedemons t r a t ion was not" • • • to make exper t s o f the s t uden ts , bu tju s t show them what th ey may run in to one day ."14

Hembe rs of th e 149th O rdnance Detachmen t (EOD) , AberdeenProv ing Ground , i n the course of a bomb recogni t i on semina r ,exp l oded " two s t r ips of p l as t i c exp l os i ve , abou t enough to f i l lone bus i ness enve l ope" in th e top dr awe r of a meta l de sk . Thedesk was d i s in t egra t ed be fore th e ey es of e i gh ty on l ookers f romciv i l i an l aw en forc emen t agenc i es , i ndus t ry , and mi l i t a r y o rgan i -z a t ions . The demons t ra t ion proved to be a " resoundingsuccess . , ,15

A l l e f fo r t s o r ien ted toward ins t i l l i ng in t he gene ra l pub l ican app rec ia t ion o f the dangers of "duds" may do much to fe r re tou t th ese po ten t i a l k i l l e r s and pl a ce t hem in knowl edgeab l ehands . E xpl o s ives in the hands of a nov ice a re j us t a s dangerousas an au tomobi l e or f i re a rm in t he same hands . A l l e f f o r t s ,whe ther th ey be th rough the medi a or pub l ic con tac t can do muchto keep these danger s in the publ ic ey e - - and hope fu l l y reducethe number of t rag i c mishaps .

Exe r c i s e s .

Frequen t l y exerc i ses a re conduc ted ove r ac t ive o r fo rmerf i r ing r ange s . Normal l y , l oca l a r r angements fo r EOD suppo r t a remade when an EODdeta chmen t i s co l oca ted w i th t he maneuver un i ton an ins ta l l a t ion . Longer exer c i se s , o f t en empl oy ing t roop e l e -ments f rom o ther in s ta l l a t ions , s omet imes cr ea te d i f f i cu l t i e s ofa g rea t e r magni tude . A l so , a l a ck of unde rs tand ing by the ma-neuver un i t s o f EOD' s mi ss ion , c apab i l i t i e s , and l imi ta t ions com-pound the no rmal prob l ems of coord ina t ion .

14The Dispa tch , F t Devens , p . 4 .

15Evening Journa l , 26 Aug 7 7 , Wi lming ton , De l . , P . 4 .

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The Uni ted Sta t es R ead iness Command (REDCOM) sponso red exe r -c i se JTX BRAVE SHIELD XVI conduc ted a t 29 Pa lms , Ca l i fo rn ia ,i l l us t r a tes , to some degre e , EOD' s d i f f i cu l t i e s in suppor t ing

such an exerc i se . A l though the bas i c EOD miss ion rema inedunchanged , i t was a va l uab l e l ea rn ing exer c i se in oper a t ing w i thmaneuver un i t s i n a medium sca l e exe rc i s e .

Due to pr io r commitment s o f th e 49 th O rdnance Deta chment(EOD) i t was unab l e t o par t i c ipa te . 16 The 548 th O rdnanceDetachmen t (EODCC) , t he re fore , o rgan i zed a prov is i ona l EOD de -ta chmen t o f th i r t e en peopl e f rom six EOD de tachments . The p rov i -s i ona l de tachment had the capab i l i ty o f f i e l d ing s ix two-man teamsfo r dep l oymen t anywhere wi t h in the maneuver a r ea which encom-pa ssed severa l ac t i ve f i r ing ranges . The Un i ted Sta t es Mar ineCo rps , expec ted t o p rov ide an equa l number of teams , never pro -v ided more than two. The prov is iona l EOO de tachment a l s o pro -

v ided i t s own in t e rna l l og i s t i c suppor t i n th e fo rm oft ranspor ta t ion and miss ion es sen t ia l equ ipment .

Due to the neces s i ty for suppor t ing two div i s iona l e l emen ts ,the 7 th and 9 th I nf an t ry Div i s ions , th e prov i s iona l de ta chmen twas as s igned to th e 43d Suppor t Group in a neu t ra l s t a tus .Saf e ty br i e f ings , l a te r t o pay div idends , were conduc ted forapprox imate l y 10 , 000 par t i c ipan t s or 95% of a l l A rmy uni t s par -t i c ipa t i ng . The de ta chment l a t e r per fo rmed a "sweep" of the ma-neuv~r are a to uncover as much unexpl oded ordnance as poss ib l et hereby min im iz ing de l ay and in te r r up t i on of t he exerc i se due tot roop discovery o f unexp l oded ordnance . I n the cou rse of theexe rc i se , over 350 l ive i t ems , rang ing f rom 1,000 pound bombs to60mm mor ta r rounds , wer e l oca ted and des t roy ed . App rox imate l y5 ,000 addi t iona l i t ems were inves t i ga ted and found to beha rm le s s .

A l t hough cons i dered necess a ry to the s a fe conduc t of theexe rc i se , t he EOO deta chment was ne i t he r t r oop l i s t ed norre f l ec ted under the task o rgan i za t i on of the o t her par t i c ipan t s .Had i t no t been fo r the pre l iminary br ie f i ng , th i s omiss ion coul dhave inh ib i t ed th e de t achment ' s opera t ions and r esu l ted i nse r ious persona l in ju ry to some o f t he par t i c ipan t s .

16Un l ess o the rwise s ta t ed , the fo l l owing is bas ed on the 5 48 thO rdnance Detachment (EODCC) af t e r ac t ion repor t on BRAVE SHIELDXVI , 23 Aug 7 7 (Uncl as s i f i ed) .

5 1



I n a f ie l d tra ining exerc i se conducted over rugged te rra inl ike that a t 29 Pa lms , the MI51 vehic l e wi th t ra i l er ou tper formedthe l ess rugged ly cons t ruc ted M88G se r ies of veh icl es . Th is mobi -l i ty d i ffe ren t ia l which the A rmy enjoy ed over the Mar ine Corpsenhanced the former ' s e ffec t iveness and respons iveness .

One major l esson l ea rned was tha t the se l ec ted EOD detachmentshou ld "part i c ipa te" in the exerci se thereby ga in ing a be t ter Lde aof what i t would encounte r in a rea l -worl d env i ronment where i twoul d have to opera te with maneuver un i t s . Likewise, i t cou l dse ize upon the oppor tun i ty to "show the f l ag" and inform the ma-neuver un i t s how i t opera ted .

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CHAPTER IV

EQUIPMENT

Communica t ions .

A care fu l l y mixed sy s tem of communica t ions equ ipment hasgrea t l y expanded and enhanced the f l exib i l i ty of EOD operat ionswhi l e concurrent l y reta ining the readiness pos tu re of thedetachments . Both mi l i t a ry and commerc ia l communica t ions equ ip-ment are in use.

The mi l i t a ry communica t ions equipment enab l es the un it s tone t wi th o ther mi l i t a ry organ iza t ions possess ing the same famil yof communica t ions . The commerc ial vers ions , on the o ther hand ,fac i l i t a te int ra-de tachment operat ions a t a l esse r cos t than themi l i t a ry version would cos t . The commerc ia l sy stems a l so , tosome degree, prov ide a sy s tem compatib l e with civ i l i an agenc ies .

For the most part , th rough care ful p l ann ing and budge t ing,these i t ems have been rece ived on a t imel y basi s .

Transpor ta t ion .

Opera t ions conduc ted in f ie l d l oca t ions have revea l ed tha tthe M880 series of veh ic l e a re somewhat frag i l e and unre l i ab l efor ex tended f ie l d opera t ions . An exchange sy s tem was in i t i a ted

in 1976 whereby the N880 ser ies was to rep l ace curren t tact i calveh icl es . To da te th i s exchange program has been a l l bu t ac -compl ished. The major di f f i cu l ty appears to l ay in excess ivet i re fai l u res . E IR ' s have been submit ted to define the prob l emthereby hopefu l l y acce l e ra t ing a sol u t ion . The tac t ica l ve-h ic l es , in order to ach ieve greate r compat ib i l i ty wi th the EODmission , wi l l have enc l osed she l l s fo r grea ter sa fe ty and se-cur i ty.

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Commercial veh icl es cont inue in use by EOD detachments andwi l l be used for qui te some time to come. Careful monito r ing ofvehicl e mil eage , age, and ava i l abi l i ty have enabl ed the FORSCOMDeputy Chief o f Sta ff , Logis t ics (DCSLOG) to program timelyrepl acements . The branch of DCSLOG control l ing the commercialvehicl e program has responded admirabl y to EOD vehicl e requ ire -ments .

E OD Pecul iar E quipment .

There has l ong been a need for an expedi t ious bu t safemethod of c l ear ing dud rounds from an impact area. The most ob-v ious l ong- te rm sol u t ion is greater ordnance re l iab i l i ty , but aneed exis t s now for cl ear ing former ranges and current l y usedones. A "rock picker ," devel oped by the Navy and cur rent l y s t i l lunder devel opment , possesses grea t po ten t ia l fo r use in sandy ornon-compacted soi l s . I t was to have been used at Fort Bl andingto sea rch for 40mm grenade rounds . A l so , at thi s t ime, FORSCOMhas requested use of a new ordnance l ocato r having a capabi l i tyto l oca te sub-surface ordnance to a depth of f ive feet .Hopefu l l y , i t shoul d be ava i l ab l e for tes t ing during FY 7 8 .

Afte r some del ay , the MK 32 "Golden" X-ray has appeared inthe f ie l d . T imel y product ion and procurement of the machinehave been impeded by a myr iad of diff icu l t ie s . But two acceptedmachines were f inal l y di s t r ibuted in l ate FY 7 7 . More are ex-pected as soon as the produc t ion l ine is "gea red up" and hope-ful l y wi l l sa t is fy a dire need for confi rming an improvisedexpl osive dev ice ( lED). Aquis i t ion of these MK 32 ' s shoul ds igni f icant l y enhance EOD el ements in conduc t ing the irassessments .

The rise in cr iminal use of expl osives and thei r inheren tl ack of rel iabi l i ty and myriad of form have prompted greater in-dust r ia l interest in EOD equipment and personne l p rotect ive de-vices . Unfor tunatel y , the so-ca l l ed s tate-of - the-ar t has notbeen as responsive as we would l ike. Perhaps i t is s igni f icantthat the Bri t ish, who have had ex tens ive EOD exper ience inI re l and, have made the greate r ach ievements in the commericalarena.

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Al l major count r i es in the f ree -wor l d have been pl agued toa grea te r or l esse r degree by te r ro ri s t s and the Uni ted Sta tesi s no except ion . Coupl ed wi th improved techn iques of detec t ionand disposa l i s g rea te r soph is t i cat ion of the expl os ives them-se lves .

The I n te rna t iona l Defense Review, in te rna t iona l ca ta l og ofmi l i t ary equ ipment , has addressed the progress made in EODopera t ions . I nc l uded are sophis t i ca ted methods of removing ord-nance , such as a Hunte r robo t ; de tec t ing i t , and pro tec t iveequ ipment for those who mus t hand l e i t . 17

55

17 "Bombs and Bomb Beate rs" , I n te rnat iona l Defense Review, Vol9 , O ct 7 6 , pp . 817 -823 .



CHAPTER V

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND FUTURE OBJECTIVES

Observa t ions .

Fi sca l Year 197 7 has been a high ly success ful and produc-t ive year fo r the FORSCOM expl os ive ordnance d isposal p rogram.The demands have been grea t and the hours l ong and arduous , buta l l EOD personne l have been equa l to the task . Whether examinedind iv idual l y or co l l ect ive l y , the resul ts cl ea r l y i l l us t ra te thatt imel y and respons ive suppor t have been the ru l e .

But , as in any team ef for t , the re a re those who provide thesupport fo r those ac tua l l y perfo rming the miss ion in the fie l d .Sta ff sec t ions within Headquar te r s , Forces Command have servedbeh ind the scenes, withou t fanfa re, to resol ve prob l ems and berespons ive to the needs vo iced in the fie l d . The Deputy Chiefof S ta ff , Personne l (DCSPER ) has taken prompt and pos i t ive ac-t ion to reduce personne l shortages and continues to moni tor theprobl em. The Deputy Chief of Sta ff , Compt ro l l e r (DCSCOMPT), hasful l y suppor ted effor t s to obta in the funds necessary to susta inthe EOD program. They l ikewise have d ispl ayed equa l enthus iasmin prov id ing ass is tance on budgetary and other f isca l matte rs .The Deputy Chief of S ta ff , Logis t i cs (DCSLOG) has resol ved nu-merous supply and main tenance prob l ems . The Admin ist ra t iveTransportat ion Management Branch has exer ted l auda tory ef for tsto mainta in the transporta t ion capabi l i ty of the detachments .The Inspector General has no t onl y conducted inspect ions of theun it s themse lves , but has al so vi si t ed un it s to insure they werebeing adequatel y supported . The des ire and ab i l i ty of the en-t i r e FORSCON staf f to hel p the EOD fie l d de tachments mer i ts fu l lrecogni t ion. I t is an t ic ipa ted tha t th i s suppor t wil l cont inueunabated dur ing the coming f isca l y ear .

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Women I n EOD.

Women in exp l o s ive ordnance d isposa l became a rea l i ty se -vera l y ears ago and have become fu l l y accep ted members of thef ra te rn i ty . A t the end of FY 7 7 , the re were ten women ass ignedto FORSCOM detachments - - f ive of f ice r s and f ive en l i s t ed . Theyhave been read i l y absorbed in to the un i t s and have proven them-se l ves ded ica ted and techn i ca l l y prof ic ien t . They cont inue toincrease in number and , judg ing by those cur ren t l y in EOD, wi l lbe fu l l y expec ted to per fo rm any and a l l t a sks . I ndeed , theyhave shown they wi l l accep t no th ing l ess .

I n f l uence of FORSCOM.

FORSCOM cont ro l s near l y e igh ty percen t of the Act ive A rmy

EOD detachments and in excess of s ix ty percen t of the personne lasse t s . FORSCON ' s ro l e , the re fore , i s a dominan t one in de te r -min ing the d i rec t ion the EOD program wi l l t ake . But , as in anyother major headquar te r s , i t s t rue s t reng th i s in the f ie l d .Th is pos i t ion of in f l uence , the re fore , i s fe l t and assumed a ta l l l eve l s and is accep ted by a l l eche l ons .

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FY 7 8 OBJECTIVES

On 23 Augus t 197 7 , FORSCON provided guidance and direc t ionto subord ina te EOD contro l cente r s on the major ob jec t ives for

FY 78 . These ob ject ives were quant i f ied where poss ib l e tomeasure success or fa i l u re. Whi l e severa l ob jec t ives onl yres tated commonl y accep ted miss ions or tasks , the i r inc l us ion asFY 78 object ives rein forced and assured thei r cont inu ing promi-nence in the FORSCOH EOD program. These FY 7S objec t ives a re:

1. The number of in-se rv ice EOD vol unteers accep ted fort ra in ing and ass ignment wil l be increased by a minimum of 10%over the FY 7 7 number in each EODCC. This wi l l be accompl i shedwithout any sacr i f ice of qua l i ty . E ach EODCC wil l establ i sh asy stem to t rack vol untee rs f rom accep tance ; p rocess ing ofapp l ica t ions ; rece ipt o f school quota ; a t t endance at Phase I andI I ; and ul t imate ass ignment to an EOD uni t posi t ion . Another

ad junc t to thi s moni to r ing sy s tem is proper or ien tat ion and pre -para t ion of vol un tee rs fo r t ra in ing and ass ignment in EOD.

2 . E ach EODCC should achieve a 10% increase in support toR eserve Components . This incl udes suppor t to National Guard ,R eserve and ROTC el ements . Suppor t to annual and weekendt rain ing and assi s tance to the ROTC program is a vi ta l e l ementof the " to ta l fo rce. "

3 . T imel y response to reques t s for ass i s tance i s essen t ia lto the EOD program. Proper report ing and documenta t ion of theseresponses a re v i tal ex tens ions to the ac tua l ass is t ance ren-dered .

4 . Persona l and profess iona l educa t ional devel opment ofeach of f ice r and en l i s ted member of FORSCOM EOD is a necess i ty .M i l i t a ry and c ivi l ian educa t iona l pursu i ts shou l d be fu l l y en-couraged. A ss i s tance to enl i s t ed personne l in under taking andsa t is facto ri l y compl e t ing the ski l l qual i f ica t ion (SQT) is ana ddi ti on al c omman d r es po ns ibi li ty .

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5 . Uni t t r a in ing and tes t ing programs are con tinu ing re -qu i rements . Such programs mus t no t on l y be cha l l eng ing . de-manding and informat ive bu t . above a l l . mus t be rea l i s t i c .I nnova t ion and use of l oca l t ra in ing oppor tun i t i e s shou l d be en-couraged and expl o i t ed. The so-ca l l ed "adven ture" t ra in ing .whi l e no t spec i f i ca l l y job re l a ted , can be ef fec t ive in bu i l dingso l d ie r l y qua l i t i e s and can break up the monotony of techn ica lt ra in ing .

"PR IDE IN PR OFE SSI ON AL PE RFO fu ' 1A NCE "

6 . E ach commander shoul d wise l y . e f f i c ien t l y . andrea l i s t i cal l y empl oy the resources ava i l ab l e to h im. The jud i -c ious and pruden t use of personne l , money and mater ie l i sinheren t in command.

A l l the above object ives can be summed up by one wordreadiness . A l l FORSCOM EOD detachments mus t be capab l e of per -fo rming thei r day - to -day tra in ing and opera t iona l tasks as wel las the i r con t ingency miss ions . I nd iv idua l and uni t t r a in ing ,s ta tus of personne l and equipment . resu l t s o f inspec t ions andadequacy of fac i l i t i e s a l l combine to re f l ec t a ready de tach-ment .

An ef for t was made to summar ize these ob jec t ives in to as l ogan tha t woul d give meaning to the i r accompl i shment . Such as l ogan would have to ty p i fy the ou tstand ing accompl i shments ofthe pas t and prov ide the mot iva t ion and commitment to the fu-tu re. The s l ogan se l ec ted for the FORSCOM EOD program and a

f i t t ing reminder in c l os ing i s :

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APPENDIX 1

RECAPITULATION OF EOD MISSION ACTIVITIES (FY 77 )

The EOD Act ivi ty and Status Repor t (DA Form 4149-R ) is a toolused by each detachment to document i t s miss ion ac t ivi t ie s . Th isreport i l l ust rates the work l oad, curren t personne l s ta tus , equip-ment shor tages and s igni f ican t probl em areas. A l so , each ac-t ivi ty requ ir ing receiving EOD support re f l ect s the number ofmanhours expended by EOD personnel .

Th is appendix recap i tu l a tes those major miss ion ac t ivi t ie sperfo rmed by the FORSCOM EOD detachments dur ing FY 77 .

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RECAPITULATION

FY 77

E XPLO SI VE O RDNANCE DI SPO SA LM IS SI ON ACT IVI TI ES

1st Qt TotalI Inc idents IOn Post 115 1992 6397Off Post 65 1060 37 6

Tota l 180 3052 1016M il es T ra vel ed 13828 203365 71747II Manhours 1600 19199 7262

Standby & SptMiss ions

C hemic al St an dbIt Manhours 2 3 352 40

HE StandbyII Manhours 2 9 127 36

N uc le ar S tan db yI I Manhours 79 403 130 1105 7 24

Se cr et Se rv ic eSupportI I Miss ions 78 27 33 267 166I I Manhours 7865 3713 2919 30003 17501

Other VIP Spt

t lMiss ions 1 1 15 4I IManhours 383 124 1293 697Bomb Threat Spt

If Manhours 76 54 632 299

ClassesConducted

E xpl osive O rd-nance R econ-naissancef lClasses 3 4 81 64 22I ITrained 107 1887 2737 2616 831t lManhours 67 140 17 67 1058 407

I mpr ov ise d E x-p lo siv e De vi cef lClasses 2 3 4 24 11t lTrained 64 94 937 789 331i lManhours 59 91 100 587 310

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RECAPITULATION

FY 77

EXPLOSI VE ORDNANCE DI SPO SA LM ISSI ON ACTI VI TI ES

1st Qt Total

B as ic Demo li ti oI IClasses 17 8{{Trained 20 598 250f!Manhours 13 263 247

E xpl osive Safet

I{Classes 5 79 45IITrained 516 3219 5364flManhours 32 775 406

B omb T hr ea tsI IClasses 61 89 37ItTrained 226 2750 1622I!Manhours 11 7 1144 636

EOD Rec ru it in gProgramIt Interviewed 12 228 76IIAccepted 5 91 32q

I IManhours 427 743 2451

PublicDemonstrations

II Given 20 5I IAttending 9 6142 13351IIManhours 3 380 94

P ub li c D isp la y~I IGiven 2 3IIAt tend ing 83 540 5952IIManhours 3 16 100

Imp ro vi se d E x-p los iv e D ev ic eRecovered

lIOn Post 1 7I IOff Post 3 27 5 90 20

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RECAPITULATION

FY 77

1st Qtr 2d Qtr 3d Qtr 4th Qtr Total

24 1 4lJ 57 1381 7 4 E 1061 454lJ 10150 1750

E I lJ 118 62 20L

254 507 12396 17217 3037 lJ

E XPLO SI VE O RDNANCE DI SPO SA LM ISSI ON ACT IVI TI ES

I Range Cl ea ran c~fiConductedtlManhours

R eserve Compo-nent Support

fiMissionsIIManhours

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U .S . ARMY FORCES COMMANDCREST

T he disc h orizon tally divide d blue , w hite ,

and re d is sugge sted by the shoulde r sle e ve

in sign ia, U.S .Anny Force s C omm and. The

eagle , w hich is a sym bol of fre edom , re fe rs to

part of th e C omnand's m otto and is also th e

n ation al emblem . The sword, a symbol ofproteclfon and guardian sh ip, allude s to th e

m otto, an d de picted unsh eath ed w ith poin t up

de n ote s re ad in e ss for comb at. T he th re e sw ord s

sign ify th e th re e componen ts of the Army:

Active Anny, Anny Nation al Guard, and Army

Reserve .



U .S. ARMY FORCES COMMANDSHOULDER SLEEVE INSIGNIA

Th e sh oulde r patch is a disc2 1 1 2in ch e s ind iame te r c on sis tin g o f th re e h o riz on ta l s trip e s o fe qual w idth of blue , W hite , and re d, th e b lueuppermost .

T his b lu e, w h ite , a nd re d s ho uld er in sig niawas pe rson a lly se le cte d in World War I byGene ral John J. Pe rsh in g for we ar by allpe rson ne l assign ed to G en eral H eadquarte rs,Ame r ic an Exped itio n ar y Fo rc e s.

Th e source of th e de sign is sa id to h ave be en

th e re d, w hite , and blue horizon tally stripe db ra ssa rd w orn a s a d is tin gu ish in g m ark b y s ta ffo ffic ers w h e n movin g a bo ut o n d uty in co ng es te dare as at th e fron t in World War I. In 1941, th eb ra ssa rd p re scri be d fo r G e ne ra l H e ad qu arte rs,AEF con siste d of th re e stripe s of blue , w hite ,and re d, th e blue uppe rm ost. Th e re fore , th esh oulde r sle eve in Sign ia w as auth O fize d to beworn w ith th e blue uppe rmost to con form tom an n e r o f w e an n g th e b ra ssa rd .

Army Ft McPherson Ga 858/7 8



r

fy77eodhistorical summarry

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